Misplaced Pages

#568431

72-492: In 2011, the organization identified the issues it would focus its programming efforts on: On the 50th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , the organization is honoring the courage and legacy of the march's chief organizer, openly gay civil rights leader Bayard Rustin . In addition to organizing the 1963 march, Rustin was also known for mentoring Martin Luther King Jr. , and helping to form

144-838: A "Nigger Lover". Five airplanes were grounded on the morning of August 28 due to bomb threats. A man in Kansas City telephoned the FBI to say he would put a hole between King's eyes; the FBI did not respond. Roy Wilkins was threatened with assassination if he did not leave the country. Thousands traveled by road, rail, and air to Washington, D.C., on Wednesday, August 28. Marchers from Boston traveled overnight and arrived in Washington at 7am after an eight-hour trip, but others took much longer bus rides from cities such as Milwaukee, Little Rock, and St. Louis. Organizers persuaded New York's MTA to run extra subway trains after midnight on August 28, and

216-619: A biographical documentary about Rustin. In 2006, the organization held its first Black Church Summit in Atlanta, Georgia . During the first summit, the Rev. Al Sharpton denounced homophobia and called for greater inclusion of LGBT people. Black, Trans & Proud, a campaign promoting trans visibility and raising consciousness in the black community, was launched in honor of Transgender Awareness Week . The project called for community members to submit their photos and testimonials about their pride in

288-573: A complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience . Others argued that the civil rights movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the nation's capital and federal government. There was a widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election, and King described Kennedy's race policy as "tokenism". On May 24, 1963, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invited African-American novelist James Baldwin , along with

360-481: A demonstrator traveling from Greensboro, North Carolina , said: Contrary to the mythology, the early moments of the March—getting there—was no picnic. People were afraid. We didn't know what we would meet. There was no precedent. Sitting across from me was a black preacher with a white collar. He was an AME preacher. We talked. Every now and then, people on the bus sang 'Oh Freedom' and 'We Shall Overcome,' but for

432-555: A large group of cultural leaders, to a meeting in New York to discuss race relations. However, the meeting became antagonistic, as black delegates felt that Kennedy did not have an adequate understanding of the race problem in the nation. The public failure of the meeting, which came to be known as the Baldwin–Kennedy meeting , underscored the divide between the needs of Black America and the understanding of Washington politicians. But

504-523: A leader for the march, worried that he would attract the wrong attention because he was a homosexual, a former Communist, and a draft resister. They eventually accepted Rustin as deputy organizer, on the condition that Randolph act as lead organizer and manage any political fallout. About two months before the march, the Big Six broadened their organizing coalition by bringing on board four white men who supported their efforts: Walter Reuther , president of

576-564: A letter to Equality Florida's executive director Nadine Smith . NBJC was founded on December 8, 2003, by a group of eight black civil rights leaders – Keith Boykin , Mandy Carter , Jasmyne Cannick , Donna Payne, Frank Leon Roberts , Sonya Shields, Roddrick Colvin, and Maurice Franklin. The formation of the organization was announced during a press conference held at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Initially

648-570: A mass march scheduled for July 1, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25. The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry, leading to improvements for many defense workers. Randolph called off the March. Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during

720-518: A more powerful image. The Kennedy Administration cooperated with the organizers in planning the March, and one member of the Justice Department was assigned as a full-time liaison. Chicago and New York City (as well as some corporations) agreed to designate August 28 as "Freedom Day" and give workers the day off. To avoid being perceived as radical, organizers rejected support from Communist groups. However, some politicians claimed that

792-563: A peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington, D.C., police. Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin, a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation , the first of the Freedom Rides to test the Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin was a long-time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King. With Randolph concentrating on building

SECTION 10

#1732787176569

864-598: A public works program that would employ black people. In early 1963 they called publicly for "a massive March on Washington for jobs". They received help from Stanley Aronowitz of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers ; he gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration. The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs. On May 15, 1963, without securing

936-406: A union bug, and the date August 28, 1963. By August 2, they had distributed 42,000 of the buttons. Their goal was a crowd of at least 100,000 people. As the march was being planned, activists across the country received bomb threats at their homes and in their offices. The Los Angeles Times received a message saying its headquarters would be bombed unless it printed a message calling the president

