66-706: The National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) is a member of the United States Intelligence Community and an agency of the United States Department of Defense which designs, builds, launches, and operates the reconnaissance satellites of the U.S. federal government . It provides satellite intelligence to several government agencies, particularly signals intelligence (SIGINT) to the National Security Agency (NSA), imagery intelligence (IMINT) to
132-604: A Secretary of Defense, a Nobel Laureate, a president of MIT, a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Science, a renowned planetary scientist, and more. The NRO was first mentioned by the press in a 1971 New York Times article. The first official acknowledgement of NRO was a Senate committee report in October 1973, which inadvertently exposed the existence of the NRO. In 1985, a New York Times article revealed details on
198-414: A United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy. In 2021, SpaceX reportedly won a $ 1.8 billion contract from the NRO to build a network of hundreds of spy satellites under its Starshield unit. The satellites reportedly will be able to "track targets on the ground and share that data with U.S. intelligence and military officials... enabling the U.S. government to quickly capture continuous imagery of activities on
264-497: A consequence, NRO's three distinct accounting systems were merged. The presence of the classified new headquarters was revealed by the Federation of American Scientists who obtained unclassified copies of the blueprints filed with the building permit application. After 9/11 those blueprints were apparently classified. The reports of an NRO slush fund were true. According to former CIA general counsel Jeffrey Smith, who led
330-599: A copy of the NRO video, "Satellite Reconnaissance: Secret Eyes in Space." The seven-minute video chronicles the early days of the NRO and many of its early programs. It was proposed that the NRO share the imagery of the United States itself with the National Applications Office for domestic law enforcement purposes. The NAO was disestablished in 2009. The NRO is a non-voting associate member of
396-560: A flight for Zurich. He was carrying coded information about Iraqi and Chinese missile sites. He also had the addresses of the Chinese and Iraqi Embassies in Switzerland and Austria. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole for offering to sell intelligence secrets to Iraq and China. In January 2008, the government announced that a reconnaissance satellite operated by the NRO would make an unplanned and uncontrolled re-entry into
462-741: A former director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency , the Sentient system is intended to use " automated inferencing " to aid intelligence collection. The Verge described Sentient as "an omnivorous analysis tool, capable of devouring data of all sorts, making sense of the past and present, anticipating the future, and pointing satellites toward what it determines will be the most interesting parts of that future." The NRO maintains four main satellite constellations: United States Intelligence Community The United States Intelligence Community ( IC )
528-560: A missile fired from a Navy cruiser. The intercept took place on February 21, 2008, resulting in the satellite breaking up into multiple pieces. In July 2008, the NRO declassified the existence of its Synthetic Aperture Radar satellites, citing difficulty in discussing the creation of the Space-Based Radar with the United States Air Force and other entities. In August 2009, FOIA archives were queried for
594-603: A satellite tracker based in the Netherlands. The satellite was launched by the National Reconnaissance Office in 2011. On January 31, 2020, Rocket Lab successfully launched a NROL-151 payload for the NRO. On December 19, 2020, NROL-108 was successfully launched aboard SpaceX 's Falcon 9 rocket. On July 15, 2020, NROL-149 was successfully launched aboard the first launch of Northrop Grumman 's new Minotaur IV rocket. On April 27, 2021, NROL-82
660-633: A shared concept of operations, we have a shared vision and a shared concept of operations. We train together, we exercise together, we man the same C2 center, if you will, at the National Space Defense Center ." In December 2019, the United States Space Force (USSF) was established, also helmed by Raymond, now a Space Force General and Chief of Space Operations (CSO). NRO continued its close relationship with American military space operations, partnering with
726-718: A whole would include 854,000 people holding top-secret clearances . The term Intelligence Community was first used during LTG Walter Bedell Smith 's tenure as Director of Central Intelligence (1950–1953). Intelligence is information that agencies collect, analyze, and distribute in response to government leaders' questions and requirements. Intelligence is a broad term that may entail for example: Collection, analysis, and production of sensitive information to support national security leaders, including policymakers, military commanders, and members of Congress. Safeguarding these processes and this information through counterintelligence activities. Execution of covert operations approved by
