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85-735: The first incarnation of the Board was the United States Intelligence Board, a forum of intelligence agency leaders convened to advise the Director of Central Intelligence on intelligence matters established by President Eisenhower in 1957 upon the recommendation of the Presidential Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities (now the President's Intelligence Advisory Board ). A quotation from

170-561: A Carter administration . George H. W. Bush eventually became the 43rd US vice president in 1981 and the 41st US president in 1989 and is to date the only CIA director to serve in either office. A US Naval Academy classmate of Jimmy Carter 's, Turner enjoyed the confidence of the White House, but his emphasis on technical methods of intelligence collection, such as SIGINT and IMINT , and his apparent dislike for, and firing of, HUMINT specialists made him quite unpopular within

255-591: A Republican with a general engineering background, John McCone . McCone, despite a lack of intelligence agency background, is often considered one of the most competent DCIs, and an excellent manager. The agency stepped up its activity in Southeast Asia under President Lyndon Johnson . McCone resigned from his position of DCI in April 1965, believing himself to have been unappreciated by Johnson. McCone's final policy memorandum to Johnson argued that expansion of

340-727: A 1999 report entitled A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence , published by the Office of Public Affairs in the CIA describes the NFIB as: "the senior Intelligence Community advisory body to the DCI on the substantive aspects of national intelligence. This Board advises the DCI on production, review, and coordination of national foreign intelligence; interagency exchanges of foreign intelligence information; arrangements with foreign governments on intelligence matters;

425-616: A Reserve Service of former FBI agents to be called upon in case of a national emergency under the discretion of the FBI director. The president was required to denote a single department or agency to be responsible for overseeing security clearances, which could be transferred between agencies to reduce repetitive processing. Title IV authorizes new airport security programs including screening carry-on luggage for explosives, training foreign air marshals, creating blast-resistant cargo holds, and increased screening of airport workers. Homeland Security

510-605: A Time of Peace that Clinton chose Woolsey as the CIA director because the Clinton campaign had courted neo-conservatives leading up to the 1992 election, promising to be tougher on Taiwan, Bosnia, and on human rights in China , and it was decided that they ought to give at least one neo-conservative a job in the administration. In 1995, President Bill Clinton appointed John Deutch as the director of central intelligence (cabinet rank in

595-590: A bipartisan coalition of senators and some House members, and the majority of the White House. The House plan was backed by the Pentagon camp, led by notably House Republicans, the Pentagon, the House and Senate Armed Services committees, and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers. The final bill was supported by a bipartisan House and Senate, the White House, and the general public, including

680-623: A book called Decent Interval which exposed incompetence among senior American government personnel during the fall of Saigon . accused Snepp of breaking the secrecy agreement required of all CIA agents, and then later was forced to admit under cross-examination that he had never read the agreement signed by Snepp. Regardless, the CIA ultimately won its case against Snepp at the US Supreme Court . The court forced Snepp to turn over all his profits from Decent Interval and to seek preclearance of any future writings about intelligence work for

765-408: A daily basis are directed to break extremely serious laws in countries around the world in the face of frequently sophisticated efforts by foreign governments to catch them. A safe estimate is that several hundred times every day (easily 100,000 times a year) DO officers engage in highly illegal activities (according to foreign law) that not only risk political embarrassment to the U.S. but also endanger

850-474: A final, four-minute-long encounter—a claim that was met with disbelief in many quarters, and adamant denial by Casey's wife, Sofia. According to Woodward, when he asked Casey if he knew about the diversion of funds to the Nicaraguan Contras , "His head jerked up hard. He stared, and finally nodded yes." William H. Webster came from a legal background, including serving as a federal judge and as

935-658: A number of coups and attempted coups in South and Central America . Casey was also the principal architect of the arms-for-hostages deal that became known as the Iran–Contra affair . Hours before Casey was scheduled to testify before Congress about his knowledge of Iran–Contra, he was reported to have been rendered incapable of speech, and was later hospitalized. In his 1987 book, The Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward , who had interviewed Casey on numerous occasions, said that he had gained entry to Casey's hospital room for