1008-650: The American Nazi Party staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police. The rest of Washington was quiet during the March. Most non-participating workers stayed home. Jailers allowed inmates to watch the March on TV. Representatives from each of the sponsoring organizations addressed the crowd from the podium at the Lincoln Memorial. Speakers (dubbed "The Big Ten") included The Big Six; three religious leaders (Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish); and labor leader Walter Reuther . None of

1080-533: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Led by NBJC co-founder and political activist Mandy Carter , the initiative includes ongoing collaborations with Walter Naegle , Rustin's surviving partner as well as the executor and archivist of Bayard Rustin's estate . The organization is also working with Nancy Kates and Bennett Singer, co-producers and co-directors of Brother Outsider: The Life of Bayard Rustin ,

1152-588: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice, endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed. Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2. President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17, saying that organizers planned

1224-603: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ; Roy Wilkins , president of the NAACP ; and Whitney Young , president of the National Urban League . King in particular had become well known for his role in the Birmingham campaign and for his Letter from Birmingham Jail . Wilkins and Young initially objected to Rustin as

1296-594: The U.S. Air Force Academy in Panama City. She later left after the passage of Don't Ask, Don't Tell in 1993. Smith graduated from the University of South Florida with a degree in Mass Communication in 1987. Smith was the first openly lesbian African-American to run for Tampa City Council , earning the most votes in the primary and garnering 42% in the run-off in 1991. In 1993, Smith

1368-734: The United Automobile Workers ; Eugene Carson Blake , former president of the National Council of Churches ; Mathew Ahmann , executive director of the National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice; and Joachim Prinz , president of the American Jewish Congress . Together, the Big Six plus four became known as the "Big Ten." John Lewis later recalled, "Somehow, some way, we worked well together. The six of us, plus

1440-430: The 1940s, but all were called off (despite criticism from Rustin). Their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom , held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17, 1957, featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell , Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , and Roy Wilkins . Mahalia Jackson performed. The 1963 march was part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement , which involved demonstrations and nonviolent direct action across

1512-560: The 2013 Black LGBT Emerging Leaders Day in conjunction with the Human Rights Campaign and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force on February 21, 2013, in Washington, D.C. "Many Faces. One Dream." is a series of LGBT economic conferences for LGBT communities of color co-hosted by NBJC and the U.S. Small Business Administration. The events began in early 2013 and will eventually travel to 13 major cities throughout

SECTION 20

#1732787176569

1584-896: The 20th century, civil rights organizers began to develop ideas for a march on Washington, DC, to seek justice. Earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the March on Washington Movement of the 1940s. A. Philip Randolph —the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters , president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL–CIO —was a key instigator in 1941. With Bayard Rustin , Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring during World War II by U.S. military contractors and demanding an Executive Order to correct that. Faced with

1656-560: The 750-mile trip to Washington. The New York Times carried his report: The 260 demonstrators, of all ages, carried picnic baskets, water jugs, Bibles and a major weapon—their willingness to march, sing and pray in protest against discrimination. They gathered early this morning [August 27] in Birmingham's Kelly Ingram Park , where state troopers once [four months previous in May] used fire hoses and dogs to put down their demonstrations. It

1728-522: The American Way as executive vice president of leadership programs and external affairs. March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom District of Columbia The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington , was held in Washington, D.C. , on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for

1800-460: The Board for Fairness for All Families from 2006-2009, a grassroots effort to protect LGBT families in the face of a ballot measure that banned recognition of marriage between same sex couples. The measure which passed with approx 62% of the vote also banned protection that are "substantial equivalent of marriage". In 2007, Smith was arrested at a Largo City Council hearing after handing someone

1872-430: The Kennedy administration's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans. Despite their disagreements, the group came together on a set of goals: Although in years past, Randolph had supported "Negro only" marches, partly to reduce the impression that the civil rights movement was dominated by white communists, organizers in 1963 agreed that white and black people marching side by side would create

1944-488: The March was Communist-inspired, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) produced numerous reports suggesting the same. In the days before August 28, the FBI called celebrity backers to inform them of the organizers' communist connections and advising them to withdraw their support. When William C. Sullivan produced a lengthy report on August 23 suggesting that Communists had failed to appreciably infiltrate

2016-569: The March was delayed because its leaders were meeting with members of Congress . To the leaders' surprise, the assembled group began to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them. The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue, where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed 'leading the march'. Marchers were not supposed to create their own signs, though this rule

2088-470: The March's security force, told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as agents provocateurs . Jerry Bruno, President Kennedy's advance man, was positioned to cut the power to the public address system in the event of any incendiary rally speech. The organizers originally planned to hold the march outside the Capitol Building . However, Reuther persuaded them to move

