The National Super Alliance , known by the abbreviation NASA , was a Kenyan political coalition of opposition centre-left parties that was formed in January 2017. The coalition was created to oppose President Uhuru Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto in the 2017 general elections . Raila Odinga , Musalia Mudavadi , Kalonzo Musyoka , Moses Wetangula and Isaac Ruto were the co-principals of the coalition.
41-904: The alliance included the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), the Wiper Democratic Movement (Wiper), Forum for the Restoration of Democracy – Kenya (FORD–Kenya), the Amani National Congress (ANC), Chama Cha Mashinani (CCM), the National Rainbow Coalition , the Progressive Party of Kenya , Chama Cha Uzalendo (CCU) and the Muungano Party (MP). The NASA co-principals decided to abandon
82-522: A one-party state . Parliamentary elections were held in September 1983. The 1988 elections reinforced the one-party system. However, in December 1991, parliament repealed the one-party section of the constitution. By early 1992, several new parties had formed, and multiparty elections were held in December 1992. President Moi was reelected for another 5-year term. Opposition parties won about 45% of
123-493: A Kikuyu). KANU was in favour of immediate total independence, a new independence constitution and universal suffrage while KADU was supporting the continuation of the colonial political system established by the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954 with federalism (Majimbo) as KADU's key tenets. Despite the numerical advantage lying with the numerically stronger KANU, a form of Federalism involving Kenya's 8 provinces
164-460: A landslide victory over the ruling KANU party, thus bringing to an end 40 years of single party rule and 24 years of rule by Daniel arap Moi. The political parties ODM-Kenya and Orange Democratic Movement both came into existence out of this movement. The smaller faction, headed by Nicholas Biwott and supported by Daniel arap Moi was opposed to the direction Kenyatta was taking the party. The two factions briefly patched up their differences under
205-524: A major opposition party, along with KANU , and organized a number of rallies asking for elections and a new constitution. The ODM also protested against the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which opposed the referendum, being dropped from Kibaki's new cabinet. After the 2002 elections, KANU was in opposition, while the LDP was a partner in the ruling NARC coalition until it was removed after
246-593: A mixed market economic policy, with state intervention in the form of parastatals . It steered Kenya to side with the West during the Cold War , with both Jomo Kenyatta and Daniel Moi using apparent links to the Soviet Union as pretexts to crush political dissent. KANU's leadership structure consists of a national chairman, a secretary general, and several national vice chairmen. All these officials are elected at
287-554: A new colonial constitution (the key feature of which were a bicameral legislature consisting of a 117-member House of Representatives and a 41-member Senate, and the elimination of reserved seats for ethnic minorities), the KANU contested and won a majority of the votes and seats in the 1963 Kenyan general election . Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963. Jomo Kenyatta, head of the KANU, became Kenya's first prime minister. KADU dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and joined KANU after
328-461: A single presidential candidate at the 2013 general elections . Upon its inception in 1960, KANU included politicians of various ideologies, including African socialism , which was highlighted in the immediate post-independence period. However, with the adoption of Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 in Kenya's parliament and the resignation of left-leaning politicians allied to Oginga Odinga , it pursued
369-565: A strong lobbying by Tom Mboya . In this year, Kenya became a republic within the Commonwealth , with Kenyatta as its first president. A small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya People's Union (KPU), was formed in 1966, led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga , a former vice president and Luo elder. The KPU was banned and its leader detained after political unrest related to Kenyatta's visit to Nyanza Province that resulted in
410-401: Is a Kenyan political party that ruled for nearly 40 years after Kenya's independence from British colonial rule in 1963 until its electoral loss in 2002. It was known as Kenya African Union (KAU) from 1944 but due to pressure from the colonial government, KAU changed its name to Kenya African Study Union (KASU) mainly because all political parties were banned in 1939 following the start of
451-529: The 2017 general election was Raila Odinga, and the candidate for deputy-president was Kalonzo Musyoka. Odinga and Musyoka ran under the National Super Alliance. Thus, their political parties, ODM and Wiper respectively, opted to field their own candidates for other political positions. The other political parties in the coalition also fielded candidates for various electoral positions. Thus, "NASA candidates" did not technically exist. Of all
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#1732780881907492-571: The Coalition for Reforms and Democracy , for which Odinga and Musyoka were the candidates for president and deputy president in the 2013 general election . Orange Democratic Movement The Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) is a centre-left political party in Kenya. It is the successor of a grassroots people's movement that was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign. This movement separated in August 2007 into
533-552: The Kisumu massacre . No new opposition parties were formed after 1969, and KANU became the sole political party. At Kenyatta's death in August 1978, Vice President Daniel arap Moi , a former KADU member became interim President. On October 14, Moi became president formally after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee. In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially
574-660: The Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement ;– Kenya (formerly the Orange Democratic Movement ;– Kenya, known as ODM–Kenya). The name "orange" originates from the ballot cards in the referendum, in which the banana represented a "yes" vote, and the orange represented a "no" vote. Thus, the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in
615-624: The Second World War . In 1946 KASU rebranded itself into KAU following the resignation of Harry Thuku as president due to internal differences between the moderates who wanted peaceful negotiations and the militants who wanted to use force, the latter forming the Aanake a forty (The forty Group), which later became the Mau Mau. His post was then occupied by James Gichuru, who stepped down for Jomo Kenyatta in 1947 as president of KAU. The KAU
656-490: The 2005 referendum. The LDP had supported no vote at the referendum, contrary to the policy of president Kibaki. Following their united stand in the referendum debate and responding to a threat by the newly formed Narc-Kenya party the leaders of KANU, LDP and some smaller parties decided to campaign jointly for the upcoming 2007 Kenya general election . They forming the Orange Democratic Movement, which
697-582: The 2005 referendum. The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU party and Raila Odinga 's LDP . While Kenyatta left KANU, Odinga remained and now leads ODM. The party tends to be more popular among the Luo people . In the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum, the "no" vote, which the ODM campaigned for, won with 58.12% of Kenyans voting down the proposed constitution. Following this, President Mwai Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet. The response of
738-509: The Luo ethnic group were shot dead in Kisumu , Kibera and Nakuru in large numbers while many ethnic Kikuyu were killed in the Rift Valley. The ODM won the largest number of seats with 99 in the 210 seat parliament. It also won three out of five by-elections in early 2008. No sooner had the by-elections been conducted in the constituencies of two ODM MPs who were killed at the beginning of
779-454: The ODM was to say that this was a step in the right direction and to call for an immediate general election, claiming that the Kibaki regime, which had campaigned vigorously in favour of a yes vote in the referendum, had lost its mandate. Kibaki's government resisted this; elections were not to be held until the last week of Kibaki's five-year constitutionally-mandated tenure. The ODM emerged as
820-405: The ODM. Then, due to an internal rivalry between Kalonzo Musyoka and Raila Odinga , the ODM split into two factions in mid-August 2007. Raila's group, which also included Musalia Mudavadi , William Ruto , Joseph Nyagah and Najib Balala defected from ODM-Kenya and took over the ODM party registered by Mugambi Imanyara, while Kalonzo's group, led by himself and Dr. Julia Ojiambo remained in
861-548: The Political Parties act of 2011, differences have once again emerged over the future of the party with a faction led by Gideon Moi accusing Uhuru Kenyatta of neglecting the party. Kenyatta, and his supporters, eventually quit the party altogether and in December 2012, KANU entered a four party coalition, including the National Vision Party , United Democratic Movement and New Ford Kenya , to field
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#1732780881907902-636: The coalition after alleged mistrust, betrayal, and competing ambitions among the members. The coalition was dissolved after Wiper, CCM and FORD–Kenya wrote to the office of the registrar of political parties with intention to withdraw from the coalition. Article 15 (1) of the Coalition Agreement stated that the coalition shall be dissolved when any three of the member parties decide to leave the coalition. Kenya's registrar of political parties, Ann Nderitu , confirmed NASA's dissolution on 26 August 2021. The NASA Coalition's presidential candidate for
943-571: The colonial government to represent Nairobi in 1956. The ban for national political movements was lifted in 1960. On 14 May 1960, KAU (having been resurrected by James Gichuru) merged with Tom Mboya 's Kenya Independence Movement and the Nairobi People's Convention Party to form the Kenya African National Union (KANU) with Tom Mboya as its first secretary general and James Gichuru as KANU chairman. Oginga Odinga
984-618: The colonial government. The colonial government governor then appointed these leaders of the tribal parties to the Legislative Council in 1956. Ronald Ngala was appointed to represent the Coast region, Daniel Moi was appointed to represent Rift Valley, Masinde Muliro was appointed to represent Western while Argwings Kodhek was appointed to represent Nairobi while Oginga Odinga became the Nyanza LegCo member. Jeremiah James Nyaga
1025-402: The colony of Kenya. From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the armed Mau Mau rebellion against British colonial rule. What prompted the imposition of the state of emergency, by sir Evelyn Baring, was the assassination of one Chief Waruhiu who was an alleged British informer among many other reasons. KAU, the national political movement for Africans
1066-447: The day of the vote. Raila has since fallen out with William Ruto , Ababu Namwamba , Najib Balala , and Henry Kosgey among others. In the lead up to the 2013 general elections, the ODM entered a coalition with FORD-Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement to support a single presidential candidate, known as the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy . Kenya African National Union The Kenya African National Union ( KANU )
1107-421: The general election. The International Republican Institute described election day as "generally calm, organized, and transparent". Kibaki was declared winner of the elections in circumstances that were described as "highly questionable" by various observers. Samuel Kivuitu , chairman of the now disbanded Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) could not explain why votes from nearby constituencies had not reached
