The National Force is a fictional organization appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics .
113-466: The National Force was a neo-fascist organization created by Doctor Faustus . Faustus was able to obtain possession of the fourth Captain America (William Burnside, although he legally changed his name to Steven Rogers) as well as his partner Bucky , heroes whose bodies were being kept in a state of suspended animation since the 1950s. Faustus took control of the mind of Burnside to try to use him in
226-446: A Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism . Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially when the term is used as a political epithet . Some post-World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination with and sympathy towards fascist ideology and rituals . According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg ,
339-529: A " Crusade against Communism". Anti- Fidel Castro terrorist Luis Posada Carriles was condemned for the Cubana Flight 455 bombing on 6 October 1976. According to the Miami Herald , this bombing was decided on at the same meeting during which it was decided to target Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier , who was assassinated on 21 September 1976. Carriles wrote in his autobiography that "we
452-631: A Neofascist party", in the words of political scientist Cas Mudde . At the initiative of the MSI, the European Social Movement was established in 1951 as a pan-European organization of like-minded neo-fascist groups and figures such as the Francoist Falange , Maurice Bardèche , Per Engdahl , and Oswald Mosley . Other organizations like Jeune Nation called in the late 1950s for an extra-parliamentarian insurrection against
565-512: A criminal organization. In October, 2020, the court declared Golden Dawn to be a criminal organization, convicting 68 members of various crimes including murder. However, far-right politics continue to be strong in Greece, such as Ilias Kasidiaris ' National Party – Greeks , an Ultranationalist party. In 2021, Greek neo-Nazi youth attacked a rival group at a school in Greece. Italy was broadly divided into two political blocs following World War II:
678-609: A dangerous descendant of the Nazis, but anyone who opposes it can't possibly have ties to the Nazis' odious ideas. There is only one problem: This argument is untrue." Other examples include statements by Republican Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene , who has compared mask mandates during the COVID-19 pandemic to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust . In Chile , the insult facho pobre ("poor fascist" or "low-class fascist")
791-426: A democratic system. A growing number of scholars have posited that the political style of Trump resembles that of fascist leaders, beginning with his election campaign in 2016, continuing over the course of his presidency as he appeared to court far-right extremists , including his failed efforts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election results after losing to Joe Biden , and culminating in
904-566: A direct apology to fascism by performing the Roman salute in an appearance on the national radio network. The National Reorganization Process is also considered a neo-fascist or fascist dictatorship. The Brazilian government of Jair Bolsonaro is cited as the rising point of neo-fascism in South America in the 21st century, based on the denial of science, bellicose rhetoric and authoritarian measures that withdraw rights from
1017-629: A far-right fringe, including the neo-Nazi-linked Azov Battalion and Right Sector , experts have described Putin's rhetoric as greatly exaggerating the influence of far-right groups within Ukraine ; there is no widespread support for the ideology in the government, military, or electorate. Russian far-right organizations also exist, such as the Russian Imperial Movement , long active in Donbas. Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, who
1130-447: A group, but a person would be specifically named as a danger who just happened to be a Jew. The public presentation of their leaders is one principal difference between the neo-fascists and historical fascists: their programs have been "finely honed and 'modernized'" to appeal to the electorate, a "far-right ideology with a democratic veneer". Modern neo-fascists do not appear in "jackboots and brownshirts", but in suits and ties. The choice
1243-651: A movement known as the Golden Dawn , widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in Greece 's parliament, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and other Golden Dawn members on charges related to being associated with
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#17327804733371356-515: A plot against Steve Rogers, the original Captain America . Faustus brainwashed him into returning as "The Grand Director", the leader of the organization known as the National Force. Sharon Carter was working as a liaison for S.H.I.E.L.D. to the NYPD , when she was investigating the National Force and then infiltrated the organization. When the National Force was fighting with criminals on
1469-521: A pretext for his invasion of Ukraine. After the EU banned Serbia from importing Russian oil through Croatian Adriatic Pipeline in October 2022, Serbian news station B92 wrote that the sanctions came after: "insisting of ustasha regime from Zagreb and its ustasha prime minister Andrej Plenković ". Vulin described the EU as "the club of countries which had their divisions under Stalingrad ". In 1944,
1582-463: A rejection of rational arguments against this interpretation; and an appeal to the majority based on race and masculinity ". According to some opinion writers, Hindutva shows ethno-nationalism and hyper-militarism similar to Revisionist Zionism and Kahanism . Adolf Hitler 's propaganda which advocated the hegemony of "Greater Germany" inspired similar ideas of "Indonesia Mulia" (esteemed Indonesia ) and "Indonesia Raya" (great Indonesia) in
1695-698: A second meeting that same year in Zürich to set up a second group pledged to wage war on communists and non- white people . Several Cold War regimes and international neo-fascist movements collaborated in operations such as assassinations and false flag bombings. Stefano Delle Chiaie , who was involved in Italy's Years of Lead , took part in Operation Condor ; organizing the 1976 assassination attempt on Chilean Christian Democrat Bernardo Leighton . Vincenzo Vinciguerra escaped to Franquist Spain with