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1020-554: A one-on-one meeting with Clinton. Even semiprivate meetings were rare. They only happened twice. Woolsey told me: "It wasn't that I had a bad relationship with the President. It just didn't exist." Another quotation about his relationship with Clinton, according to Paula Kaufman of Insight magazine : Remember the guy who in 1994 crashed his plane onto the White House lawn? That was me trying to get an appointment to see President Clinton. David Halberstam noted in his book War in

1105-548: A secret report written by the CIA Inspector General was made public (originally written in 2005 but kept secret). Its 19-page summary states that Tenet knew the dangers of Al Qaeda well before September 2001, but that the leadership of the CIA did not do enough to prevent any attacks. Tenet reacted to the publication of this report by calling it "flat wrong". Bob Woodward , in his book Plan of Attack , wrote that Tenet privately lent his personal authority to

1190-416: A security camera was installed opposite his official portrait for fear it would be vandalized. By this time he had a reputation as a tough, forthright, and outspoken administrator. Schlesinger's appointment as Secretary of Defense cut short his service as DCI. He commissioned reports—known as the " Family Jewels "—on illegal activities by the agency. William Colby was another intelligence professional who

1275-457: A senior staffer to manage civil rights and civil liberties cases for the department, requires the FBI to continually maintain and update enterprise and technology architecture and infrastructure, and requires the Office of Government ethics to submit financial disclosure reports to Congress. The Pentagon and its supporters in the House were against the bill. They opposed giving the DNI authority over

1360-706: A strategic plan tell the President of the United States just four days after 9/11 how to attack the Afghan sanctuary and operate against al-Qaeda in ninety-two countries around the world? On September 15, 2001, Tenet presented the Worldwide Attack Matrix, a blueprint for what became known as the War On Terror . He proposed firstly to send CIA teams into Afghanistan to collect intelligence on, and mount covert operations against, al-Qaeda and

1445-641: A task that many believed could be accomplished only through an approach similar to the Soviet intelligence agencies, under names including NKVD , MVD , NKGB , MGB , and KGB . Those Soviet organizations also had domestic responsibilities. The rapid expansion of the CIA, and a developed sense of independence under the DCI Allen Dulles exacerbated the problem of the US Intelligence Community's freedom from independent review. After

1530-901: A terrorist attack, actual or possible, was criminalized and made an imprisonable offense. Using the mail or any postal-like service as a means of attack with weapons of mass destruction was also specified as a criminal offense, and criminal penalties were expanded for the production, possession, and use of dirty bombs and the variola virus . Title VII included foreign policy provisions to improve U.S. diplomatic relations internationally. These include identification of terrorist sanctuaries, regulation of exports to state sponsors of terrorism and terrorist sanctuaries, U.S. support for democracy in Afghanistan and stability in Pakistan, strategic diplomatic efforts in Saudi Arabia, Muslim outreach, support of

1615-648: Is formally divided into eight titles: Title I established the position of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center, and the National Counter-Proliferation Center. The Director of National Intelligence is responsible for heading the United States intelligence community. The DNI acts as the principal intelligence advisor to the president, Homeland Security, and

1700-713: Is required to deploy biometric screening systems at airports to obtain biological information to be used to identify individual travelers. The TSA was required to test new passenger screening systems to cross-reference "no fly" lists with an integrated terrorist watch list. The title also gives Homeland Security the authority to create a terrorist watch list for cruise ships. Title V requires states to follow national standards for drivers license eligibility, requires visa applicants to be interviewed, offers provisions for immigrants who have received training from terrorist organizations to be deported, authorized an additional 10,000 border patrol agents to be added over five years, authorized

1785-824: The Carter administration . During his tenure restrictions were lifted on the use of the CIA to directly, covertly influence the internal and foreign affairs of countries relevant to American policy. This period of the Cold War saw an increase of the agency's anti-Soviet activities around the world. Notably he oversaw covert assistance to the mujahadeen resistance in Afghanistan , with a budget of over $ 1 billion, working closely with Akhtar Abdur Rahman (the director general of Pakistan 's Inter-Services Intelligence directorate). The agency aided Solidarity movement in Poland , and

