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67-804: The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), in consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands (CCMDs), the joint staff and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), prepares the National Military Strategy in accordance with U.S. Code, Section 153, which requires that not later than February 15 of each even-numbered year,

134-618: A "unified high command" in what would come to be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Modeled on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the JCS' first formal meeting was held on 9 February 1942, to coordinate operations between War and Navy Departments. The official history of the Army Air Forces noted that although there was "no official charter establishing this committee...by the end of February it had assumed responsibilities toward

201-472: A break with past foreign policy doctrine. Brad Patty, an author for the conservative think tank Security Studies Group writes that, "My guess is that members of the Foreign Policy elite will encounter these first pages as a kind of boilerplate, even trite. Notice, though, that those two pages lead directly to a third page that repudiates the whole living body of American foreign policy thought." About

268-639: A coherent, militarily informed and civilian representative national strategy. After the Trump administration released its first National Security Strategy in December 2017 and National Defense Strategy in January 2018, Joint Chiefs Chairman General Joseph Dunford ordered the Joint Staff to update the 2016 National Military Strategy accordingly. In July 2018, Dunford said that an unclassified version of

335-513: A service branch when he became the Chief of Staff of the Air Force in 2020. On May 25, 2023, President Joe Biden nominated General Brown to become the 21st Chairman of the JCS. General Brown was subsequently confirmed and took up the post of chairman on October 1, 2023. General Richard B. Myers (Chairman, 2001–2005) was the first vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve as chairman of

402-543: A statutory member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 20 December 2020. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by law, the highest-ranking military officer of the United States Armed Forces , and the principal military adviser to the president of the United States. He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising the chairman, the vice chairman of

469-616: A year later, Schadlow would comment that the NSS had "achieved the state of mattering". In March 2021, President Joe Biden published the 2021 Interim National Security Strategy (NSS), which recommitted the United States to the NATO alliance and outlined the country's global priorities, concluding that the United States "must demonstrate that democracies can still deliver for our people. It will not happen by accident – we have to defend our democracy, strengthen it and renew it.." On October 12, 2022,

536-555: Is Troy E. Black , who was sworn in by General Charles Q. Brown Jr., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on 3 November 2023, replacing SEAC Ramón Colón-López . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a military headquarters staff based at The Pentagon (with offices in Hampton Roads , Virginia; Fort Leavenworth , Kansas; Lackland Air Force Base , Texas; Fort Belvoir , Virginia; Fairchild Air Force Base , Washington and Fort McNair , District of Columbia) composed of personnel from all

603-737: Is a headquarters staff in the Pentagon , composed of personnel from each of the six service branches, that assists the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities and is managed by the director of the Joint Staff (DJS). After the 1986 reorganization of the Armed Forces undertaken by the Goldwater–Nichols Act , the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational authority over troops or other units. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from

670-419: Is assisted by the vice director of the Joint Staff , a two-star officer. Former Secretary of Defense Mark Esper tasked the Joint Staff with developing a Joint Warfighting Concept for the services by December 2020. Developing Joint all-domain command and control ( JADC2 ) as a concept is a key goal of the 20th CJCS. An OSD /Joint Staff Cross-Functional Team for JADC2 is underway . Esper ordered

737-517: Is broadly accepted as valid for effective political discourse on issues affecting the nation's security—the Congress and the Executive need a common understanding of the strategic environment and the administration's intent as a starting point for future dialogue. That said, however, it is understood that in the adversarial environment that prevails, this report can only provide a beginning point for

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804-568: The Department of Defense , except when the president (e.g., in times of war or national emergency) transfers it to the Department of the Navy . The commandant of the Coast Guard is not a de jure member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff but is sometimes regarded as a de facto member, being entitled to the same supplemental pay as the Joint Chiefs, and occasionally will attend meetings of

871-479: The Unified Combatant Commands . All combatant commanders receive their orders directly from the secretary of defense . On 20 July 1942, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief (20 July 1942 – 21 March 1949). He was not technically the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff". That post