1808-414: A significant role in the national discourse." According to cultural critic Noah Berlatsky writing for NBC News , in an effort to erase leftist victims of Nazi violence, "they've actually inverted the truth, implying that Nazis themselves were leftists", and "are part of a history of far-right disavowal, projection and escalation intended to provide a rationale for retaliation." An example of this belief
1921-575: A synonym for bully . During the Cold War , the Soviet Union was categorized by its former World War II allies as totalitarian alongside fascist Nazi Germany to convert pre- World War II anti-fascism into post-war anti-communism , and debates around the comparison of Nazism and Stalinism intensified. Both sides in the Cold War also used the insults fascist and fascism against
2034-458: A trope of anti-LGBT activism. In his 21 February speech , which started the events leading to the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russian President Vladimir Putin falsely accused Ukraine of being governed by Neo-Nazis who persecute the ethnic Russian minority and Russian-speaking Ukrainians . Putin's claims about "de-Nazification" have been widely described as absurd. While Ukraine has
2147-551: A wide range of far-right ideas, from neoreactionaries to white nationalists —is often included under the umbrella term "neo-fascist", because alt-right individuals and organizations advocate a radical form of authoritarian ultranationalism . Brenton Harrison Tarrant , the Australian perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch , New Zealand ,
2260-519: Is Jewish, rebuked Putin's allegations, stating that his grandfather had served in the Soviet army fighting against the Nazis. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem condemned the abuse of Holocaust history and the use of comparisons with Nazi ideology for propaganda. Several Ukrainian politicians, military leader and members of the Ukrainian civil society have also accused
2373-884: Is a power bloc made up of non-fascist conservatives and far-right neo-fascists; although still without the support of the broad and fanatical mass movement which was the basis of European fascism. Groups which are identified as neo-fascist in the United States generally include neo-Nazi organizations and movements such as the Proud Boys , the National Alliance , and the American Nazi Party . The Institute for Historical Review publishes negationist historical papers which are often of an antisemitic nature. The alt-right —a loosely connected coalition of individuals and organizations which advocates
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#17327804733372486-486: Is a smear word more often used to brand one's foes than it is a descriptor used to shed light on them." In the 1980s, the term was used by leftist critics to describe the presidency of Ronald Reagan . The term was later used in the 2000s to describe the presidency of George W. Bush by its critics and in the late 2010s to describe the candidacy and presidencies of Donald Trump . In her 1970 book Beyond Mere Obedience , radical activist and theologian Dorothee Sölle coined
2599-541: Is conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg 's book Liberal Fascism , which depicts modern liberalism and progressivism in the United States as the children of fascism. Writing for The Washington Post , historian Ronald J. Granieri stated that this "has become a silver bullet for voices on the right like Dinesh D'Souza and Candace Owens : Not only is the reviled left, embodied in 2020 by figures like Sanders , Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Elizabeth Warren ,
2712-597: Is considered fascist by some analysts because of its engagement in Islamic extremism . The National Socialism Association (NSA) is a neo-fascist political organization founded in Taiwan in September 2006 by Hsu Na-chi (許娜琦), a 22-year-old female political science graduate of Soochow University . The NSA views Adolf Hitler as its leader and often uses the slogan "Long live Hitler". This has brought them condemnation from
2825-492: Is deliberate, as the leaders of the various groups work to differentiate themselves from the brutish leaders of historical fascism and also to hide whatever bloodlines and connections tie the current leaders to the historical fascist movements. When these become public, as they did in the case of Haider, it can lead to their decline and fall. In 1951, the New European Order (NEO) neo-fascist European-wide alliance
2938-505: Is used against people of perceived working class status with right-leaning views, is the equivalent to class traitor or lumpenproletariat , and it has been the subject of significant analysis, including by figures such as the sociologist Alberto Mayol and political commentator Carlos Peña González . The origin of the insult can possibly be traced back to the massive use in Chile of social networks and their use in political discussions, but
3051-607: The National Herald , the mouthpiece of the Indian National Congress party, stated that "it [RSS] seems to embody Hinduism in a Nazi form" with the recommendation that it must be ended. Similarly, in 1956, another Congress party leader compared Jana Sangh to the Nazis in Germany. After the 1940s and 1950s, a number of scholars have labelled or compared Hindutva to fascism. Marzia Casolari has linked
3164-468: The 1922 Committee , the 1941 Committee , Kipling , Gandhi , Chiang Kai-Shek , homosexuality, Priestley 's broadcasts, Youth Hostels , astrology , women, dogs and I do not know what else. ... [T]he people who recklessly fling the word 'Fascist' in every direction attach at any rate an emotional significance to it. By 'Fascism' they mean, roughly speaking, something cruel, unscrupulous, arrogant, obscurantist, anti-liberal and anti-working-class. Except for
3277-498: The 2021 United States Capitol attack . As these events have unfolded, some commentators who had initially resisted applying the label to Trump came out in favor of it, including conservative legal scholar Steven G. Calabresi and conservative commentator Michael Gerson . After the attack on the Capitol, the historian of fascism Robert O. Paxton went so far as to state that Trump is a fascist, despite his earlier objection to using