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1870-465: The Church Committee investigations. Many arguments against Bush's initial confirmation were that he was too partisan for the office. The Washington Post , George Will , and Senator Frank Church were some notable figures opposed to Bush's nomination. After a pledge by Bush not to run for either president or vice president in 1976, opposition to his nomination died down. Bush served as

1955-911: The Department of the Treasury , the Department of Energy , the National Reconnaissance Office , the National Imagery and Mapping Agency , and the Federal Bureau of Investigation participate as necessary." Both the NFIB and NIB are chaired by the directorial head of the Intelligence Community (IC); however, the dominance of the Central Intelligence Agency and Director of Central Intelligence as IC heads ended with

2040-556: The Secure Flight program and issued rulemaking to implement this congressional mandate. Airline personnel will have the right to demand government-issued ID be shown if ordered by the TSA to do so, but those orders are to remain confidential, so there is no oversight as to when the airline has been ordered to request ID and when they are requesting it on their own imperative. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004

2125-612: The Taliban . The teams would act jointly with military Special Operations units. "President Bush later praised this proposal, saying it had been a turning point in his thinking." After the September 11, 2001, attacks , many observers criticized the American Intelligence Community for numerous "intelligence failures" as one of the major reasons why the attacks were not prevented. In August 2007, part of

2210-666: The War in Vietnam would arouse national and world discontent over the war, before it defeated the North Vietnamese regime. Raborn, a distinguished naval officer who directed the design and development of the entire Polaris ballistic missile submarine system, had a somewhat short and unhappy tenure as the DCI. His background included no foreign relations experience, and intelligence experience only concerning naval operations. CIA historians have said "Raborn did not 'take' to

2295-623: The director of the FBI . He was expected, with this background, to clear out all legal irregularities at CIA. Repercussions from the Iran–Contra arms smuggling scandal included the creation of the Intelligence Authorization Act in 1991. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the United States is neither openly nor apparently engaged. This also required an authorizing chain of command, including an official, presidential finding report, and

2380-575: The 2004 establishment of the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and Office of the DNI as head, overseer, and coordinator of the IC (and FBI ) in accordance with recommendations from the 9/11 Commission . The CIA remained prominent in foreign intelligence, especially foreign human intelligence (HUMINT). The NIB is supported by ODNI's National Intelligence Council (NIC), which also acts as its Executive Secretariat. An Intelligence Community Directive (ICD 202) effective July 16, 2007 lists

2465-520: The 9/11 victims blamed President Bush and House Republicans for the intelligence bill being stalled in Congress. They accused Bush of allowing members of the Republican party to derail the legislative process and named Speaker of the House J. Dennis Hastert as a responsible party for the bill's stagnation. The Family Steering Committee released a statement saying they were "angry and saddened that

2550-661: The American effort there. Events in the arms control field, Angola, the Middle East, and elsewhere also demanded attention. George H. W. Bush 's confirmation as the director of central intelligence was opposed by many politicians and citizens who were still reeling from the Watergate scandal (when Bush was the head of the Republican National Committee , and a steadfast defender of Nixon ) and

2635-621: The American people to support invading Iraq, and that, in his opinion, the best way to convince the people would be by explaining the dangers posed by Iraq's WMD i.e., the public relations sale of the war via the WMD, according to Tenet, would be a "slam dunk".) The search following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by American, British, and other international forces yielded no stockpiles of nuclear WMDs in Iraq, except for tens of thousands of chemical shells found stacked from floors to ceilings in every room of what

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2720-550: The CIA the authority to carry out covert operations "against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons." Those operations, however, were initially conducted by other agencies such as the Office of Policy Coordination . See Approval of Clandestine and Covert Operations and Clandestine HUMINT and Covert Action for details of

2805-564: The CIA. The post of DCI was established by President Harry Truman on January 23, 1946, with Admiral Sidney Souers being the first DCI, followed by General Hoyt Vandenberg who served as DCI from June 1946 to May 1947. The DCI then ran the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), a predecessor of the CIA. The office of DCI thus predates the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA

2890-441: The CIA. Turner eliminated more than 800 operational positions in what was called the "Halloween Massacre", invoking a moniker previously used in conjunction with President Ford's 1975 staff reorganization . This organizational direction is notable because his successor William J. Casey was seen to have a completely opposite approach, focusing much of his attention on HUMINT. Turner gave notable testimony to Congress revealing much of

2975-510: The Clinton administration). However, Deutch was initially reluctant to accept this appointment. As the head of the CIA , Deutch continued the policy of his predecessor R. James Woolsey to declassify records pertaining to American covert operations during the Cold War . In 1996, the US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence issued a congressional report estimating that: "Hundreds of employees on

3060-605: The DCI for 355 days, from January 30, 1976, to January 20, 1977. The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including disclosures based on investigations by the Senate's Church Committee, about the CIA's illegal and unauthorized activities, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale. On February 18, 1976, President Gerald Ford issued Executive Order 11905 , which established policy guidelines and restrictions for individual intelligence agencies, and clarified intelligence authorities and responsibilities. Bush

3145-429: The DCI job", in their opinion. Raborn resigned as the DCI on June 30, 1966, having served for only fourteen months. He was then replaced by his deputy, Richard Helms . Helms was an OSS and CIA veteran, and the first DCI to have risen through the ranks at CIA. Helms became the director of the Office of Special Operations (OSO) after the CIA's disastrous role in the attempted Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. Helms

3230-404: The DNI's budgetary powers, to which House conferees agreed. The conference report was filed on December 7, 2004 and agreed to in the House on the same day, with the Senate agreeing a day later. The bill was sent from the Senate to President Bush on December 15, 2004. It was signed on December 17 to become public law. The Senate plan was backed by the 9/11 Commission, families of the 9/11 victims,

3315-505: The Director of the CS and hold him fully and directly responsible to him." Soon after Deutch's departure from the CIA in 1996 it was revealed that classified materials had been kept on several of Deutch's laptop computers designated as unclassified. In January 1997, the CIA began a formal security investigation of the matter. Senior management members at the CIA declined to fully pursue the security breach. More than two years after his departure,

3400-473: The Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment..." As the director of central intelligence, Woolsey is notable for having a very limited relationship with President Bill Clinton. According to the journalist Richard Miniter : Never once in his two-year tenure did CIA director James Woolsey ever have

3485-487: The NSC on intelligence matters. The director of the Central Intelligence Agency would serve as chief administrator of the CIA. The reorganization took effect on December 17, 2004. The 19th and last DCI, Porter J. Goss , became the first director of the CIA while John Negroponte became the first DNI. This position preceded the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency in 1947. The "Director of Central Intelligence" position

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3570-705: The National Security Council, as well as direct the National Intelligence Program. The position's duties include intelligence sharing between government branches and federal agencies, managing the national intelligence budget, and managing intelligence personnel. The National Counterterrorism Center's objectives are to act as a centralized government organization for terrorism and counterterrorism intelligence, conduct strategic planning, and share information between intelligence agencies. The National Counter-Proliferation Center

3655-420: The Pentagon's intelligence agencies and their budgets, saying the idea was troubling. The Pentagon camp, led by House Conferee Duncan Hunter , R-CA, was labeled "obstructionist" by supporters of the Senate version of the bill. Hunter denied this claim, arguing that they wanted a reform bill that did not damage the relationship between the secretary of defense and defense agencies. Advocacy groups for families of

3740-609: The Soviet Union was the source of most terrorist activity in the world, in spite of CIA analysts providing evidence that this was in fact black propaganda by the CIA itself. Casey obtained a report from a professor that agreed with his view, which convinced Ronald Reagan that there was a threat. Casey oversaw the re-expansion of the Intelligence Community, in particular the CIA, to funding and human resource levels greater than those before resource cuts during

3825-766: The UN Human Rights Commission, and free press promotion in the Muslim world Title VIII authorizes the DNI to establish a formal relationship between the intelligence community and the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, created the Office of Geospatial Management within the Department of Homeland Security, authorizes the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security to designate

3910-473: The United States , also called the Rockefeller Commission after its chairman. Revelations about past CIA activities, such as assassinations and attempted assassinations of foreign leaders, illegal domestic spying on American citizens, drew considerable congressional oversight that had not been previously exercised. Certain of the individuals involved in the Watergate break-ins had worked, in