938-561: The chain of command goes from the president to the secretary of defense, and from the secretary to the regional combatant commanders . Goldwater–Nichols also created the office of vice chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the president. The Joint Staff (JS)

1005-425: The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an ex officio member of the JCS like the other service chiefs, Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as Chairman and Vice Chairman, pursuant to 10 U.S.C.   § 152(a)(1) and 10 U.S.C.   § 154(a)(1) respectively, which use the collective term "armed forces" rather than listing the eligible services, as well as to other positions on

1072-401: The president to the secretary of defense directly to the commanders of the unified combatant commands and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely. Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure personnel readiness, policy, planning and training of their respective services for the combatant commanders to utilize. In addition, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as

1139-588: The "ambitious and specific target" of "doubl[ing] the size of the world's poorest economies within a decade." The Bush doctrine reflected an effort to move from the Cold War doctrine of deterrence to one that could deal with terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda as well as nation-states such as Iraq or Iran . The document also treated AIDS as a threat to national security, promising efforts to reduce its spread and devastating effects. Published in March 2006,

1206-522: The "most significant development" for the National Guard since the Militia Act of 1903 . The 2020 National Defense Authorization Act established the U.S. Space Force on 20 December 2019. The Space Force is headed by the chief of space operations, who reports directly to the secretary of the Air Force . Pursuant to 10 U.S.C.   § 9082 , the chief of space operations became

1273-473: The "permanent" government they lead within executive bureaucracies, than to have to commit in writing to the President their plans for the future and how they can be integrated, coordinated and otherwise shared with other agencies and departments. The ability to forge consensus among these competing views on direction, priorities and pace, and getting "on board" important players three political levels down from

1340-596: The 2018 National Military Strategy was released on July 12, 2019. In 2020, the White House determined that during the War on terror , defense contractors filled employee shortages with foreign-born staff. Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense , which advises the president of

1407-511: The American war effort comparable to the CCS on the combined level." On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the "Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief", with all individual service chiefs operating under his authority. The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were: Each of the members of the original Joint Chiefs was a four-star flag or general officer in his service branch. By the end of

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1474-492: The Biden Administration sent its classified National Security Strategy to Congress. According to an unclassified fact sheet released to the public, the strategy said the U.S. faced two strategic challenges: a post-cold war competition between superpowers and transnational challenges that range from climate change to global health issues. The document said that “the most pressing strategic challenge facing our vision

1541-560: The CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the chairman's responsibilities, particularly resource allocation through the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC). General Colin L. Powell (Chairman, 1989–1993) was the first African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff when he became the 12th Chairman of the JCS in 1989. General Charles Q. Brown Jr. was the first African American appointed to lead

1608-464: The Corps, but was not a regular member; General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr. , Commandant in 1952–55, was the first to sit as an occasional member. The law was amended during the term of General Louis H. Wilson, Jr. (1975–79), making the commandant a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services. The position of vice chairman was created by the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986 to complement

1675-544: The JCS by invitation. Unlike the Joint Chiefs, who are not actually in the military's operational chain of command, the commandant is both the administrative and the operational commander of the Coast Guard. As the U.S. military grew in size following the American Civil War , joint military action between the Army and Navy became increasingly difficult. The Army and Navy were unsupportive of each other at either

1742-534: The Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner in which the United States conducted World War I. After World War I, the two secretaries agreed in 1919 to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. The mission of the General Staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war. In these, the U.S. was always designated "blue" and potential enemies were assigned various other colors . Now,

1809-546: The Joint Board's membership was to include the chiefs of staff, their deputies, and the chief of war plans division for the Army and the director of plans division for the Navy. Under the Joint Board was to be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative. However, the Joint Board still did not possess

1876-446: The Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) to a strictly advisory placement in the hierarchy of military command and stipulated the composition and delivery, both in written report and direct consultation, by which the Joint Chiefs of Staff are to relay information and advice to the administration. The National Military Strategy interacts with the other joint publications and the current administration's National Security Strategy publication to inform

