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68-602: A national identification number , national identity number , or national insurance number or JMBG/EMBG is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens , permanent residents , and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits , health care, and other governmentally-related functions. The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries, but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age, or when they are born. Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter

136-483: A Nomor Induk Kependudukan . The number is given to all Indonesian citizens. The format is PPRRSSDDMMYYXXXX where PP is a two digit province code, RR is a two digit regency or city code, SS is a two digit district code, DDMMYY is the date of birth (DD is added by 40 for females), and XXXX is a four digit randomized number. The number is stated on the Indonesian identity card . Since 2012, the government rolled out

204-662: A bank account or obtaining a driver's license . However, a new Identity Card version has been issued since 2022 with the citizens' General Registries based around the CPF. Another type of registration is the Social Security Number, currently originated when a person accesses the National Social Security Institute's website with its CPF or starts to work for a enterprise or institution of almost any nature (when it's mandatory to register

272-472: A de facto national identification number, despite the fact that originally it was expressly not for this purpose. In fact, a valid SSN can be easily guessed, as they were issued serially prior to 25 June 2011. A Selective Service Number must be applied for by all male citizens and immigrant non-citizens turning age 18, to register for military conscription. Though the United States currently employs

340-479: A unique identifier so that data actually refer to the searched person. In countries where there is no established nationwide number, authorities need to create their own number for each person, though there is a risk of mismatching people. The Nigerian National Identification Number (NIN) is issued and managed by National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) , and it is a set of eleven digits (e.g.: 134789009), assigned to Nigerians of all ages, and legal residents by

408-491: A volunteer military , all males are required to register in case of a potential draft. In Venezuela , the Administrative Service of Identification, Migration, and Immigration ( SAIME ) issues an ID card for individuals in their teens (Cédula de Identidad). The ID card includes date of birth, a correlative number (population continuous number for nationals, greater than 80,000,000 for foreign-born residents),

476-510: A Nationality Certificate (شهادة الجنسية) and a civil Identification Document (هوية الأحوال المدنية). In 2016, both documents were replaced with National Card (البطاقة الوطنية), a biometric ID card. An Identity Number ( Hebrew : מספר זהות , romanized :  Mispar Zehut ) is issued to all Israeli citizens at birth by the Ministry of the Interior . It is composed of nine digits:

544-559: A PVC Aadhar Card with additional security features such as holograms, micro text, ghost images, guilloché Patterns , invisible logos etc. Albeit, the UIDAI has clarified that Aadhar, in all forms, viz. the Aadhar letter, downloaded Aadhar letter, PVC Card, Aadhar printed on paper or plastic cards or in any other approved mode shall have an equal acceptance and validity throughout India for all purposes, including identification. Before Aadhaar,

612-486: A Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي ) which consists of 8 digits followed by a check digit (Total: 9 digits). In general, it has the following format: YYMMNNNNC, where YYMM is the year and month of birth, NNNN is a random number, C is the check digit . However, a minority of citizens and residents have Personal Numbers that do not follow that format. It is possible to obtain a Distinctive Personal Number ( Arabic : الرقم الشخصي المميز ), only for newborn infants and it

680-408: A RUN and an identification card. Every company or organization also must have a RUT for taxation purposes. The RUN or RUT has 7 or 8 digits (for people alive today; in the past, there were persons with a 5- or 6-digit one) plus a check digit or letter (xx.xxx.xxx-z, z is {0-9, K}). In Colombia , each person is issued a basic ID card during childhood ( Tarjeta de Identidad ). The ID number includes

748-627: A SIN (namely for tax or retirement benefit related issues). The SIN must be guarded as confidential personal information, and therefore cannot be used as a general ID number. Nevertheless, the SIN is still used as a unique identifier for the Canada Revenue Agency (similar to US's IRS and England's HMRC ) to track individuals who are filing their income tax returns. In Chile the National Identification Number

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816-475: A UIDAI database and the card is being rolled out to all such residents. Though contrary to popular belief Aadhaar is not a proof for citizenship. The first Aadhaar number was launched in Maharashtra in the village of Tembhli , on 29 September 2010. As of May 2023, 1.37 billion Aadhaar Numbers have been issued. In October 2015, 93 percent of adult Indians have an Aadhaar card. In the year 2020, UIDAI introduced