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#1732766009306792-612: Is a computer network used to distribute NRO data classified as Top Secret. It is also known as the Government Wide Area Network (GWAN). Sentient is an automated (artificial intelligence) intelligence analysis system under development by the National Reconnaissance Office. A principal purpose of the Sentient system is described by the NRO as "compiling at machine, versus human speed, synthesis of complex distributed data sources for rapid analysis faster than humans can manage". According to Robert Cardillo ,
858-505: Is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States. Member organizations of the IC include intelligence agencies , military intelligence , and civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive departments . The IC
924-403: Is estimated to amount to $ 15 billion (inflation adjusted $ 21 billion in 2024). This would correspond to 19% of the overall US intelligence budget of $ 80 billion for FY2010. For Fiscal Year 2012 the budget request for science and technology included an increase to almost 6% (about $ 600 million) of the NRO budget after it had dropped to just about 3% of the overall budget in the years before. Under
990-535: Is overseen by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), which is headed by the director of national intelligence (DNI) who reports directly to the president of the United States . The IC was established by Executive Order 12333 ("United States Intelligence Activities"), signed on December 4, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan . The statutory definition of the IC, including its roster of agencies,
1056-620: Is the tracking of non-US submarines on patrol or on training missions in the world's oceans and seas. At the National Space Symposium in April 2010, NRO director General Bruce Carlson , United States Air Force (Retired) announced that until the end of 2011, NRO is embarking on "the most aggressive launch schedule that this organization has undertaken in the last twenty-five years. There are a number of very large and very critical reconnaissance satellites that will go into orbit in
1122-492: The Agena . Different versions of the satellite varied in mass from 1,110 to 1,500 kg (2,450 to 3,310 lb). At least two missions deployed ELINT subsatellites. Ground resolution for the satellite was 140 m (460 ft), with a swath of 556 km (345 mi). The onboard camera had a focal length of 76 mm. The purpose of the system, which produced relatively low-resolution images compared to other spy satellites,
1188-554: The FBI to a limited extent, fulfilled its role. The IC is headed by the director of national intelligence (DNI), whose statutory leadership is exercised through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), and is counted as one of its 17 constituent agencies. The other members of the IC are: The IC performs under two separate programs: Since the definitions of the NIP and MIP overlap when they address military intelligence ,
1254-533: The Federation of American Scientists , which provides analyses of national security issues, stated that "It was a titanic struggle just to get the top-line budget number disclosed, and that has only been done consistently since 2007 ... but a real grasp of the structure and operations of the intelligence bureaucracy has been totally beyond public reach. This kind of material, even on a historical basis, has simply not been available." Access to budget details will enable an informed public debate on intelligence spending for
1320-695: The Freedom of Information Act , the NRO declassified a list of secret directives for internal use. The following is a list of the released directives, which are available for download : At a mid-2019 press event just prior to the establishment of USSPACECOM, then- Air Force General John W. Raymond (set to lead the new command) stated that the NRO will "respond to the direction of the United States Space Command commander" to "protecting and defending those (space) capabilities". General Raymond further stated that "we [NRO and USSPACECOM] have
1386-820: The Joint Intelligence Community Council , the Office of the Inspector General , and the Office of Management and Budget . Primary congressional oversight jurisdiction over the IC is assigned to two committees : the United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . The House Armed Services Committee and Senate Armed Services Committee draft bills to annually authorize
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#17327660093061452-611: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) to the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). The NRO announced in 2023 that it plans within the following decade to quadruple the number of satellites it operates and increase the number of signals and images it delivers by a factor of ten. NRO is considered, along with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), NSA, DIA, and NGA, to be one of