1943-898: The Joint Chiefs of Staff , the chief of staff of the United States Army , the commandant of the United States Marine Corps , the chief of naval operations , the chief of staff of the United States Air Force , the Chief of Space Operations (statutory member after December 2020), and the chief of the National Guard Bureau . The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in the Pentagon . The chairman outranks all service chiefs, but does not maintain authority over them, their branches or

2010-450: The Joint Chiefs of Staff . General Peter Pace (Vice Chairman 2001–2005; Chairman, 2005–2007) was the first Marine to serve in either position. Admiral Lisa Franchetti became the first woman to serve on the JCS when she took over as Chief of Naval Operations on November 2, 2023. A provision in the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act added the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Guard historians called it

2077-561: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, chief of staff of the Army, commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, or commandant of the Coast Guard, basic pay is $ 18,491.70 a month, plus a $ 4,000 per year personal money allowance. Although it is a branch of the Armed Forces pursuant to 14 U.S.C.   § 101 , the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Homeland Security rather than

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2144-420: The Joint Staff. As of 2020 , no Coast Guard officer has been appointed Chairman or Vice Chairman, but Coast Guard officers routinely serve on the JCS staff, including one vice admiral who was appointed to serve as J6 in 2016. National Security Strategy (United States) The National Security Strategy ( NSS ) is a document prepared periodically by the executive branch of the United States that lists

2211-607: The Muslim population in Afghanistan and throughout the world. The objective of the National Security Strategy is to create a stable situation for the world, including those countries struggling with insurgencies . "The most effective long-term measure for conflict and resolution is the promotion of democracy and economic development." In order to promote democracy and economic development communication with

2278-567: The U.S. Armed Forces (after the chairman). In the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS. The current vice chairman is Admiral Christopher W. Grady , who began his tenure on 20 December 2021. The senior enlisted advisor to

2345-558: The United States , the secretary of defense , the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of a chairman (CJCS), a vice chairman (VJCS), the chiefs of the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force , Space Force , and the chief of the National Guard Bureau . Each of

2412-410: The United States and or other friendly nations to support US forces in combat operations and other operations for extended periods of time. The NMS report also includes an assessment of the nature and magnitude of the strategic and military risks associated with successfully executing the missions called for under the strategy. In preparing the assessment of risk, CJCS examines assumptions pertaining to

2479-590: The United States had no equivalent body. The Joint Board's lack of authority made it of little use to the CCS, although its 1935 publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, did give some guidance for the joint operations during World War II. The Joint Board had little influence during the war and was ultimately disbanded in 1947. As a counterpart to the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee in the CCS, and to provide better-coordinated effort and coordinated staff work for America's military effort, Admiral William D. Leahy proposed

2546-516: The United States's security depended on reviving its economy. The drafters of the new Strategy made a conscious decision to remove terms such as "Islamic radicalism", instead speaking of terrorism generally. The 2010 NSS said that in order to defeat al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan , the United States needs to engage in a large amount of interagency cooperation and communication with

2613-458: The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (SEAC) advises on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, development, and helps develop noncommissioned officers related joint professional education, enhance utilization of senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the chairman's responsibilities as directed. Command Sergeant Major William Gainey , was the first SEAC, serving from 1 October 2005. The current SEAC

2680-549: The chairman submits to the Senate Committee on Armed Services and the House Committee on Armed Services a comprehensive examination of the national military strategy. This report must delineate a national military strategy consistent with the most recent National Security Strategy prescribed by the president ; the most recent annual report of the secretary of defense submitted to the president and Congress ;

2747-408: The chief military advisor to the president and the secretary of defense. In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the third-highest deliberative body for military policy, after the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council , which includes the president and other officials besides the chairman of the Joint Chiefs. While serving as the chairman or vice chairman of