3995-545: The United States and the subsequent investigation by the 9/11 Commission , a movement grew to re-organize the Intelligence Community. That movement prompted the passage of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act in December 2004, which split the DCI's duties among two new offices. The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) would serve as head of the Intelligence Community and advise

4080-492: The antiwar movement ( Operation CHAOS ). Congress responded to the "Family Jewels" in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the Church Committee , chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike Committee , chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY). President Gerald Ford created the aforementioned Rockefeller Commission , and issued an Executive Order prohibiting

4165-498: The armed landing of Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961, President John F. Kennedy discharged Dulles and replaced him. Dulles was an OSS veteran from World War II . His autobiography is more noteworthy for giving insight into the mindset of key people in the field than it is in giving a detailed description of the CIA and its operations. President John F. Kennedy exercised greater supervision, and he appointed

4250-444: The arrival of President Richard Nixon and Nixon's national security advisor Henry Kissinger . After the debacle of Watergate, from which Helms succeeded in distancing the CIA as far as possible, the agency came under much tighter congressional control. Nixon, however, considered Helms to be disloyal, and fired him as DCI in 1973. Helms was the only DCI convicted for irregularities in office; his autobiography describes his reaction to

4335-401: The assassination of foreign leaders. Colby's tenure as DCI congressional investigations into alleged US intelligence malfeasance over the preceding twenty-five years. Colby cooperated, not out of a desire for major reforms, but in the belief that the actual scope of such misdeeds was not great enough to cause lasting damage to the CIA's reputation. He believed that cooperating with Congress was

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4420-468: The bill into law on December 17, 2004. Debate on S. 2845 began on September 27, 2004. As many as 300 amendments were proposed, though most were negotiated by the bill sponsors and the amendment proposers behind the scenes to convince them to withdraw or ruled out of order. Speaker of the House J. Dennis Hastert introduced H.R. 10 to the floor as the House version of the intelligence overhaul bill on October 7, 2004 to be considered alongside S. 2845. H.R. 10

4505-579: The charges. Schlesinger became the director of central intelligence on 2 February 1973, after the previous director, Richard Helms, had been fired for his refusal to block the Watergate Affair's investigation. Although Schlesinger's service at the CIA was short, barely six months, it was a stormy one as he continued to undertake comprehensive organizational and personnel changes. He became so unpopular at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia , that

4590-559: The end of the Clinton administration and through the first term of George W. Bush . Tenet embarked on a mission to regenerate the CIA, which had fallen on hard times since the end of the Cold War. The number of new trainee agents recruited each year had fallen to an all-time low, a 25-percent decline from the Cold War peak. Tenet appealed to the original mission of the agency, which had been to "prevent another Pearl Harbor". The problem

4675-526: The eventual merger of these operations with the CIA, as well as how the equivalent functions were done in other countries. During the first years of its existence, other branches of the US federal government did not exercise very much supervision over the Central Intelligence Agency. Supposedly justified by the desire to match and defeat Soviet actions throughout the Eastern Hemisphere , it undertook

4760-479: The extent of the MKULTRA program, which the CIA ran from the early 1950s to late 1960s. Reform and simplification of the intelligence community's multilayered secrecy system was one of Turner's significant initiatives, but produced no results by the time he left office. He also wrote a book on his experience at CIA. During Turner's term as head of the CIA, he became outraged when former agent Frank Snepp published

4845-407: The families of the 9/11 victims. This act established the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), the National Counter-Proliferation Center, and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board . It allowed for the establishment of additional national intelligence centers at the discretion of the Director of National Intelligence. The act

4930-472: The following as members of the National Intelligence Board: NIB members represent the members of the Intelligence Community and are their agencies' heads. If the DNI/Chair of the NIB is absent, they are replaced by the PDDNI/Vice Chair; if both are absent, the NIB is chaired by the DNI's chosen representative. In addition, if the NIB discusses a topic relevant to the portfolios of the below officials, they or their chosen representatives may attend: Lastly,

5015-430: The following may attend NIB meetings as observers: Director of Central Intelligence The Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2004, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council , as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between