1518-678: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the United States Strategic Command , the United States Space Command, Naval Research Laboratory , and other agencies and organizations. The NRO was established on August 25, 1960, after management problems and insufficient progress with the USAF satellite reconnaissance program (see SAMOS and MIDAS ). The formation
1584-525: The United States from February 1961 to August 1964. The KH-5 operated similarly to the CORONA series of satellites, as it ejected a canister of photographic film . At least 12 missions were attempted, but at least 7 resulted in failure. The satellite was manufactured by Lockheed . Launches used Thor-Agena launch vehicles flying from Vandenberg Air Force Base , with the payload being integrated into
1650-606: The procurement of technology and services (including analysis), according to the May 2007 chart from the ODNI. Intelligence spending has increased by a third over ten years ago, in inflation -adjusted dollars, according to the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments . In a statement on the release of new declassified figures, DNI Mike McConnell said there would be no additional disclosures of classified budget information beyond
1716-783: The "big five" U.S. intelligence agencies . The NRO is headquartered in Chantilly, Virginia , 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the Washington Dulles International Airport . The Director of the NRO reports to both the Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense . The NRO's federal workforce is a hybrid organization consisting of some 3,000 personnel including NRO cadre, Air Force , Army , CIA, NGA, NSA, Navy and US Space Force personnel. A 1996 bipartisan commission report described
1782-667: The 2005 National Intelligence Strategy . The United States intelligence budget (excluding the Military Intelligence Program) in fiscal year 2022 was appropriated as $ 65.7 billion, an increase of $ 3.4 billion from the $ 62.3 billion requested and up from $ 60.8 billion in fiscal year 2021. The total budget of the National Intelligence Program has been public since 2007, due to the Implementing Recommendations of
1848-569: The 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 , which required them to disclose the "aggregate amount of funds appropriated by Congress” for the NIP within 30 days of the end of the fiscal year. The requested budget of the NIP has been public since 2011 due to a requirement enacted by Congress in Section 364 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010. About 70 percent of the intelligence budget went to contractors for
1914-669: The Civil Applications Committee (CAC). The CAC is an inter-agency committee that coordinates and oversees the Federal- Civil use of classified collections. The CAC was officially chartered in 1975 by the Office of the President to provide Federal- Civil agencies access to National Systems data in support of mission responsibilities. According to Asia Times Online , one important mission of NRO satellites
1980-691: The DNI. In light of major intelligence failures in recent years that called into question how well Intelligence Community ensures U.S. national security, particularly those identified by the 9/11 Commission (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States), and the " WMD Commission " (Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction),
2046-676: The Earth's atmosphere in the next several months. Satellite watching hobbyists said that it was likely the USA-193 , built by Lockheed Martin Corporation, which failed shortly after achieving orbit in December 2006. On February 14, 2008, the Pentagon announced that rather than allowing the satellite to make an uncontrolled re-entry while still in one piece, it would instead be shot down by
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2112-541: The IC characterizes itself as a federation of its member elements, its overall structure is better characterized as a confederation due to its lack of a well-defined, unified leadership and governance structure. Prior to 2004, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was the head of the IC, in addition to being the director of the CIA. A major criticism of this arrangement was that the DCI had little or no actual authority over
2178-530: The IC except his own staff—the Office of the DNI—nor does the DNI have the authority to hire or fire personnel in the IC except those on his or her own staff. The member elements in the executive branch are directed and controlled by their respective department heads, all cabinet-level officials reporting to the president. By law, only the director of the Central Intelligence Agency reports to
2244-663: The IC include technological, structural, procedural, and cultural dimensions. Examples include the Intellipedia wiki of encyclopedic security-related information; the creation of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence , National Intelligence Centers , Program Manager Information Sharing Environment , and Information Sharing Council ; legal and policy frameworks set by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , information sharing Executive Order 13354 and Executive Order 13388 , and