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2814-441: The civilian population of the host-nation is essential. The Stability Operations Field Manual states that success depends on a U.S. ability to build local institutions and in the establishment of a legitimate permanent government, which builds trust between the citizens and the counterinsurgency personnel." The National Security Strategy establishes the interagency coordination in order to conduct useful public diplomacy to secure

2881-412: The dialogue necessary to reach such a "common" understanding. The requirement of producing this report along with the budget request leads to an iterative, interagency process involving high level meetings that helps to resolve internal differences in foreign policy agendas. However, "this report was not to be a neutral planning document, as many academics and even some in uniform think it to be. Rather it

2948-487: The document and the inter-agency process that preceded it were well-received by foreign policy experts across the political spectrum. Delivered by President Donald Trump on December 18, 2017, the new document named China and Russia as "revisionist powers" while removing "climate change" as a national threat. It also characterized the world as a competitive arena rather than a "community of nations" or "international community" as previous documents had. NSS-2017 represents

3015-580: The end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the National Security Act of 1947 . Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a chairman, the chief of staff of the Army , the chief of staff of the Air Force (which was established as a separate service by the same Act), and the chief of naval operations . The commandant of the Marine Corps was to be consulted on matters concerning

3082-526: The final Bush White House NSS said it was based on two "pillars": "promoting freedom, justice, and human dignity" and "leading a growing community of democracies." On May 26, 2010, President Barack Obama . issued a new Strategy which was called by United Nations ambassador Susan Rice a "dramatic departure" from its predecessor. The Strategy advocated increased engagement with Russia , China and India . The Strategy also identified nuclear non-proliferation and climate change as priorities, while noting that

3149-400: The following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence , manpower , communications and logistics functions are translated into action. The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens, organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided to the joint community with one of the following decorations/awards. Although, as discussed above,

3216-580: The four services and the Joint Staff to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations, operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). The Joint Chiefs and Combatant Commanders witnessed demonstrations of the concept in September 2020. The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies, intelligence , manpower , communications and logistics functions are translated into action. The Joint Staff includes

3283-403: The individual service chiefs, outside their JCS obligations, works directly under the secretaries of their respective military departments, e.g. the secretary of the Army , the secretary of the Navy , and the secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater–Nichols Act in 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority, either individually or collectively, as

3350-486: The international threats posed by terrorism , weapons of mass destruction , and asymmetric challenges. After describing the security environment in which military forces will operate, the NMS report must specify the "ends, ways, and means" of the strategy. US national military objectives are the "ends", describing what the armed forces are expected to accomplish. The NMS report describes the relationship of those objectives to

3417-549: The legal authority to enforce its decisions. U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill established the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) during the 1942 Arcadia Conference . The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the joint U.S.–UK war effort. The UK portion of the CCS would be composed of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee , but

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3484-478: The management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Coast Guard, who have been assigned to assist the chairman in providing to the secretary of defense unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, space, and air forces. The director

3551-482: The most recent policy guidance provided by the secretary of defense; and any other national security or defense strategic guidance issued by the president or the secretary of defense. The NMS report must provide a description of the strategic environment and the opportunities and challenges that affect the United States' national interests and national security . The report must describe the most significant regional threats to US national interests and security as well as

3618-539: The national security concerns and how the administration plans to deal with them. The legal foundation for the document is spelled out in the Goldwater–Nichols Act . The document is purposely general in content, and its implementation relies on elaborating guidance provided in supporting documents such as the National Military Strategy . The stated intent of the Goldwater–Nichols legislation

3685-455: The objectives specified in the president’s National Security Strategy. The NMS must account for the contribution of allies and other partners. Military capabilities are always employed as part of an integrated national approach that employs all instruments of national power—military, information, diplomatic, legal, intelligence, finance, and economic. The NMS report must assess the capabilities, adequacy, and interoperability of regional allies of