884-600: A biometric chip which, in turn, holds biographical information which is unique to the holder of that specific card. The South African government has since phased out the Green Barcoded Identity Card and replaced it with the plastic Smart Identity Card. The Identity number is also used when the holder applies for a grant from the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). A South African person identification number

952-509: A brazilian or portuguese with equality of rights and duties to have other General Registries by other federative units (which is usually dealt with by specifying the one which issued its Identity Card) being almost impossible for one to coincide with another. The other system, the Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (CPF, Cadastre of Physical Persons in free translation), is the main tax identification issued on an exclusive, federal and lifetime basis by

1020-706: A different identification is required for companies, who cannot be identified by a DNI number. In Brazil , there are two main systems: The first, the Registro Geral (RG, General Registry in free translation) is the record number of the Identity Cards issued by the Institutes of Identification from Federative Units (whose links may vary between their civil and scientific polices - except in Rio de Janeiro, where they're issued by its Transit Department) under

1088-630: A fixed location by using a cooperative tracking capability such as an RTLS . Outdoors mobile assets of high value are tracked by choke point, 802.11, Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Time Delay on Arrival (TDOA), active RFID or GPS Yard Management; feeding into either third party yard management software from the provider or to an existing system. Yard Management Systems (YMS) couple location data collected by RFID and GPS systems to help supply chain managers to optimize utilization of yard assets such as trailers and dock doors. YMS systems can use either active or passive RFID tags. Fleet management

1156-722: A national graphic and data standard since 1984. However, the General Registry is assigned federatively (not being the same for the same person in all Federative Units) and also coexists with a few other registry numbers (such as those issued by the Brazilian Armed Forces or the Migratory National Registry issued to refugees and residents of Brazil or its border municipalities by the Federal Police of Brazil ), making possible to

1224-595: A one-digit prefix, seven digits, and a final check digit . Blocks of numbers are distributed to hospitals, and individual numbers are issued to babies upon discharge from hospital. Temporary residents (category A-5) are assigned a number when they receive temporary resident status. An Identity Card, (Hebrew: Teudat Zehut ), bearing an Identity Number, is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal temporary or permanent residence status, including non-citizens. Tracking system A myriad of tracking systems exist. Some are 'lag time' indicators, that is,

1292-435: A page for driver's license information (although it is no longer used since the introduction of plastic card type licenses), as well as pages for fire arms licenses (also plastic card type now). The card is required to apply for a passport, car learner's license (over 17), motorcycle learner's license (over 16), driving license (over 18), motorcycle license (over 16 or 18 depending on cc) and to vote (over 18). The Identity Card

1360-707: A passive RFID system would be used in a warehouse to scan the boxes as they are loaded on a truck - then the truck itself is tracked on a different system using GPS with its own features and software. The major technology “silos” in the supply chain are: Indoors assets are tracked repetitively reading e.g. a barcode, any passive and active RFID , then, feeding read data into Work in Progress models (WIP) or Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) or ERP software. The readers required per choke point are meshed auto-ID or hand-held ID applications. However, tracking could also be capable of providing data monitoring without being bound to

1428-452: A photo, marital status, expiration date (an expired ID card is still valid for nationals), and a fingerprint. Newly issued ID cards are valid for 10 years. Private companies and public entities are assigned a RIF (Fiscal Information Registry) number for taxable purposes. For natural persons, it is their ID number + checksum digit. In Bahrain every citizen and resident must hold an Identification Card ( Arabic : بطاقة الهوية ) and thus has

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1496-521: A social insurance number, as a driver's license number, for employment, etc. It is also commonly used as a customer number in banks, retailers, insurance companies, airlines, etc. Until the end of August 2013, the RUN was also used as the passport number. After this date, Chilean passports have had unique numbers. Since well before 1990, every baby born is given a RUN number; it was previously assigned when applying to get an ID card. Non-Chilean residents also get