3390-631: The 2022 Italian general election , in which FdI became the first party, have been variously described as Italy's first far-right-led government in the republican era and its most right-wing government since World War II. The Russia-Ukraine war has divided the Italian far right , including neo-fascists, into three clusters: the pro-Western and Atlanticist extreme right (e.g. CasaPound ), nostalgic and pro-Putin neo-fascism ( New Force ), and an ideologically evolving collection of National Bolshevik and Eurasianist militants. Recent studies have studied
3503-527: The American right wing , fascist is frequently used as an insult to imply that Nazism , and by extension fascism , was a socialist and left-wing ideology, which is contrary to the consensus among scholars of fascism. According to the History News Network , this belief that fascism is left-wing "has become widely accepted conventional wisdom among American conservatives, and has played
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3616-592: The Christian Democrats , who remained in power until the 1990s, and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which was very strong immediately after the war and achieved a large consensus during the 1970s. With the beginning of the Cold War , the American and British governments turned a blind eye to the refusal of Italian authorities to honor requested extraditions of Italian war criminals to Yugoslavia , which they feared would benefit
3729-635: The Cold War era and the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The official Soviet version of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was described as "Fascist, Hitlerite, reactionary and counter-revolutionary hooligans financed by the imperialist West [which] took advantage of the unrest to stage a counter-revolution." Some rank-and-file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to East Berlin to fight German fascists. The Soviet-backed German Democratic Republic 's official name for
3842-707: The Constitutional Court of Serbia . Earlier, on 18 June 1990, Vojislav Šešelj organized the Serbian Chetnik Movement (SČP) though it was not permitted official registration due to its obvious Chetnik identification. On 23 February 1991, it merged with the National Radical Party (NRS), establishing the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) with Šešelj as president and Tomislav Nikolić as vice president. It
3955-621: The February 2014 Ukrainian revolution , through the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the outbreak of the war in Donbass , Russian nationalists and state media used the term. They frequently described the Ukrainian government after Euromaidan as fascist or Nazi , at the same time using antisemitic canards , such as accusing them of "Jewish influence", and stating that they were spreading " gay propaganda ",
4068-670: The Marshall Plan , along with the French Communist Party (PCF). In 1946, a group of Italian fascist soldiers founded the Italian Social Movement (MSI) to continue advocating the ideas of Benito Mussolini . The leader of the MSI was Giorgio Almirante , who remained at the head of the party until his death in 1988. Despite attempts in the 1970s towards a " historic compromise " between the PCI and
4181-532: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , The New York Times declared on 18 September 1939 that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism ." Later, in 1944, the anti-fascist and socialist writer George Orwell commented on Tribune that fascism had been rendered almost meaningless by its common use as an insult against various people, and argued that in England the word fascist had become
4294-535: The Simon Wiesenthal Center , an international Jewish human rights centre. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Fascist (insult) Fascist has been used as a pejorative or insult against a wide range of people, political movements, governments, and institutions since the emergence of fascism in Europe in the 1920s. Political commentators on both
4407-653: The Slovak National Uprising , NATO , the United States , and the European Union . The party also endorses the clerical fascist war criminal and former Slovak President Jozef Tiso . In 2003, Kotleba founded the far-right political party Slovak Community (Slovak: Slovenská Pospolitosť ). In 2007, the Slovak interior ministry banned the party from running and campaigning in elections. In spite of this ban, Kotleba's party got 8.04% of votes in
4520-549: The Soviet Union made frequent use of the fascist insult coming from its conflict with the early German and Italian fascist movements. The label was widely used in press and political language to describe the ideological opponents of the Bolsheviks, such as the White movement . Later, from 1928 to the mid-1930s, it was even applied to social democracy , which was called social fascism and even regarded by communist parties as
4633-596: The Weimar Republic to obtain power, although it took an anti-democratic but constitutional process in the form of presidential appointment rather than election through the Reichstag. Others point to the current neo-fascists not being totalitarian in nature, but the organization of their parties along the lines of the Führerprinzip would seem to indicate otherwise. Historian Stanley G. Payne claims that
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4746-435: The aestheticization of politics and by using the narcissism of small differences to find a target for hate to exploit in order to maintain a social hierarchy instead of protecting all individuals. A number of historians and political scientists have pointed out that the situations in a number of European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, in particular France, Germany and Italy, were in some significant ways analogous to
4859-521: The attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania , Republican vice presidential nominee JD Vance wrote that "[t]he central premise of the Biden campaign is that President Trump is an authoritarian fascist who must be stopped at all costs. That rhetoric led directly to President Trump’s attempted assassination." He also stated that Kelly and Milley are "disgruntled former employees". In
4972-667: The centre-right party The People of Freedom in 2009. Neo-fascist parties in Italy include the Tricolour Flame ( Fiamma Tricolore ), the New Force ( Forza Nuova ), the National Social Front ( Fronte Sociale Nazionale ), and CasaPound . The national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), main heirs of MSI and AN, has been described as neo-fascist by several academics, and it has some neo-fascist factions within their internal organization. The results of