3752-531: The planning or operational level and were constrained by disagreements during the Spanish–American War in the Caribbean campaigns. The Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt , comprising representatives from the military heads and chief planners of both the Navy's General Board and the Army's General Staff . The Joint Board acting as an "advisory committee"

3819-432: The population in the countries of Afghanistan and Iraq . On February 6, 2015, Obama issued a new NSS to provide "a vision and strategy for advancing the nation's interests, universal values, and a rules-based international order through strong and sustainable American leadership." The primary author of the 2017 National Security Strategy (NSS) was Nadia Schadlow , then-deputy national security adviser. Her work on

3886-631: The president is recognized as an invaluable, if not totally daunting, opportunity for a new administration. The National Security Strategy issued on September 17, 2002, contained the controversial Bush doctrine of pre-emptive war . It also contained the notion of military pre-eminence that was reflected in a 1992 Department of Defense paper, "Defense Policy Guidance", prepared by two principal authors ( Paul Wolfowitz and I. Lewis Libby ) working under Defense Secretary Dick Cheney . The NSS 2002 repeated and re-emphasized efforts to provide foreign aid to countries moving towards Western-style democracy, with

3953-416: The readiness of forces (in both the active and reserve components), the length of conflict and the level of intensity of combat operations, and the levels of support from allies and other friendly nations. Before submitting the report to Congress, the chairman provides a copy to the secretary of defense. The secretary provides an assessment and comments on the report and submits these comments to Congress when

4020-541: The report is formally transmitted. Specifically, the secretary of defense must examine areas of risk considered "significant" by the chairman and provide a plan for mitigating those risks. This hierarchy of presentation, first to the secretary of defense and then to Congress, is informed by US Code-10, which was significantly modified by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. This act also moved the Chairman of

4087-473: The six armed services, assisting the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities. They work closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the military department staffs, and the Combatant Command staffs. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) is assisted by the director of the Joint Staff (DJS), a three-star officer who assists the chairman with

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4154-469: The strategic environment, regional, and international threats. Strategic and operational concepts are the "ways" of the strategy and describe how the armed forces conduct military operations to accomplish the specified military objectives. Furthermore, the NMS report must describe the adequacy of capabilities—the "means"—required to achieve objectives within an acceptable level of military and strategic risk. Military action, by itself, cannot fully accomplish

4221-409: The updated NMS would be given to the public. In December 2018, Dunford approved the updated NMS and sent it to the defense secretary and Congress, according to Col. Patrick Ryder, a spokesman for Dunford. In February 2019, Ryder said that "an unclassified overview of the National Military Strategy is in development and will be released to the public." He did not say when. The unclassified description of

4288-802: The war each had been promoted: Leahy and King to fleet admiral ; Marshall and Arnold to general of the Army . Arnold was later appointed to the grade of general of the Air Force . One of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC). The JSSC, "one of the most influential planning agencies in the wartime armed forces", was an extraordinary JCS committee that existed from 1942 until 1947. Members included Lieutenant General Stanley D. Embick , U.S. Army, chairman, 1942–1946, Vice Admiral Russell Willson , U.S. Navy, 1942–1945, Vice Admiral Theodore Stark Wilkinson , U.S. Navy, 1946, and Major General Muir S. Fairchild , U.S. Army Air Force, 1942–?. With

4355-429: Was ... intended to serve five primary purposes." Where the incoming executive team has not formulated a national security strategy, such as an after an election in which foreign policy and defense were not important campaign issues, the process of writing the report can be of immense importance: Few things educate new political appointees faster as to their own strategic sensings, or to the qualities and competencies of

4422-407: Was created to plan joint operations and resolve problems of common rivalry between the two services. Yet the Joint Board accomplished little since its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions. The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the secretaries of war and Navy . As a result,

4489-479: Was established and first held by General of the Army Omar Bradley in 1949. The current and 21st chairman is General Charles Q. Brown Jr. , who began his tenure on 29 September 2023. The position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created by the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986. The vice chairman is a four-star- general or admiral and, by law, is the second highest-ranking member of

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