1564-456: A specific number of digits (by converting 1234 to 0001234 for instance) can perform Luhn validation before or after the padding and achieve the same result. The algorithm appeared in a United States Patent for a simple, hand-held, mechanical device for computing the checksum. The device took the mod 10 sum by mechanical means. The substitution digits , that is, the results of the double and reduce procedure, were not produced mechanically. Rather,

1632-438: A tracking system is generally a system capable of rendering virtual space to a human observer while tracking the observer's coordinates . For instance, in dynamic virtual auditory space simulations, a head tracker provides information to a central processor in real time and this enables the processor to select what functions are necessary to give feedback to the user in relation to where they are positioned. Additionally, there

1700-430: A way to sample their positions, either on short temporal scales as through GPS or for public administration to keep track of a state's citizens or temporary residents . The purposes for doing so are numerous, for example from welfare and public security to mass surveillance . Mobile phone services Location-based services (LBS) utilise a combination of A-GPS , newer GPS and cellular locating technology that

1768-431: Is vision-based trajectory tracking , that uses a color and depth camera known as a KINECT sensor to track 3D position and movement. This technology can be used in traffic control, human-computer interface, video compression and robotics. Luhn algorithm The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula , also known as the " modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm , named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn ,

1836-456: Is a 13-digit number containing only numeric characters, and no whitespace, punctuation, or alpha characters. It is defined as YYMMDDGSSSCAZ: As an example, the ID Number 8001015009087 would be assigned to a citizen born on 1 January 1980, who was the tenth male to be registered that day (the first male's number would contain 5000, the second 5001, etc.) The checksum digit is calculated using

1904-574: Is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on 23 August 1960. The algorithm is in the public domain and is in wide use today. It is specified in ISO/IEC 7812-1 . It is not intended to be a cryptographically secure hash function ; it was designed to protect against accidental errors, not malicious attacks. Most credit cards and many government identification numbers use

1972-470: Is an identification number created through certain mathematical methods (the last digit might be an English letter, such as X). The ID card is used for residential registration, army enrollment registration, registration of marriage/divorce, going abroad, taking part in national exams, and other social or civil matters. In Hong Kong , a Hong Kong Identity Card (HKID) is mandatory for all residents aged over 11, subject to limited exceptions. HKID cards contain

2040-519: Is applied as a tracking application using GPS and composing tracks from subsequent vehicle's positions. Each vehicle to be tracked is equipped with a GPS receiver and relays the obtained coordinates via cellular or satellite networks to a home station. Fleet management is required by: Person tracking relies on unique identifiers that are temporarily ( RFID tags) or permanently assigned to persons like personal identifiers (including biometric identifiers), or national identification numbers and

2108-454: Is as well a number assigned to companies: NIT ( Número de Identificación Tributaria ). Tributary Identification Number (for its Spanish acronym). Among other things, it is used for tax reports. RUT ( Registro único tributario ) (taxpayer identification number) As of 2003 created the NUIP ( Número Único de Identificación Personal ), starting the numbering per billion (1,000,000,000). In Mexico,

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2176-517: Is assigned at birth by the Registro Nacional de las Personas (National Registry for People), but parents need to sign up their children, and because of this there are some people, especially the poor, who do not have a DNI. The ID is required for applying for credit, opening a bank account, and for voting. Law requires a person to show his or her DNI when using a credit card. Prior to the DNI

2244-464: Is called RUN (Rol Único Nacional) but is usually called RUT (Rol Único Tributario) since the number is the same as the one used for tax purposes. The main difference between them is that a RUN is only assigned to natural persons, while juristic persons can only get a RUT number. In the case of natural persons, the RUN/RUT number is used as a national identification number, as a taxpayer number, as

2312-431: Is derived from the telematics and telecom world. Line of sight is not necessarily required for a location fix. This is a significant advantage in certain applications since a GPS signal can still be lost indoors. As such, A-GPS enabled cell phones and PDAs can be located indoors and the handset may be tracked more precisely. This enables non-vehicle centric applications and can bridge the indoor location gap, typically