5085-744: The leaders of the Soviet Union during the Stalin era acted as red fascists were commonly stated by both left-wing and right-wing critics. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, fascist was used in the USSR to describe virtually any anti-Soviet activity or opinion. In line with the Third Period , fascism was considered the "final phase of crisis of bourgeoisie ", which "in fascism sought refuge" from "inherent contradictions of capitalism ", and almost every Western capitalist country
5198-474: The 1940s and 1950s labeled the Soviet Union as fascist , and stated that it posed the same threat as the Axis Powers had posed during World War II. Accusations that the enemy was fascist were used to justify opposition to negotiations and compromise, with the argument that the enemy would always act in a manner similar to Adolf Hitler or Nazi Germany in the 1930s. The Bolshevik movement and later
5311-486: The 1980 Bologna railway bombing . In 1987, the reins of the MSI party were taken by Gianfranco Fini , under whom in 1995 it was dissolved and transformed into the National Alliance (AN). The party led by Fini distanced itself from Mussolini and fascism and made efforts to improve its relations with the Jewish community, becoming a conservative right-wing party until its merger with Silvio Berlusconi 's Forza Italia into
5424-974: The Barricades in January 1991, which followed the May 1990 " On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia " independence declaration of the Republic of Latvia from the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union declared that "fascism was reborn in Latvia." In 2006, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) found contrary to the Article 10 (freedom of expression) of
5537-673: The Berlin Wall was the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ). After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai denounced the Soviet Union for "fascist politics, great power chauvinism, national egoism and social imperialism ", comparing the invasion to the Vietnam War and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . During
5650-399: The Bolsonarism, the different wings (military, ideological, religious, capital, etc.) present pragmatic disagreements, strategies, objectives and distinct methods. The core of this Brazilian neo-fascism converged its interests and rhetoric with Pentecostal religious fundamentalism and both allied themselves with military sectors and liberal think tanks , so that within bolsonarism there
5763-634: The Cubans didn't oppose ourselves to an isolated tyranny, nor to a particular system of our fatherland, but that we had in front of us a colossal enemy, whose main head was in Moscow, with its tentacles dangerously extended on all the planet." In Finland, neo-fascism is often connected to the 1930s and 1940s fascist and pro-Nazi Patriotic People's Movement (IKL), its youth movement Blues-and-Blacks and its predecessor Lapua Movement . Post-war fascist groups such as Patriotic People's Movement (1993) , Patriotic Popular Front , Patriotic National Movement , Blue-and-Black Movement and many others consciously copy
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#17327804733375876-464: The DC, the PCI did not have a role in executive power until the 1980s. In December 1970, Junio Valerio Borghese attempted, along with Stefano Delle Chiaie, the Borghese Coup which was supposed to install a neo-fascist regime. Neo-fascist groups took part in various false flag terrorist attacks, starting with the December 1969 Piazza Fontana massacre , for which Vincenzo Vinciguerra was convicted, and they are usually considered to have stopped with
5989-478: The ECHR fining a journalist for calling a right-wing journalist "local neo-fascist", regarding the statement as a value-judgment acceptable in the circumstances. During the Euromaidan demonstrations in January 2014, the Slavic Anti-Fascist Front was created in Crimea by Russian member of parliament Aleksey Zhuravlyov and Crimean Russian Unity party leader and future head of the Republic of Crimea Sergey Aksyonov to oppose "fascist uprising" in Ukraine. After
6102-401: The English writer, democratic socialist , and anti-fascist George Orwell wrote about the term's overuse as an insult , arguing: It will be seen that, as used, the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless. In conversation, of course, it is used even more wildly than in print. I have heard it applied to farmers, shopkeepers, Social Credit , corporal punishment, fox-hunting, bull-fighting,
6215-482: The European Parliament (MEPs), including former party leader Nick Griffin . Other British organisations described as fascist or neo-fascist include the National Front , Combat 18 , the English Defence League , and Britain First . In Argentina, a notable advocate of neo-fascism was president María Estela Martínez de Perón , who applied anti-communist policies under the fascist police organization Triple A and economic market opening policies. Perón made
6328-485: The Hungarian minority is also present, especially in Transylvania . Other nationalistic and irredentist groups such as the Greater Romania Party do not originate from Legionarism, but in fact grew out of national communist tendencies from the era of Nicolae Ceaușescu (the party was founded by his "court poet" Corneliu Vadim Tudor ). The Romanian Hearth Union (UVR), which had around 4 million supporters in 1992, has been described as neofascist. Its political branch
6441-405: The Left and the Right accused their opponents of being fascists, starting in the years before World War II . In 1928, the Communist International labeled their social democratic opponents as social fascists , while the social democrats themselves as well as some parties on the political right accused the Communists of having become fascist under Joseph Stalin 's leadership. In light of
6554-406: The Legion of the Archangel Michael. There are some modern political organisations which consider themselves heirs of Legionarism, this includes Noua Dreaptă and the Everything For the Country Party , founded by former Iron Guard members. The latter organisation was outlawed in 2015. Aside, from these Romanian organisations, the Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement representing ultra-nationalism from