5100-415: The freedom if not lives of the participating foreign nationals and, more than occasionally, of the clandestine officer himself." In this same document, the committee wrote, "Considering these facts and recent history, which has shown that the [Director of the Central Intelligence Agency], whether he wants to or not, is held accountable for overseeing the [Clandestine Service], the DCI must work closely with

5185-408: The informing of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees, which, in emergencies, requires only "timely notification". Robert Gates was nominated to become the director of central intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran–Contra affair . Gates was nominated, for the second time, for

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5270-418: The intelligence reports about weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in Iraq . At a meeting on December 12, 2002, he assured Bush that the evidence against Saddam Hussein amounted to a " slam dunk case". After several months of refusing to confirm this statement, Tenet later stated that this remark was taken out of context. (Tenet indicated that the comment was made pursuant to a discussion about how to convince

5355-482: The matter was referred to the Department of Justice , where Attorney General Janet Reno declined to prosecute. She did, however, recommend an investigation to determine whether Deutch should retain his security clearance. Clinton issued a presidential pardon on his last day in office. George Tenet was appointed the deputy director of central intelligence in July 1995. After John Deutch 's abrupt resignation in December 1996, Tenet served as acting director until he

5440-401: The only way to save the agency from dissolution. Colby also believed that the CIA had a moral obligation to cooperate with the Congress and demonstrate that the CIA was accountable to the Constitution. This caused a major rift within the CIA ranks, with many old-line officers such as former DCI Richard Helms believing that the CIA should have resisted congressional intrusion. Colby's time as DCI

5525-509: The opportunity for significant reform of our country's intelligence structure has been squandered." The group Families of September 11 also came out saying that the legislators not helping to push the legislation through the House would be held accountable by voters in the upcoming election. Upon the IRTPA's passage in the Senate, President Bush released a statement calling it a historic piece of legislation that would defend America and help to protect its people from terrorism. The public response

5610-507: The past, for the CIA. In an audio tape provoking Nixon's resignation as president, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman , to tell the CIA that further investigation of the Watergate affair would "open the whole can of worms" about the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, and, therefore, that the CIA should tell the FBI to cease investigating the Watergate burglary, due to reasons of "national security". Helms refused. The ease of Helms's role under President Lyndon Johnson changed with

5695-491: The post of Director of Central Intelligence by President George H. W. Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the United States Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6, becoming the only career officer in the CIA's history (as of 2009) to rise from an entry-level CIA employee to the director of the CIA. The final report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in

5780-408: The protection of intelligence sources and methods; activities of common concern; and such other matters as are referred to it by the DCI. It is composed of the DCI (Chairman) and other appropriate officers of the Central Intelligence Agency , Department of State , Department of Defense , the Defense Intelligence Agency , and the National Security Agency . Representatives of other agencies, including

5865-438: The rest of his life. The CIA would later rely on the Snepp legal precedent in forcing Turner to seek preclearance of his own memoirs, which were highly critical of President Ronald Reagan 's policies. During his tenure at the CIA, Casey played a large part in the shaping of Reagan's foreign policy , particularly its approach to Soviet international activity. Based on a book, The Terror Network , Casey believed that

5950-507: The use of unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor the Canadian border, and created 8,000 new beds in the Department of Homeland Security's detention center to house illegal aliens and terrorist suspects. Title VI allows the FBI to conduct surveillance on individual terrorists not connected to a foreign power. The law requires that terrorist subjects be denied bail and held in jail until their trial unless they can prove they are not dangerous or flight risks. Conveying false or misleading information on

6035-406: The various US intelligence agencies (collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards). The office existed from January 1946 to December 17, 2004. After the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act it was replaced by the director of national intelligence (DNI) as head of the Intelligence Community and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) as head of

6120-658: Was also eventful on the world stage. Shortly after he assumed leadership, the Yom Kippur War broke out, an event that surprised not only the American intelligence agencies but also the Israelis. This intelligence surprise reportedly affected Colby's credibility with the Nixon administration . Meanwhile, after many years of involvement, South Vietnam fell to Communist forces in April 1975, a particularly difficult blow for Colby, who had dedicated so much of his life and career to