2380-471: Is not used for international travel purposes (a separate passport is issued) but usually is acceptable photographic identification for internal flights, and mainly serves as proof of identification. Some authorities may accept the driver's license as proof of identity, but the Identity Card is the only universally accepted form of identification. The government has started issuing ID cards which contains

2448-439: Is odd for males and even for females. The final character, C, is a checksum value over the first 17 digits. To calculate the checksum, each digit in order is multiplied by a weight in the ordered set [7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1 6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2] and summed together. The sum modulus 11 is used as an index into the ordered set [1 0 X 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2], with the first index being zero. The indexed value is the checksum digit. In 15 digit IDs, III

2516-640: Is optional and not compulsory, for a fee (US$ 130, 200, or 260 depending on the category). Another local name for the Personal number is Central Population Registration (CPR) Number ( Arabic : الرقم السكاني ) which was used before the inception of the Central Informatics Organization (CIO) ( Arabic : الجهاز المركزي للمعلومات ). In Bangladesh the National Identity card is issued by National Identity Registration Wing of

2584-466: The Luhn algorithm or its equivalent, shown below: During the apartheid era the next to last digit, "A", denoted "race". Since these documents were not then issued to the majority population, the "race" code does not include those classified as Black. i.e. 7605300675088 "A" Classification: After about 1987, the racial classification was eliminated, and all existing numbers were reissued with new digits in

2652-514: The Secretary of Federal Revenue of Brazil originally for taxation purposes (a related system is used for individual micro-entrepreneurs, enterprises and institutions of any nature, which is called Cadastro Nacional de Pessoas Jurídicas - CNPJ, National Cadastre of Juridical Persons in free translation). One, the other and/or both numbers are required for many common tasks in Brazil such as opening

2720-533: The Verhoeff algorithm and the Damm algorithm ) can detect more transcription errors. The Luhn mod N algorithm is an extension that supports non-numerical strings. Because the algorithm operates on the digits in a right-to-left manner and zero digits affect the result only if they cause shift in position, zero-padding the beginning of a string of numbers does not affect the calculation. Therefore, systems that pad to

2788-783: The Election Commission. The National Identity card or NID card is a compulsory identity document issued to every Bangladeshi citizen upon turning 16 years of age. The NID is a government issued photo ID just like the Bangladeshi Driver's licence, which is also a biometric, microchip embedded, smart identity card. The NID is required by Bangladeshi citizens for multiple essential public services, such as obtaining utility connections, as well as private services, such as opening bank accounts, in Bangladesh. Initially paper based laminated NID cards were issued since 2006. Then

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2856-611: The Government. In Somalia , the National Identification and Registration Authority was established in March 2023. Its mandate includes developing a National Identification Number, designed to streamline administrative processes, enhance security, and mitigate fraud and corruption by verifying identities in both digital and in-person transactions. In South Africa every citizen must apply for an Identity Card from

2924-568: The ID number is called the CURP (Clave Única de Registro de Población) although the most important and accepted ID card would be the election card ("credencial de elector" or else "credencial del INE," as per the initials of Instituto Nacional Electoral (National Electoral Institute), the institution responsible for electoral procedures). There are, however, other important ID numbers in Mexico: for instance,

2992-607: The Indian Government established an Authority called the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to issue a Unique Identification Number to all residents of India. It is the biggest biometric ID programme in the world due to the large population of India. UIDAI's Aadhaar card project gives each eligible Indian resident a unique 12 digit identification number, along with recording their biometrics such as iris scan and fingerprints on

3060-526: The LC (Libreta Cívica, for women), and LE (Libreta de Enrolamiento, for men) were used. This was later unified in the DNI. For taxpaying purposes, the CUIT and CUIL (Código Único de Identificación Tributaria, Unique Code for Taxpaying Identification and Código de Identificación Laboral, Unique Code for Laboral Identification) are used. An example of the ID is 20-10563145-8. It is based on the DNI and appends 2 numbers at

3128-442: The age of 16 years. The ID number is already allocated at the time the birth certificate is generated and required for child passport applications. This passport-size document contains only 8 pages - the first page containing the national identification number (also in barcoded format), name of bearer, district or country of birth, as well as a photograph of the bearer. The other pages are used for recording of voting participation,