6667-413: The PCI. With no event such as the Nuremberg trials taking place for Italian war crimes, the collective memory of the crimes committed by Italian fascists was excluded from public media, from textbooks in Italian schools, and even from the academic discourse on the Western side of the Iron Curtain throughout the Cold War. The PCI was expelled from power in May 1947, a month before the Paris Conference on
6780-543: The Russian Federation of being a fascist country . Ukrainian propaganda also compares Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler , calling him a " Putler ," and Russian troops to the Nazis , calling them a mixture of Russians and fascists, " ruscists ." During the 1990s, in the midst of the Yugoslav wars , Serbian media often disseminated inflammatory statements in order to stigmatize and dehumanize adversaries, with Croats being denigrated as " Ustasha " (Croatian fascists). In modern Serbia, Dragan J. Vučićević, editor-in-chief of
6893-411: The Serbian defense minister commented on the barred visit by saying that modern Croatia is a "follower of Ante Pavelić's fascist ideology." The Croatian authorities searched them and returned them to Serbia with the explanation that they cannot bring official uniforms into Croatia and that they do not have documents that justify the purpose of their stay in the country. In June 2022, Aleksandar Vučić
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#17327804733377006-423: The Slovak 2016 parliamentary elections. As of December 2022, voter support has dropped significantly to about 3.1%, under the 5% threshold required to enter parliament. Grey Wolves is a Turkish ultranationalist and neo-fascist youth organization. It is the "unofficial militant arm" of the Nationalist Movement Party . The Grey Wolves have been accused of terrorism . According to Turkish authorities,
7119-437: The United States, fascist is used by both the left-wing and right-wing, and its use in American political discourse is contentious. Several U.S. presidencies have been described as fascistic. In 2004, Samantha Power , a lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , reflected Orwell's words from 60 years prior when she stated: "Fascism – unlike communism, socialism, capitalism, or conservatism –
7232-468: The agenda of at least some elites". The presentation of the organization also connects elements of red-baiting and conservative opposition to integration from the 1950s to racism in 1979, when the National Force appeared in the comics. According to King and Leonard, looking at the appearance in The Punisher War Journal , the racism of the National Force, undergirded by criminal acts, is depicted as clearly evil. They criticize that this presentation deflects
7345-469: The anti-immigrant impetus is strong when the economy is weak or unemployment is high, and people fear that outsiders are taking their jobs. Because of this, neo-fascist parties have more electoral traction during hard economic times. Again, this mirrors the situation in the interwar years, when, for instance, Germany suffered from incredible hyperinflation and many people had their life savings swept away. In contemporary Europe, mainstream political parties see
7458-502: The association and the borrowing of pre-World War II European nationalist ideas by early leaders of Hindutva ideology. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations , the term Hindutva has "fascist undertones". Many scholars have pointed out that early Hindutva ideologues were inspired by fascist movements in early 20th-century Italy and Germany. The Indian Marxist economist and political commentator Prabhat Patnaik calls Hindutva "almost fascist in
7571-749: The attention of the reader from "the less visible ways in which white racism operates today". Neo-fascism This is an accepted version of this page Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism . Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism , ultraconservatism , racial supremacy , right-wing populism , authoritarianism , nativism , xenophobia , and anti-immigration sentiment, sometimes with economic liberal issues, as well as opposition to social democracy , parliamentarianism , Marxism , capitalism , communism , and socialism (sometimes are opposed to liberalism and liberal democracy ). As with classical fascism, it occasionally proposes
7684-488: The beginning of neo-fascism as a new fascist movement. Because intense nationalism is almost always a part of neo-fascism, the parties which make up this movement are not pan-European, but are specific to each country they arise in; other than this, the neo-fascist parties and other groups have many ideological traits in common. While certainly fascistic in nature, it is claimed by some that there are differences between neo-fascism and what can be called "historical fascism", or
7797-421: The classical sense". He states that the Hindutva movement is based on "class support, methods and programme". According to Patnaik, Hindutva has the following fascist ingredients: "an attempt to create a unified homogeneous majority under the concept of "the Hindus"; a sense of grievance against past injustice; a sense of cultural superiority; an interpretation of history according to this grievance and superiority;
7910-410: The conditions in Europe in the period between World War I and World War II that gave rise to fascism in its many national guises. Constant economic crises including high unemployment, a resurgence of nationalism, an increase in ethnic conflicts, and the geo-political weakness of national regimes were all present, and while not an exact one-to-one correspondence, circumstances were similar enough to promote
8023-490: The cooperation with other parties within the democratic system. In the political context of the Cold War, anti-communism began to replace anti-fascism as the dominant trend in liberal democracies. In Italy, the MSI became a support group in parliament for the Christian Democratic government in the late 1950s–early 1960s, but was forced back into "political ghetto" after anti-fascist protests and violent street clashes occurred between radical leftist and far-right groups, leading to