1148-451: The mediation of former party leader Daniel Moi ; the result being KANU did not field a presidential candidate in Kenya's disputed general election of 2007 , backing instead the incumbent Mwai Kibaki . In September 2007, Kenyatta announced that he would not run for the presidency and would support Kibaki's re-election, sinking any hopes that KANU would back the Orange Democratic Movement . William Ruto however remained in ODM applying for
1189-629: The original ODM-Kenya. The two factions held their elections for presidential candidates on consecutive days at the Kasarani sports complex in Nairobi. On 31 August 2007, Kalonzo Musyoka defeated Julia Ojiambo for the ODM–Kenya ticket, then on 1 September Raila Odinga defeated Ruto, Mudavadi, Balala and Nyagah. There were allegations that some delegates voted in the nominations of both parties. Raila and Kalonzo then faced president Kibaki in
1230-497: The parliamentary seats, but President Moi's KANU Party obtained the majority of seats. Parliamentary reforms in November 1997 enlarged the democratic space in Kenya, including the expansion of political parties from 11 to 26. President Moi won re-election as president in the December 1997 elections, and his KANU Party narrowly retained its parliamentary majority, with 109 out of 212 seats. At the 2002 legislative national elections ,
1271-466: The party won an overall 29.0% of the popular vote and 64 out of 212 elected seats. In the presidential elections of the same day, the party's candidate Uhuru Kenyatta won 31.3% of the vote, and was thereby defeated by Mwai Kibaki from the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party with 62.2%. On December 29, 2002, the Kenyan electoral commission confirmed that the former opposition NARC party had achieved
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1312-461: The presidential candidacy. Of particular interest is that Uhuru's statement came soon after Moi's declaration that he would back current president Kibaki's re-election bid. KANU is part of the Party of National Unity (PNU), a coalition party behind Kibaki. However, unlike other PNU member parties, only KANU had clearance to field its own parliamentary and civic candidates. Since the coming into force of
1353-523: The principals, only Musalia Mudavadi did not run for electoral office. He instead ran the NASA National Campaign Committee. Odinga and Musyoka ran for president and deputy president respectively, Wetangula ran for Bungoma County senator, and Isaac Ruto ran for governor of Bomet County . The NASA Coalition launched a six-point manifesto prior to the 2017 elections that focuses on The manifesto borrowed heavily from that by
1394-566: The tallying centre in Nairobi while those from far-flung parts of the country were tallied on time. Many polling stations had more votes cast than the number of registered voters. Maragua constituency, a PNU stronghold, turnout was 115%. The ODM disputed the results. Violence erupted in the country with ODM supporters in Kibera, Naivasha and Nakuru being targeted for attack by Mungiki-supporting gangs, allegedly backed by police. PNU supporters were also targeted for attack by ODM supporters. People from
1435-545: The year than two more MPs died in an aircraft crash. Some ODM MPs whose elections were contested in court lost their seats. Following the passing of the Political Parties Act months earlier, the ODM held its internal elections in late December 2008 with Prime Minister Raila Odinga emerging as party leader and Industrialisation Minister Henry Kosgey as party chairman. Due to agitation over regional and gender representation, some party posts had to be created on
1476-406: Was adopted in Kenya's independence as a result of British colonial government supporting KADU's plan. After independence KANU nonetheless decided to remove all provisions of a federal nature from the constitution. Kenyatta was released in 1961, and the KANU contested the 1961 Kenyan general election (winning a plurality of the seats and 67.50% of the popular vote). Following the implementation of
1517-534: Was appointed to represent Central Kenya. A ban on nationalist political parties however remained in force in Kenya until 1960. The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. The majority of the 'moderate' and friendly leaders appointed to the Council by the colonial government were re-elected to the Council in 1957. The only exception was Tom Mboya , who ran as an independent and defeated Argwings Kodhek, who had been appointed by
1558-596: Was banned by the colonial government from 1952 to 1960. It was re-established by James Gichuru in 1960 and renamed KANU on 14 May 1960 after a merger with Tom Mboya 's Kenya Independence Movement . The Kenya African Union was a political organization formed in 1944 to articulate Kenyan grievances against the British colonial administration. The KAU attempted to be more inclusive than the Kikuyu Central Association by recruiting membership across
1599-457: Was banned in 1952 and its leaders including Jomo Kenyatta imprisoned in 1953. Kikuyu, Embu and Meru political involvement was restricted heavily in this period in response to the insurrection. During this period however, African participation in the political process increased rapidly throughout the colony of Kenya. Starting in 1954 the colonial government started to actively promote regional tribal based political parties led by leaders friendly to
1640-584: Was named after the symbol used to represent "no" in the referendum – an orange. An opportunist lawyer, Mugambi Imanyara , registered the name "Orange Democratic Movement" as a party before the coalition did, forcing them to use the name "Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya" instead. As 2007 progressed, the coalition proved unstable, with various factions defecting. Uhuru Kenyatta 's KANU was the first, pulling out in July 2007 and endorsing President Kibaki's re-election; however, some individual KANU politicians stayed with
1681-488: Was the KANU first vice chairman. The Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) was founded in 1960, to challenge KANU. KADU's aim was to defend the interests of the tribes so-called KAMATUSA (an acronym for Kalenjin , Maasai , Turkana and Samburu ) as well as the European settler community, against the dominance of the larger Luo and Kĩkũyũ tribes that comprised the majority of KANU's membership (Kenyatta himself being