3196-521: The algorithm as a simple method of distinguishing valid numbers from mistyped or otherwise incorrect numbers. The check digit is computed as follows: Assume an example of an account number 1789372997 (just the "payload", check digit not yet included): The sum of the resulting digits is 56. The check digit is equal to ( 10 − ( 56 mod 1 0 ) ) mod 1 0 = 4 {\displaystyle (10-(56{\bmod {1}}0)){\bmod {1}}0=4} . This makes

3264-448: The bearer's HKID number, of which the standard format is X123456(A). X represents one or two letters of the alphabet. The numerals may represent any Arabic number. A is the check digit , which has 11 possible values from 0 to 9 and A. The letters and numbers are not assigned arbitrarily. Additionally, one can view the international securities identification numbers organization that helps assign ISIN codes to securities. On 28 January 2009,

3332-404: The beginning and one at the end. For example, 20 and 23 for men, 27 for women, and one control digit at the end. Employees have a CUIL (assigned at the moment the DNI is created), and employers have a CUIT. The first two digits to identify the CUIT for companies are for instance: 30 or 33. If a person decides to open a company of its own, his CUIL usually becomes his CUIT. The CUIT was needed because

3400-539: The closest India has come to this is the Permanent account number (PAN), issued by the Income Tax Office, for purposes of tracking income and income taxes. It has gained use as a means of identification for activities like getting a phone connection. A total of 24.37 crore (243.7 million) PANs have been allotted as of 24 February 2016. In Indonesia , each citizen is issued a unique 16 digit number known as

3468-495: The country). The ID number has 18 digits and is in the format RRRRRRYYYYMMDDSSSC, which is the sole and exclusive identification code for the holder (an old ID card only has 15 digits in the format RRRRRRYYMMDDIII). RRRRRR is a standard code for the administrative division where the holder is born (county or a district of a city), YYYYMMDD is the birth date of the holder, and SSS is a sequential code for distinguishing people with identical birthdates and birthplaces. The sequential code

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3536-499: The country, or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit. Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For example, the United States developed its Social Security number (SSN) system as a means of organizing disbursing of Social Security benefits. However, due to function creep , the number has become used for other purposes to

3604-659: The data is collected after an item has passed a point for example, a bar code or choke point or gate. Others are 'real-time' or 'near real-time' like Global Positioning Systems (GPS) depending on how often the data is refreshed. There are bar-code systems which require items to be scanned and other which have automatic identification ( RFID auto-id). For the most part, the tracking worlds are composed of discrete hardware and software systems for different applications. That is, bar-code systems are separate from Electronic Product Code (EPC) systems and GPS systems are separate from active real time locating systems or RTLS . For example,

3672-479: The date of birth and a short serial number. Upon reaching the age of 18, every citizen is reissued a citizenship card ( Cédula de Ciudadanía ), and the ID number on it is used and required in all instances, public and private. Every Colombian national traveling abroad is issued a passport document (which includes a passport number related to the national identification number); in this manner foreign governments can track Colombian nationals with their consulates. There

3740-476: The domain of RFID and Real-time locating system (RTLS) systems, with an off the shelf cellular device. Currently, A-GPS enabled handsets are still highly dependent on the LBS carrier system, so handset device choice and application requirements are still not apparent. Enterprise system integrators need the skills and knowledge to correctly choose the pieces that will fit the application and geography. Regardless of

3808-521: The e-KTP ( Elektronik Kartu Tanda Penduduk , "Electronic Citizen ID Card") which is an RFID card containing encrypted information of a citizen's electronic signature, scans of a citizen's irises and ten fingerprints, and a high-resolution photograph. All Iranian citizens aged 15 or older are required to apply for an Iranian national identity card (کارت ملی/kart-e-meli). The card includes the holder's 10-digit National Identification Number, formatted as follows: XXX-XXXXXX-X. Every Iraqi citizen must have

3876-850: The employee in the Social Integration Program). There's also the Título Eleitoral (Electoral Title, in free translation) issued by the Regional Electoral Courts from the Federative Units and mandatory for brazilians and portugueses with equality of rights and duties (even if living overseas) from 18 to 70 years old. The use of the social insurance number (SIN) as a de facto ID number ended in 2004 with passage of The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act . There are only certain instances where an organization may ask for