8136-472: The course of time, moderate their positions in order to achieve electoral victory. The problem of immigrants, both legal and illegal or irregular, whether called "foreigners", "foreign workers", "economic refugees", "ethnic minorities", "asylum seekers", or "aliens", is a core neo-fascist issue, intimately tied to their nativism, ultranationalism, and xenophobia, but the specifics differ somewhat from country to country due to prevailing circumstances. In general,
8249-548: The demise of the short-lived fascist-backed Tambroni Cabinet in July 1960. According to psychologist David Pavón-Cuéllar of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo , the emergence of neoliberalism in the late-twentieth century prompted neoliberalist politicians to utilize neo-fascism by authoritatively removing all limits to capital (including labor laws , social rights and tariffs ), through
8362-585: The differences in current circumstance to that of the interwar years, and the strengthening of democracy in European countries since the end of the war prevents a general return of historical fascism, and causes true neo-fascist groups to be small and remain on the fringe. For Payne, groups like the National Front in France are not neo-fascists in nature, but are merely "right radical parties" that will, in
8475-404: The electoral advantage the neo-fascist and far-right parties get from their strong emphasis on the supposed problem of the outsider, and are then tempted to co-opt the issue by moving somewhat to the right on the immigrant issue, hoping to slough off some voters from the hard right. In the absence in post-war Europe of a strong socialist movement, this has the tendency to move the political centre to
8588-697: The expelled former African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) President Julius Malema , and his allies. Malema and the party have frequently courted controversy for engaging in anti-White and anti-Indian racism . In November 2019, the Professor of International Relations at University of the Witwatersrand , Vishwas Satgar, defined them as a manifestation of a new phenomena, 'Black Neofascism'. The Hindutva ideology of organisations such as RSS have long been compared to fascism or Nazism . An editorial published on 4 February 1948, for example, in
8701-699: The former Dutch colony . The first fascist party was the Partai Fasis Indonesia (PFI). Sukarno admired Nazi Germany under Hitler and its vision of happiness for all: "It's in the Third Reich that the Germans will see Germany at the apex above other nations in this world," he said in 1963. He stated that Hitler was 'extraordinarily clever' in 'depicting his ideals': he spoke about Hitler's rhetorical skills, but denied any association with Nazism as an ideology, saying that Indonesian nationalism
8814-685: The geopolitical role of Italian neofascism with some groups participating with CIA-backing in the Strategy of Tension during the Cold War where terrorists actions were aimed to keep Italy in NATO and prevent the Communist Party from coming to power In Romania, the ultra-nationalist movement which allied itself with the Axis powers and German National Socialism was the Iron Guard , also known as
8927-694: The help of the SISMI , following the 1972 Peteano attack, for which he was sentenced to life. Along with Delle Chiaie, Vinciguerra testified in Rome in December 1995 before judge María Servini de Cubría , stating that Enrique Arancibia Clavel (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for crimes against humanity in 2004) and US expatriate DINA agent Michael Townley were directly involved in General Carlos Prats ' assassination. Michael Townley
9040-475: The historical experience of fascism between 1919 and 1942, unfolded in several phases; and finally neo-fascism from 1942 onward. Drawing inspiration from the Italian Social Republic , institutional neo-fascism took the form of the Italian Social Movement (MSI). It became one of the chief reference points for the European far-right until the late 1980s, and "the best (and only) example of
9153-461: The insult is a sort of "left-wing classism " ( Spanish : roteo de izquierda ) and implies that "certain ideas can only be defended by the priviledged class." In 2019, left-wing deputy and future President Gabriel Boric publicly criticized the phrase facho pobre as belonging to an "elitist left" , and warned that its use may lead to political isolation. During the Israel-Hamas war ,
9266-417: The kind of neo-fascism which came about in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Some historians claim that contemporary neo-fascist parties are not anti-democratic because they operate within their country's political system. Whether that is a significant difference between neo-fascism and historical fascism is doubted by other scholars, who point out that Hitler worked within the existing political system of
9379-529: The methods rather than the original "idea"; and they wrongly believed that fascist society could be achieved via the nation-state as opposed to the construction of Europe. According to him, fascism could survive the 20th century in a new metapolitical guise if its theorists succeed in building inventive methods adapted to the changes of their times; the aim being the promotion of the core politico-cultural fascist project rather than vain attempts to revive doomed regimes: In addition, Bardèche wrote: "The single party,
9492-765: The most dangerous form of fascism for a time. In Germany, the Communist Party of Germany , which had been largely controlled by the Soviet leadership since 1928, used the insult fascism to describe both the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP). In Soviet usage, the German Nazis were described as fascists until 1939, when the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed, after which Nazi–Soviet relations started to be presented positively in Soviet propaganda . Meanwhile, accusations that
9605-567: The neo-fascist ideology emerged in 1942, after Nazi Germany invaded the USSR and decided to reorient its propaganda on a Europeanist ground. Europe then became both the myth and the utopia of the neo-fascists, who abandoned previous theories of racial inequalities within the white race to share a common euro-nationalist stance after World War II, embodied in Oswald Mosley 's Europe a Nation policy. The following chronology can therefore be delineated: an ideological gestation before 1919;