2310-572: The KH-4B and KH-7 GAMBIT . Images from three of the successful missions returned the first images of Antarctica from space. Discoverer 20 (KH-5 9014A), was a USAF photographic reconnaissance satellite under the supervision of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). Discoverer 20 was the first KH-5 ARGON satellite to be launched. The launch occurred at 20:24:00 GMT on 17 February 1961. A Thor DM-21 Agena-B launch vehicle
2376-594: The NRO as having by far the largest budget of any intelligence agency, and "virtually no federal workforce", accomplishing most of its work through "tens of thousands" of defense contractor personnel. From its founding in 1961 the NRO's existence was classified and not revealed publicly until 1992. The National Reconnaissance Office develops, builds, launches, and operates space reconnaissance systems and conducts intelligence-related activities for U.S. national security. The NRO also coordinates collection and analysis of information from airplane and satellite reconnaissance by
2442-461: The NRO described itself as "a hybrid organization consisting of some 3,000 personnel and jointly staffed by members of the armed services, the Central Intelligence Agency and DOD civilian personnel." Between 2010 and 2012, the workforce is expected to increase by 100. The majority of workers for the NRO are private corporate contractors, with $ 7 billion of the agency's $ 8 billion budget going to private corporations. The NRO derives its funding both from
2508-527: The NRO had quietly hoarded between $ 1 billion and $ 1.7 billion in unspent funds without informing the Central Intelligence Agency , the Pentagon , or Congress . The CIA was in the midst of an inquiry into the NRO's funding because of complaints that the agency had spent $ 300 million of hoarded funds from its classified budget to build a new headquarters building in Chantilly, Virginia , a year earlier. In total, NRO had accumulated US$ 3.8 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 7.6 billion in 2024) in forward funding. As
2574-505: The NRO had satellites and software that were capable of determining the exact dimensions of a tank gun . In 2012 the agency donated two space telescopes to NASA . Despite being stored unused, the instruments are superior to the Hubble Space Telescope . One journalist observed, "If telescopes of this caliber are languishing on shelves, imagine what they're actually using ." The NRO Management Information System (NMIS)
2640-778: The NRO in July 2005 the position is now independent. The Agency is organized as follows: Principal Deputy Director of the NRO (PDDNRO) Deputy Director of the NRO (DDNRO) The Corporate Staff Office of Space Launch (OSL) Advanced Systems and Technology Directorate (AS&T) Business Plans and Operations (BPO) Communications Systems Acquisition Directorate (COMM) Ground Enterprise Directorate (GED) Geospatial Intelligence Systems Acquisition Directorate (GEOINT) Management Services and Operations (MS&O) Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) Mission Integration Directorate (MID) Signals Intelligence Systems Acquisition Directorate (SIGINT) Systems Engineering Directorate (SED) In 2007,
2706-685: The Space Force's Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) to manage the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program, which uses government and contract spacecraft to launch important government payloads. NSSL supports both the USSF and NRO, as well as the Navy . NRO Director Scolese has characterized his agency as critical to American space dominance, stating that NRO provides "unrivaled situational awareness and intelligence to
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2772-772: The US intelligence budget and the military budget . In 1971, the annual budget was estimated to be around $ 1 billion in nominal dollars ($ 7.5 billion real in 2024). A 1975 report by the Congressional Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy states that the NRO had "the largest budget of any intelligence agency". By 1994, the annual budget had risen to $ 6 billion (inflation adjusted $ 12.3 billion in 2024), and for 2010 it
2838-502: The assignment of intelligence activities to the NIP and MIP sometimes proves problematic. The overall organization of the IC is primarily governed by the National Security Act of 1947 (as amended) and Executive Order 12333 . The statutory organizational relationships were substantially revised with the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) amendments to the 1947 National Security Act. Though
2904-419: The authorities and powers of the DNI and the overall organizational structure of the IC have become subject of intense debate in the United States. Previously, interagency cooperation and the flow of information among the member agencies was hindered by policies that sought to limit the pooling of information out of privacy and security concerns. Attempts to modernize and facilitate interagency cooperation within