2160-661: The New York City bus terminal was busy throughout the night with peak crowds. A total of 450 buses left New York City from Harlem. Maryland police reported that "by 8:00 a.m., 100 buses an hour were streaming through the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel." The United Automobile Workers financed bus transportation for 5,000 of its rank-and-file members, providing the largest single contingent from any organization. One reporter, Fred Powledge, accompanied African Americans who boarded six buses in Birmingham, Alabama, for

2232-478: The Next Level". In the first track, training is provided on business plans, loans, marketing, and SBA's program and services. The second track is designed for LGBT firms that are currently in business, with a desire to expand and grow. Attendees – black LGBT activists, allies, elected officials, faith leaders and youth – discuss and implement strategies to educate federal lawmakers about public policies impacting

National Black Justice Coalition - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-637: The United States. 1963 marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln . Leaders represented major civil rights organizations. Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference put aside their differences and came together for the march. Many whites and black people also came together in

2376-548: The agenda of groups that focused more on civil rights. In June 1963, leaders from several different organizations formed the Council for United Civil Rights Leadership , an umbrella group to coordinate funds and messaging. This coalition of leaders, who became known as the " Big Six ", included: Randolph, chosen as titular head of the march; James Farmer , president of the Congress of Racial Equality ; John Lewis , chairman of

2448-509: The banner of "jobs and freedom." Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000, but the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people. Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history. Walter Reuther , president of the United Auto Workers , was the most integral and highest-ranking white organizer of

2520-668: The black LGBT community. After the Lieutenant Governor of Florida , Jennifer Carroll , avoided answering questions about an alleged same-sex encounter with a female subordinate by telling a local news outlet that black lesbian and bisexual women ‘don’t look like her’ in the summer of 2012, NBJC launched a campaign with the Twitter hashtag #whatablacklesbianlookslike. After more than a week of pressure from groups like NBJC, Equality Florida and GLAAD , Carroll finally apologized, calling her comments "wrong and inexcusable" in

2592-433: The black trans community. As part of the campaign, NBJC featured ads with transgender leaders, including Kye Allums , Rev. Carmarion Anderson, Kylar Broadus, Laverne Cox , Janet Mock , Monica Roberts, and Valerie Spencer. This program identifies young activists (ages 18–30) in the black LGBT movement, and provides opportunities for young leaders to build networks and take action in their communities. The organization hosted

2664-536: The capital was suffering "its worst case of invasion jitters since the First Battle of Bull Run ." The jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrest . With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier. Students from the University of California, Berkeley came together as black power organizations and emphasized

2736-445: The civil and economic rights of African Americans . At the march, final speaker Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial , delivered his historic " I Have a Dream " speech in which he called for an end to racism and racial segregation . The march was organized by Bayard Rustin and A. Philip Randolph , who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under

2808-487: The civil rights movement, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover rejected its contents. Strom Thurmond launched a prominent public attack on the March as Communist, and singled out Rustin in particular as a Communist and a gay man. Organizers worked out of a building at West 130th St. and Lenox in Harlem . They promoted the march by selling buttons, featuring two hands shaking, the words "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom",

2880-848: The cooperation of the NAACP or the Urban League, Randolph announced an "October Emancipation March on Washington for Jobs". He reached out to union leaders, winning the support of the UAW's Walter Reuther , but not of AFL–CIO president George Meany . Randolph and Rustin intended to focus the March on economic inequality , stating in their original plan that "integration in the fields of education, housing, transportation and public accommodations will be of limited extent and duration so long as fundamental economic inequality along racial lines persists." As they negotiated with other leaders, they expanded their stated objectives to "Jobs and Freedom", to acknowledge

2952-402: The country that have a significant LGBT presence in communities of color, including Atlanta , Chicago , Detroit , Ft. Lauderdale / Miami , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , New Orleans , New York City , Newark, New Jersey , Oakland / San Francisco , Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Participants are grouped into two tracks: "Starting Your Business" and "Taking Your Business to

National Black Justice Coalition - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-473: The forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named "Operation Steep Hill". For the first time since Prohibition , liquor sales were banned in Washington D.C. Hospitals stockpiled blood plasma and cancelled elective surgeries. Major League Baseball cancelled two games between the Minnesota Twins and the last place Washington Senators although the venue, D.C. Stadium,