9718-566: The organization carried out 694 murders during the late-1970s political violence in Turkey , between 1974 and 1980. The nationalist political party MHP founded by Alparslan Türkeş is also sometimes described as neo-fascist. The British National Party (BNP) is a nationalist party in the United Kingdom which espoused the ideology of fascism and anti-immigration . In the 2009 European elections , it gained two members of
9831-661: The other. In the Soviet Union, they were used to describe anti-Soviet activism, and East Germany officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the "Anti-Fascist Protection Wall." Across the Eastern Bloc , the term anti-fascist became synonymous with the Communist state – party line and denoted the struggle against dissenters and the broader Western world . In the United States , early supporters of an aggressive foreign policy and domestic anti-communist measures in
9944-477: The past, with the form of a child we do not recognize and the head of a young Medusa, the Order of Sparta will be reborn: and paradoxically it will, without doubt, be the last bastion of Freedom and the sweetness of living." In the spirit of Bardèche's strategy of disguise through framework change, the MSI had developed a policy of inserimento (insertion, entryism ), which relied on gaining political acceptance via
10057-400: The population linked to a strongly neoliberal economic policy. As a result of factors such as opposition to Workers' Party , fear and reaction to the 2013 protests , as well as the economic crises of 2008 and 2014 , Jair Bolsonaro emerged as a viable option, not because of a well-defined strategic project, but almost accidentally. In this way, the multiplicity of groups that make up
10170-624: The regime in what extents to a remnant of pre-war fascist strategies. The main driving force of neo-fascist movements was what they saw as the defense of a Western civilization from the rise of both communism and the Third World , in some cases the loss of the colonial empire. In 1961, Bardèche redefined the nature of fascism in a book deemed influential in the European far-right at large entitled Qu'est-ce que le fascisme? ( What Is Fascism? ). He argued that previous fascists had essentially made two mistakes in that they focused their efforts on
10283-663: The relatively small number of Fascist sympathizers, almost any English person would accept 'bully' as a synonym for 'Fascist'. That is about as near to a definition as this much-abused word has come. Historian Stanley G. Payne argues that after World War II, fascism assumed a quasi-religious position within Western culture as a form of absolute moral evil. This gives its use as an insult a particularly strong form of social power that any other equivalent term lacks, which Payne argues encourages its overuse as it offers an extremely easy way to stigmatize and assert power over an opponent. In
10396-475: The right overall. While both historical fascism and contemporary neo-fascism are xenophobic, nativist and anti-immigrant, neo-fascist leaders are careful not to present these views in so strong a manner as to draw obvious parallels to historical events. Both Jean-Marie Le Pen of France's National Front and Jörg Haider 's Freedom Party of Austria , in the words of historian Tony Judt , "revealed [their] prejudices only indirectly". Jews would not be castigated as
10509-493: The rights of man, a multiparty system, and the rule of law. Encyclopedia Britannica considers Zhirinovsky to be a neo-fascist. Zhirinovsky endorsed the forcible re-occupation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and suggested nuclear waste should be dumped there. During the First Chechen War in the mid-1990s, he advocated hitting some Chechen villages with tactical nuclear weapons . The Russian National Unity
10622-403: The secret police, the public displays of Caesarism, even the presence of a Führer are not necessarily attributes of fascism. ... The famous fascist methods are constantly revised and will continue to be revised. More important than the mechanism is the idea which fascism has created for itself of man and freedom. ... With another name, another face, and with nothing which betrays the projection from
10735-558: The state of Israel has been called fascist. For instance, on October 11, 2024, Nicaragua broke off relations with Israel, calling the Israeli government "fascist" and "genocidal." During the Israel-Hamas war , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called Palestinian -Sunni Islamist organization Hamas the " new Nazis ". On 27 November 2023, Israel's Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich said that "there are 2 million Nazis" in
10848-521: The streets of Harlem , the National Guard arrived to end the battle. Sharon triggered a self-destruct device embedded in the National Force uniform she was wearing while she was subjected to a mind-altering gas. Rogers was shown a recording of her apparent suicide on videotape. The Grand Director likewise apparently committed suicide after the original Captain America and Daredevil defeated him in battle. He has since reappeared, having survived
10961-535: The style of the movement and look up to its leaders as inspiration. A Finns Party councillor and police officer in Seinäjoki caused small scandal wearing the fascist blue-and-black uniform. In France, the far-right National Rally party is of neo-fascist origin and is frequently accused of promoting anti-semitism and xenophobia. After the onset of the Great Recession and economic crisis in Greece,
11074-610: The suicide attempt. He was later shot by Captain America (Barnes) and fell off the Hoover Dam. No body was ever recovered. A storyline from The Punisher War Journal from 2007 depicts the National Force as a terrorist syndicate with neo-Nazi ideology operating on the US-Mexico border led by a character called the Hate-Monger . The Punisher infiltrated and destroyed this version of the National Force. The National Force
11187-425: The tabloid and propaganda flagship Informer , holds the belief that the "vast majority of Croatian nation are Ustaše" and thus ''fascists''. The same notion is sometimes drawn through his tabloid's writings. In 2019, after a Serbian armed forces delegation was barred from entering Croatia without prior state notice to visit Jasenovac concentration camp Memorial Site in their official uniforms, Aleksandar Vulin ,