3944-420: The full account number read 17893729974. The Luhn algorithm will detect all single-digit errors, as well as almost all transpositions of adjacent digits. It will not, however, detect transposition of the two-digit sequence 09 to 90 (or vice versa). It will detect most of the possible twin errors (it will not detect 22 ↔ 55 , 33 ↔ 66 or 44 ↔ 77 ). Other, more complex check-digit algorithms (such as

4012-547: The last two fields (AZ). In contrast to other countries the South African ID number is not unique, at least because of the use of a two-digit year. Other issues with duplications exist: however the Department of Home Affairs HANIS Project has planned to rectify that with ID smart cards. The timeline for that is undetermined as the last budget request for 08/09 and 09/10 included requests for budget for it despite

4080-537: The offered technologies depending on the context. GPS has global coverage but can be hindered by line-of-sight issues caused by buildings and urban canyons; Map matching techniques, which involve several algorithms, can help improve accuracy in such conditions. RFID is excellent and reliable indoors or in situations where close proximity to tag readers is feasible, but has limited range and still requires costly readers. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification . This technology uses electromagnetic waves to receive

4148-514: The paper based laminated NID cards were replaced by biometric and microchip embedded Smart NID cards for all adult citizens in Bangladesh from 2016 onwards. The Smart NID card contains the card holder's ID number. The government provides the Smart NID card free of charge to all adult citizens of Bangladesh. In China , an ID card is mandatory for all citizens who are over 16 years old (Except for overseas citizens without registered residence in

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4216-483: The point where it is almost essential to have one to, among other things, open a bank account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car. Although some countries are required to collect Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) information for overseas payment procedures, some countries, like the US, are not required to collect other nations' TIN if other requirements are met, such as date of birth. Authorities use databases and they need

4284-502: The project being active since 1997. Upon reaching the age of 16 the applicant then has to go to the registrar generals offices in their district to obtain a national ID. Foreigners in Zimbabwe have their ID number with the district of origin as 00 meaning they are foreigners so their ID number would look like 12 345678 A00. Zimbabweans who are not of black race also get a district of origin shown as 00, even those who are of mixed race. It

4352-489: The signal from the targeting object to then save the location on a reader that can be looked at through specialized software. RTLS are enabled by Wireless LAN systems (according to IEEE 802.11 ) or other wireless systems (according to IEEE 802.15 ) with multilateration . Such equipment is suitable for certain confined areas, such as campuses and office buildings. RTLS requires system-level deployments and server functions to be effective. In virtual space technology,

4420-724: The social security number, which is the number assigned by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Institute of Social Security, or IMSS) to every citizen who starts working, or the RFC (Registro Federal del Contribuyente) which is assigned by the Treasury and has the same format as the CURP but a shorter length. In the United States , the Social Security number (SSN) is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary (working) residents. Its purpose

4488-515: The tracking technology, for the most part, the end-users just want to locate themselves or wish to find points of interest. The reality is that there is no "one size fits all" solution with locating technology for all conditions and applications. Application of tracking is a substantial basis for vehicle tracking in fleet management, asset management , individual navigation, social networking, or mobile resource management and more. Company, group or individual interests can benefit from more than one of

4556-583: Was announced in September 2021 by the Department of Home Affairs and Cultural Affairs that the '00' code would be abolished as it differentiates "citizens on the basis of race, colour and creed" In Argentina the only nationally issued identification is the DNI , Documento Nacional de Identidad (National Identity Document). It is a number not related to anything in particular about the person (except for immigrants who get assigned numbers starting at 92,000,000). It

4624-464: Was to identify individuals for the purposes of Social Security , but it is now also used to track individuals for taxation purposes. There is no legal requirement to have a SSN if it is not required for Social Security or taxation purposes, but in practice one is required for many other purposes, for example to open a bank account or apply for a driving license, so that nearly all U.S. citizens and permanent residents have one. The SSN has therefore become

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