2970-405: The best imagery and signals data on the planet." In August 2021, Scolese said he, Raymond, and Dickinson recently agreed to a Protect and Defend Strategic Framework covering national security in space and the relationship between DOD and the intelligence community on everything from acquisition to operations. NRO's technology is likely more advanced than its civilian equivalents. In the 1980s,
3036-417: The budgetary authorities of the other IC agencies and therefore had limited influence over their operations. Following the passage of IRTPA in 2004, the head of the IC is the director of national intelligence (DNI). The DNI exerts leadership of the IC primarily through statutory authorities under which he or she: Despite these responsibilities, the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of
3102-493: The budgets of DoD intelligence activities, and both the House and Senate appropriations committees annually draft bills to appropriate the budgets of the IC. The Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs took a leading role in formulating the intelligence reform legislation in the 108th Congress . Notes Further reading KH-5 KH-5 ARGON was a series of reconnaissance satellites produced by
3168-531: The first test flight occurred on February 28, 1959). The Corona system used (sometimes multiple) film capsules dropped by satellites, which were recovered mid-air by military craft. The first successful recovery from space (Discoverer XIII) occurred on August 12, 1960, and the first image from space was seen six days later. The first imaging resolution was 8 meters, which was improved to 2 meters. Individual images covered, on average, an area of about 10 by 120 miles (16 by 193 km). The last Corona mission (the 145th),
3234-500: The first time, said the co-chair of the 9/11 Commission Lee H. Hamilton. He added that Americans should not be excluded from the budget process because the intelligence community has a profound impact on the life of ordinary Americans. Intelligence Community Oversight duties are distributed to both the executive and legislative branches. Primary executive oversight is performed by the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board ,
3300-713: The ground nearly anywhere on the globe." The NRO is part of the Department of Defense . The Director of the NRO is appointed by the President of the United States , by and with the consent of the Senate . Traditionally, the position was given to either the Under Secretary of the Air Force or the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space, but with the appointment of Donald Kerr as Director of
3366-561: The information to police. NRO's failure to act in the public interest by reporting child sexual predators was first made public in 2012 by former NRO polygraph examiners. On August 30, 2019, Donald Trump tweeted an image of “the catastrophic accident during final launch preparations for the Safir SLV Launch at Semnan Launch Site One in Iran”. The image almost certainly came from a satellite known as USA 224, according to Marco Langbroek,
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#17327660093063432-480: The investigation: "Our inquiry revealed that the NRO had for years accumulated very substantial amounts as a 'rainy day fund.'" In 1999 the NRO embarked on a $ 25 billion project with Boeing entitled Future Imagery Architecture to create a new generation of imaging satellites. In 2002 the project was far behind schedule and would most likely cost $ 2 billion to $ 3 billion more than planned, according to NRO records. The government pressed forward with efforts to complete
3498-583: The military services and the Central Intelligence Agency . It is funded through the National Reconnaissance Program, which is part of the National Intelligence Program (formerly known as the National Foreign Intelligence Program). The agency is part of the Department of Defense . The NRO works closely with its intelligence and space partners, which include the National Security Agency (NSA),
3564-657: The next year to a year and a half." In 2012, a McClatchy investigation found that the NRO was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging its polygraph examiners to extract personal and private information from DoD personnel during polygraph tests that were limited to counterintelligence issues. Allegations of abusive polygraph practices were brought forward by former NRO polygraph examiners. In 2014, an inspector general's report concluded that NRO failed to report felony admissions of child sexual abuse to law enforcement authorities. NRO obtained these criminal admissions during polygraph testing but never forwarded
3630-668: The operations of the NRO. Despite news coverage of NRO's existence, the United States intelligence community debated for 20 years whether to confirm the reports. The existence of the NRO was declassified on September 18, 1992, by the Deputy Secretary of Defense , as recommended by the Director of Central Intelligence . The brief press release did not mention the word "satellite", and the agency did not confirm for several more years that it launched satellites on rockets. A Washington Post article in September 1995 reported that