6205-558: Was created by the National Security Act of 1947 , which formally defined the duties of the director of central intelligence. This 1947 Act also created the National Security Council . Until December 2004, the DCI was often referred to colloquially as the "CIA Director", even though he was head of both the CIA and the broader Intelligence Community. After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on

6290-684: Was enacted in response to the terror attacks of September 11, 2001 . This act established the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board . The IRTPA requires the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to take over the conducting of pre-flight comparisons of airline passenger information to Federal Government watch lists for international and domestic flights. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) developed

6375-418: Was established to analyze and integrate intelligence regarding proliferation, share intelligence across agencies, create a central repository of proliferation activity intelligence, and coordinate and conduct counter-proliferation activities. The FBI was required to create a career path for domestic intelligence work within the agency to promote collection and analysis of intelligence. The title also developed

6460-508: Was given 90 days to implement the new order, which called for a major reorganization of the American Intelligence Community and firmly stated that intelligence activities could not be directed against American citizens. In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a presidential candidate and as president-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in

6545-591: Was introduced by U.S. Senator Susan M. Collins of Maine on September 23, 2004. The Senate approved the bill, 96–2, on October 6 of the same year and it was sent to the House. After debate, the House approved the bill, 282-134, with an amendment and passed it on October 16. The bill was sent to a conference to merge the House and Senate versions and the Conference Report was agreed to on December 8 (House 336-75, Senate 89-2). President George W. Bush signed

6630-574: Was made the deputy director of central intelligence under Admiral William Raborn . A year later, in 1966, he was appointed as the director. In the early 1970s, partially as a result of the Watergate affair break-ins under President Richard Nixon , the United States Congress took a more active role in intelligence agencies, as did independent commissions such as the 1975 United States President's Commission on CIA activities within

6715-480: Was officially appointed the position on July 11, 1997, after a unanimous confirmation vote in the Senate. This had been followed by the withdrawal of Anthony Lake , whose nomination had been blocked by Republicans in the Senate . While the director of central intelligence has typically been replaced by an incoming administration ever since President Jimmy Carter replaced DCI George H. W. Bush , Tenet served past

6800-592: Was originally introduced in the Senate in response to the findings of the 9/11 Commission . The commission, established to prepare a report on the circumstances surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, published its final report in July 2004 including a list of recommendations to overhaul United States intelligence agencies and practices. S. 2845 was developed as a response to the commission's findings and implemented some of its major recommendations. S. 2845

6885-418: Was passed 282-134 on October 8. The bill was sent to conference on October 16, 2004 per the House's request. Appointed conferees from both chambers met to negotiate the two versions of the bill, but discussions broke down over the budgetary authority of the DNI. The conference lasted for weeks with no progress until Senators Collins and Lieberman proposed language—in particular, the word "abrogate"—that softened

6970-548: Was promoted to the top job. His autobiography was entitled "Honorable Men", and he believed that a nation had to believe such people made up its intelligence service. In December 1974, investigative journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the "Family Jewels" (leaked to him by Colby) in a front-page article in The New York Times , revealing that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had conducted surveillance on some seven thousand American citizens involved in

7055-608: Was putatively a school building in the Anbar province. Tenet and his Director of Operations resigned at about this same time, and it has been suggested these resignations were in penance over the WMD issue in Iraq. Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 ( IRTPA ) is a 235-page Act of Congress , signed by President George W. Bush , that broadly affects United States federal terrorism laws. The act comprises several separate titles with varying subject issues. It

7140-409: Was replaced by the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Director of National Intelligence positions. Rear Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was the third director of central intelligence, but the first who served as the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. During his tenure, a National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948, (NSC 10/2) further gave

7225-506: Was to foresee where danger might come from in the post–Cold War world. Tenet focused on potential problems such as "the transformation of Russia and China", "rogue states" like North Korea, Iran, and Iraq, and terrorism. In 1999, Tenet put forward a grand "Plan" for dealing with the al-Qaeda organization. This effort supposedly put the CIA in a better position to respond after the September 11, 2001, attacks . As Tenet expressed it in his book, How could [an intelligence] community without

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