3096-608: The founding board of the International Gay and Lesbian Organization . Smith has been recognized as a national leader by organizations including: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force , Human Rights Campaign , Human Rights Task Force of Florida , National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR) and the National Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum . A former journalist, Smith has written syndicated columns for various gay and mainstream publications. Smith

3168-413: The four. We became like brothers." On June 22, the organizers met with President Kennedy, who warned against creating "an atmosphere of intimidation" by bringing a large crowd to Washington. The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march. Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out civil disobedience and described this proposal as the "perfect compromise". King and Young agreed. Leaders from

3240-435: The government fix the system. Fauntroy reportedly told them: "We have a couple hundred thousand people coming. Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we've done?" The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the U.S. Army Signal Corps . The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans,

3312-544: The group came together to challenge support from African American religious and civil rights leaders for Republican -led efforts to amend the U.S. Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage . Instead, the group began raising money to place advertisements promoting same-sex marriage in the African American media. Within three years, the group had created an organization and employed a staff led by founding executive director H. Alexander Robinson. In July 2009,

3384-537: The importance of the African-American freedom struggle. The march included black political parties; and William Worthy was one of many who led college students during the freedom struggle era. On August 28, more than 2,000 buses , 21 chartered trains , 10 chartered airliners, and uncounted cars converged on Washington. All regularly scheduled planes, trains, and buses were also filled to capacity. Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill

3456-546: The issue of racial inequality . After Kennedy's assassination , his proposal was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin began planning the march in December 1961. They envisioned two days of protest, including sit-ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial. They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for

3528-464: The march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread. On Meet the Press , reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King Jr. about widespread foreboding that "it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting." Life magazine declared that

3600-468: The march to the Lincoln Memorial . He believed the Lincoln Memorial would be less threatening to Congress and the occasion would be appropriate underneath the gaze of President Abraham Lincoln's statue. The committee, notably Rustin, agreed to move the site on the condition that Reuther pay for a $ 19,000 (equivalent to $ 172,500 in 2021) sound system so that everyone on the National Mall could hear

3672-475: The march's political coalition, Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers, coordinated the buses and trains, provided the marshals, and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation's capital. During the days leading up to the march, these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station WUST as their operations headquarters. The march

SECTION 50

#1732787176569

3744-538: The march, including reserve officers and deputized firefighters. A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty. The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard , and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area. These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs. All of

3816-718: The march. The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . It preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement , when national media coverage contributed to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that same year. African Americans were legally freed from slavery under the Thirteenth Amendment and granted citizenship in the Fourteenth Amendment , and African American men were elevated to

3888-447: The meeting also provoked the Kennedy administration to take action on the civil rights of African Americans. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy gave a notable civil rights address on national television and radio, announcing that he would begin to push for civil rights legislation. That night (early morning of June 12, 1963), Mississippi activist Medgar Evers was murdered in his own driveway, further escalating national tension around

3960-592: The most part there wasn't a whole bunch of singing. We were secretly praying that nothing violent happened. Other bus rides featured racial tension, as black activists criticized liberal white participants as fair-weather friends. Hazel Mangle Rivers, who had paid $ 8 for her ticket—"one-tenth of her husband's weekly salary"—was quoted in the August 29 New York Times . Rivers said that she was impressed by Washington's civility: The people are lots better up here than they are down South. They treat you much nicer. Why, when I

4032-472: The official speeches was by a woman. Dancer and actress Josephine Baker gave a speech during the preliminary offerings, but women were limited in the official program to a "tribute" led by Bayard Rustin , at which Daisy Bates also spoke briefly (see "excluded speakers" below.) Floyd McKissick read James Farmer 's speech because Farmer had been arrested during a protest in Louisiana ; Farmer wrote that

4104-522: The organization became the first black LGBT group to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) board of governors when its deputy executive director, Jason W. Bartlett , urged the NAACP to pass resolutions issues pertaining to LGBT people of color . In October 2009, it was announced that Sharon Lettman-Hicks would be joining the organization as executive director. She had previously worked at People for

4176-498: The political system. The whites imposed social, economic, and political repression against black people into the 1960s, under a system of legal discrimination known as Jim Crow laws , which were pervasive in the American South . Black people suffered discrimination from private businesses as well, and most were prevented from voting, sometimes through violent means. Twenty-one states prohibited interracial marriage . During