11300-535: The term Christofascist to describe fundamentalist Christians . In response to multiple authors claiming that the then-presidential candidate Donald Trump was a fascist , a 2016 article for Vox cited five historians who study fascism, including Roger Griffin , author of The Nature of Fascism , who stated that Trump either does not hold and even is opposed to several political viewpoints that are integral to fascism, including viewing violence as an inherent good and an inherent rejection of or opposition to
11413-413: The term in this way. Other historians of fascism such as Richard J. Evans , Griffin, and Stanley Payne continue to disagree that fascism is an appropriate term to describe Trump's politics . Leading up to the 2024 presidential election , several political figures have described Trump as a fascist, including John F. Kelly , Mark Milley , Joe Biden , Tim Walz , and Kamala Harris . Following
11526-628: The washing away of national values." Before it was banned in 1999, and breakup in late 2000, the group estimated to have had approximately 20,000 to 25,000 members. Alexander Barkashov along with other members of the Russian National Unity have engaged in religious activities and pro-Russian activism in the Russian-Ukrainian War . A neo-fascist organization in Serbia was Obraz , which was banned on 12 June 2012 by
11639-812: Was fascist , with the Third Reich being just the "most reactionary " one. The international investigation on Katyn massacre was described as "fascist libel" and the Warsaw Uprising as "illegal and organised by fascists." In Poland during the Polish People's Republic , communist propaganda referred to the Home Army ( Polish : Armia Krajowa ) as a fascist organization. Polish Communist Security Service ( Polish : Służba Bezpieczeństwa ) described Trotskyism , Titoism , and imperialism as "variants of fascism." This use continued into
11752-522: Was a Chetnik party, oriented towards neo-fascism with a striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia. Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia is a far-right political party with views that are considered extremist and fascist. The Party's leader, Marian Kotleba , is a former neo-Nazi , who once wore a uniform modelled on that of the Hlinka Guard , the militia of the 1939–45 Nazi-sponsored Slovak State . He opposes Romani people , immigrants,
11865-458: Was a paramilitary organization which was founded by Alexander Barkashov in 1990. It used a left-pointed swastika and emphasizes the "primary importance" of Russian blood. Concerning Adolf Hitler , the organizations's leader Barkashov declared: "I consider [Hitler] a great hero of the German nation and of all white races. He succeeded in inspiring the entire nation to fight against degradation and
11978-508: Was an admitted fascist who followed eco-fascism and admired Oswald Mosley , the leader of the British fascist organization British Union of Fascists (BUF), who is quoted in the shooter's manifesto The Great Replacement (named after the French far-right theory of the same name ). The Economic Freedom Fighters are a self-described pan-Africanist political party founded in 2013 by
12091-764: Was not as narrow as Nazi nationalism. After World War II, neo-fascism and ultra-nationalism were ostracized from mainstream politics in Germany, while in Japan , they were partially related to major right-wing conservative politics. Since 2006, all prime ministers of Japan's LDP have been members of far-right ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi . With Mongolia located between the larger nations Russia and China , ethnic insecurities have driven many Mongolians to neo-fascism, expressing nationalism centered around Genghis Khan and Adolf Hitler . Groups advocating these ideologies include Blue Mongolia, Dayar Mongol , and Mongolian National Union. Pakistan's Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
12204-407: Was popularized in the aftermath of the 2017 Chilean general election , where right-wing Sebastián Piñera won the presidency with a strong working class voter base. Peña González calls the essence of the insult "the worst of the paternalisms: the belief that ordinary people ... do not know what they want and betray their true interest at the time of choice", while writer Oscar Contardo states that
12317-527: Was presented as a racist organization in the comics that was a "caricature of anti-integrationist political groups" in the USA. It features elements of the Ku Klux Klan , National Socialist and white supremacy movements. The organization is portrayed as having high-ranking supporters, which "sets up the understanding that while everyday Americans may not be racist, the activities of the National Force advance
12430-580: Was prevented from entering Croatia to visit the Jasenovac Memorial Site by Croatian authorities due to him not announcing his visit through official diplomatic channels which is a common practice. As a response to that certain Serbian ministers labeled Andrej Plenković 's government as "ustasha government" with some tabloids calling Croatia fascist. Historian Alexander Korb compared these labels with Putin's labels of Ukraine being fascist as
12543-499: Was sentenced in Italy to 15 years of prison for having served as intermediary between the DINA and the Italian neo-fascists. The regimes of Francoist Spain , Augusto Pinochet 's Chile and Alfredo Stroessner 's Paraguay participated together in Operation Condor , which targeted political opponents worldwide. During the Cold War, these international operations gave rise to some cooperation between various neo-fascist elements engaged in
12656-513: Was set up to promote pan-European nationalism . It was a more radical splinter group of the European Social Movement . The NEO had its origins in the 1951 Malmö conference, when a group of rebels led by René Binet and Maurice Bardèche refused to join the European Social Movement as they felt that it did not go far enough in terms of racialism and anti-communism . As a result, Binet joined with Gaston-Armand Amaudruz in
12769-873: Was the Romanian National Unity Party , but had also ties to the Social Democracy Party of Romania (PDSR), Greater Romania Party (PRM) and the Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania (PDAR). One of the founders of the UVR was the Romanian President Ion Iliescu , who was still its member in 2005. In 1990, Vladimir Zhirinovsky founded the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia . Its leader opposes democratic values,
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