3696-436: The overall spending figure because "such disclosures could harm national security". How the money is divided among the 16 intelligence agencies and what it is spent on is classified. It includes salaries for about 100,000 people, multi billion-dollar satellite programs , aircraft , weapons , electronic sensors, intelligence analysis , spies , computers , and software . On August 29, 2013 The Washington Post published
3762-449: The president. The IC strives to provide valuable insight on important issues by gathering raw intelligence, analyzing that data in context, and producing timely and relevant products for customers at all levels of national security—from the war-fighter on the ground to the president in Washington. Executive Order 12333 charged the IC with six primary objectives: Before the CIA's establishment, several military intelligence agencies, and
3828-435: The project, but after two more years, several more review panels and billions more in expenditures, the project was killed in what a New York Times report called "perhaps the most spectacular and expensive failure in the 50-year history of American spy satellite projects." On August 23, 2001, Brian Patrick Regan , a civilian employee of TRW at NRO, was arrested at Dulles International Airport outside Washington while boarding
3894-436: The public. On August 18, 2000, the National Reconnaissance Office recognized its ten original Founders. They were: William O. Baker , Merton E. Davies , Sidney Drell , Richard L. Garwin , Amrom Harry Katz , James R. Killian , Edwin H. Land , Frank W. Lehan , William J. Perry , Edward M. Purcell . Although their early work was highly classified, this group of men went on to extraordinary public accomplishments, including
3960-438: The summary of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence's multivolume FY 2013 Congressional Budget Justification, the U.S. Intelligence Community's top-secret "black budget". The IC's FY 2013 budget details how the 16 spy agencies use the money and how it performs against the goals set by the president and Congress. Experts said that access to such details about U.S. spy programs is without precedent. Steven Aftergood of
4026-443: Was based on a 25 August 1960 recommendation to President Dwight D. Eisenhower during a special National Security Council meeting, and the agency was to coordinate the USAF and CIA's (and later the navy and NSA's) reconnaissance activities. The NRO's first photo reconnaissance satellite program was the Corona program , the existence of which was declassified February 24, 1995, and which existed from August 1960 to May 1972 (although
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#17327660093064092-416: Was codified as the Intelligence Organization Act of 1992 ( Pub. L. 102–496 , H.R. 5095 , 106 Stat. 3188 ). The Washington Post reported in 2010 that there were 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies in 10,000 locations in the United States that were working on counterterrorism , homeland security , and intelligence, and that the intelligence community as
4158-476: Was launched May 25, 1972, and this mission's last images were taken May 31, 1972. From May 1962 to August 1964, the NRO conducted 12 mapping missions as part of the " Argon " system. Only seven were successful. In 1963, the NRO conducted a mapping mission using higher resolution imagery, as part of the " Lanyard " program. The Lanyard program flew one successful mission. NRO missions since 1972 are classified, and portions of many earlier programs remain unavailable to
4224-445: Was successfully launched aboard United Launch Alliance’s Delta IV rocket. On June 15, 2021, NROL-111, a set of three classified satellites, was successfully launched aboard a Northrop Grumman Minotaur I rocket. On July 13, 2022, NROL-162 was launched aboard a Rocket Lab Electron rocket from Mahia, New Zealand. On September 24, 2022, NROL-91 (USA 338) was launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base's Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6) aboard
4290-414: Was to provide imagery for cartography purposes. This was one of the tasks that had originally been planned for the SAMOS series of satellites equipped with the (quickly cancelled) E-4 cameras. Each satellite took photographs for less than a week before returning its film. The satellite was in use during the same period as the KH-2 to KH-4A CORONA and the KH-6 LANYARD satellites. Later satellites were
4356-502: Was used, flying from LC 75-3-4 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base. It was assigned the Harvard designation 1961 Epsilon 1. Discoverer 20 was operated in an Earth orbit, with a perigee of 283 km (176 mi), an apogee of 770 km (480 mi), 80.91° of inclination, and a period of 95.81 minutes. The satellite was equipped with a camera with a focal length of 76 mm, which had a resolution of 140 m (460 ft). Images were recorded onto 127 mm film, and were to have been returned in
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