4248-513: The protests would not stop "until the dogs stop biting us in the South and the rats stop biting us in the North ." The order of the speakers was as follows: Closing remarks were made by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, March Organizers, leading with The Pledge and a list of demands. The actual order of events differed slightly from the official printed program. Noted singer Marian Anderson

4320-485: The purpose of the march. The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for the civil rights bill that had been introduced by the Kennedy Administration. Randolph, King, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) believed it could raise both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill. CORE and SNCC believed the march could challenge and condemn

4392-416: The speakers and musicians. Rustin pushed hard for the expensive sound system, maintaining that "We cannot maintain order where people cannot hear." The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial, but was sabotaged on the day before the March. Its operators were unable to repair it. Fauntroy contacted Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and his civil rights liaison Burke Marshall , demanding that

SECTION 60

#1732787176569

4464-697: The status of citizens and granted full voting rights by the Fifteenth Amendment in the years soon after the end of the American Civil War , but Democrats regained power after the end of the Reconstruction era (in 1877) and imposed many restrictions on people of color in the South. At the turn of the century, Southern states passed constitutions and laws that disenfranchised most black people and many poor whites, excluding them from

4536-483: The streets of Washington, D.C., the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall. The march began at the Washington Monument and was scheduled to progress to the Lincoln Memorial . Demonstrators were met at the monument by the speakers and musicians. Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media. The start of

4608-549: The urgency for change in the nation. That year violent confrontations broke out in the South: in Cambridge, Maryland; Pine Bluff, Arkansas; Goldsboro, North Carolina; Somerville, Tennessee; Saint Augustine, Florida; and across Mississippi. In most cases, white people attacked nonviolent demonstrators seeking civil rights. Many people wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted. Some called for

4680-660: Was an award-winning investigative journalist for WUSF , the National Public Radio affiliate in Tampa, and later became a reporter for the Tampa Tribune. Smith also freelanced for national and local publications. Smith was born in Bangor, Maine but her family relocated to Panama City , Florida when she was young. She graduated from Rutherford High School . After graduating high school, Smith attended

4752-528: Was nearly four miles from the Lincoln Memorial rally site. Rustin and Walter Fauntroy negotiated some security issues with the government, gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators. The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C. William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this private force. Julius Hobson , an FBI informant who served on

4824-635: Was not completely enforced by marshals. Most of the demonstrators did carry pre-made signs, available in piles at the Washington Monument. The UAW provided thousands of signs that, among other things, read: "There Is No Halfway House on the Road to Freedom," "Equal Rights and Jobs NOW," "UAW Supports Freedom March," "in Freedom we are Born, in Freedom we must Live," and "Before we'll be a Slave, we'll be Buried in our Grave." About 50 members of

4896-433: Was not universally supported among civil rights activists. Some, including Rustin (who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York), were concerned that it might turn violent, which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement. The march was condemned by Malcolm X , spokesperson for the Nation of Islam , who termed it the "farce on Washington". March organizers disagreed about

4968-549: Was out there at the march a white man stepped on my foot, and he said, "Excuse me," and I said "Certainly!" That's the first time that has ever happened to me. I believe that was the first time a white person has ever really been nice to me. Some participants who arrived early held an all-night vigil outside the Department of Justice , claiming it had unfairly targeted civil rights activists and that it had been too lenient on white supremacists who attacked them. The Washington, D.C., police forces were mobilized to full capacity for

5040-462: Was part of the historic oval office meeting between then-incumbent President of the United States Bill Clinton and LGBT social movements leaders. Smith was co-chair of the 1993 March on Washington , coordinating national and international media. Smith served as campaign manager for Citizens for a Fair Tampa in 1995, a successful effort to prevent the repeal of the city's human rights ordinance, which included sexual orientation . Smith served on

5112-432: Was peaceful in the Birmingham park as the marchers waited for the buses. The police, now part of a moderate city power structure, directed traffic around the square and did not interfere with the gathering ... An old man commented on the 20-hour ride, which was bound to be less than comfortable: "You forget we Negroes have been riding buses all our lives. We don't have the money to fly in airplanes." John Marshall Kilimanjaro,

5184-541: Was scheduled to lead the national anthem but was unable to arrive on time; Camilla Williams performed in her place. Washington's Roman Catholic Archbishop Patrick O'Boyle delivered the invocation. Nadine Smith Nadine Smith (born August 27, 1965) is an LGBT activist and has been the executive director of Equality Florida since its inception in 1997 and serves as a legislative lobbyist , living in Tallahassee during session. In 1986, Smith served on

#568431