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143-580: The commission lasted for two years and consisted of seven members. Members of the commission had access to all government files about the 1946–1988 period and could convene victims or people accused of violations for testimony; although it wasn't mandatory for them to attend. On 10 December 2014, the commission issued a report with its findings. The report identified the participation of 337 agents of Brazilian government involved in human rights violations, including arbitrary prisons, forced disappearings, torture and subsequent death of political opponents to

286-950: A cabinet . Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress , a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court , the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts , the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts . The states are autonomous sub-national entities with their own governments that, together with

429-460: A multi-party system . The political and administrative organization of Brazil comprises the federal government , the 26 states and a federal district , and the municipalities . The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the President, advised by

572-661: A political party . The largest parties are MDB (which accounts for 14.4% of affiliated voters), the PT (9.5% of affiliated voters), and PSDB (8.7% of affiliated voters). In 2020, the scenario is that the country has more than 30 active political parties, and only one of them defines itself as a right-wing party ( PL ), with a clear political imbalance. The country has several far-left parties like PSOL , PCO , PSTU , PCB , UP , PCdoB , left parties like PT , PSB , PDT , PV , Rede and Solidariedade and center-left like PSDB , PMN and Cidadania . Ten parties declare themselves as

715-579: A recordable offence must submit a DNA sample, the profile of which is then stored on the DNA database. Those not charged or not found guilty have their DNA data deleted within a specified period of time. In Scotland, the law similarly requires the DNA profiles of most people who are acquitted be removed from the database. New Zealand was the second country to set up a DNA database. In 2019 The New Zealand DNA Profile Databank held 40,000 DNA profiles and 200,000 samples. The United States national DNA database

858-611: A "flawed democracy" in 2022. Brazil was 2023 the 13th most electoral democratic country in Latin America and the Caribbean according to the V-Dem Democracy indices . Brazil has had seven constitutions : According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided between internationalist liberals and statist nationalists. The first group consists of politicians arguing that internationalization of

1001-413: A DNA match made without the use of a DNA database. Research shows that DNA databases of criminal offenders reduce crime rates. A forensic database is a centralized DNA database for storing DNA profiles of individuals that enables searching and comparing of DNA samples collected from a crime scene against stored profiles. The most important function of the forensic database is to produce matches between

1144-637: A bill allowing financial compensation to those whose work was impeded by the military dictatorship. In 2009 the Brazilian Justice Ministry awarded 142,000 reals, or 71,000 us dollars to 44 farmers each, as well as about 465 us dollars a month. When announcing the reparation payments Justice Minister Tarso Genro stated "This is a formal request for forgiveness by the Brazilian Government." However, offering reparations to 44 Brazilian farmers does not even begin to compensate for

1287-598: A certain sequence within the GenBank or to find the similarities between two sequences. A medical DNA database is a DNA database of medically relevant genetic variations. It collects an individual's DNA which can reflect their medical records and lifestyle details. Through recording DNA profiles, scientists may find out the interactions between the genetic environment and occurrence of certain diseases (such as cardiovascular disease or cancer), and thus finding some new drugs or effective treatments in controlling these diseases. It

1430-532: A complicated currency conversion process that prevented people from cashing their bank accounts for 18 months. All of this made him quite unpopular and denied him support in the parliament that he needed since his own party held few seats. At the beginning of his third year in office, he resigned as a result of in a huge corruption scandal. The charges against him would later be dropped, some on mere technicalities, some for actually being irrelevant or false. Collor desperately tried to resist impeachment by rallying

1573-674: A fact of Brazilian life – was cut dramatically, a change that the Brazilians took years to get used to. Because of the success of Plano Real, Cardoso was chosen by his party to run for president and, with the strong support of Franco, eventually won, beating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , who had emerged as the favorite only one year earlier. Cardoso's term was marked by other major changes in Brazilian politics and economy. Public services and state-owned companies were privatized (some for values supposedly too cheap according to his adversaries),

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1716-496: A few months. In 1994, Cardoso with Ricupero, Ciro Gomes and others launched their Plano Real , a successful economic reform that managed to permanently rid the country of the excessive inflation that had plagued it for more than forty years. The plan consisted of replacing the discredited old currency ( cruzeiro and cruzeiro real ) and pegging its value temporarily to the United States dollar. Inflation – which had become

1859-404: A flag, an anthem and a coat-of-arms). However, not all municipalities exercise all of this autonomy. For instance, only a few municipalities keep local police forces, some of them do not collect some taxes (to attract investors or residents) and many of them do not have a flag (although they are all required to have a coat-of-arms). Municipalities are governed by an elected prefeito ( Mayor ) and

2002-561: A large number of political parties. Some parties lack ideological consistency and it is common for congressmen to switch parties, weakening electoral coalitions. At same time, the high number of political parties makes the Executive need to gather alliances of different political parties must piece together diverse and often ideologically incoherent coalitions to pass legislation (this is known as coalition presidentialism ). The Economist Intelligence Unit 's Democracy Index rated Brazil as

2145-627: A law in July 2015 requiring all citizens and permanent residents (4.2 million people) to have their DNA taken for a national database. The reason for this law was security concerns after the ISIS suicide bombing of the Imam Sadiq mosque . They planned to finish collecting the DNA by September 2016 which outside observers thought was optimistic. In October 2017 the Kuwait constitutional court struck down

2288-641: A margin of 20 million votes. In 2010, Lula's handpicked successor, Dilma Rousseff , was elected to the Presidency. In 2011, Rousseff became the first woman to be elected president of Brazil. In 2015 and 2016, many demonstrations were held against Rousseff demanding for her to be impeached because of corruption scandals. According to studies by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics (Ibope), 70-80% of demonstrators questioned supported harsher sentences for criminal offences, and

2431-538: A person based on the study of gene pools of the regions of the Union State" (DNA - identification). Within the framework of this program, it is also planned to include the peoples of neighboring countries, which are the main source of migration, into the genogeographic study on the basis of existing collections. In accordance with the Federal Law of December 3, 2008 No. 242-FZ "On state genomic registration in

2574-400: A private company owning public DNA data has raised concerns, with an Irish Times editorial stating: "To date, Ireland seems to have adopted an entirely commercial approach to genomic medicine. This approach places at risk the free availability of genomic data for scientific research that could benefit patients." The paper's editorial pointed out that this is in stark contrast to the approach

2717-533: A reduction of the age of criminal responsibility to 16. Between 2010 and 2016, support for the death penalty increased from 31% to 49%, and the number of people declaring themselves conservative from 49% to 59%. The decline in poverty and the development of the middle class during the Lula years also allowed right-wing parties to address broader segments of the electorate on economic issues. "The new lower middle class dream of being entrepreneurs and consumers" according to

2860-778: A separate genetic genealogy database needs to be created that stores DNA profiles of genealogical DNA test results. GenBank is a public genetic genealogy database that stores genome sequences submitted by many genetic genealogists. Until now, GenBank has contained large number of DNA sequences gained from more than 140,000 registered organizations, and is updated every day to ensure a uniform and comprehensive collection of sequence information. These databases are mainly obtained from individual laboratories or large-scale sequencing projects. The files stored in GenBank are divided into different groups, such as BCT (bacterial), VRL (viruses), PRI (primates)...etc. People can access GenBank from NCBI's retrieval system, and then use “BLAST” function to identify

3003-412: A single installment, consisting of the payment of 30 times the minimum monthly wage per year of punishment for those who cannot prove an employment relationship, and whose value may not, under any circumstances, exceed 100,000 reais; or in permanent and continuous monthly installments, guaranteed to those who can prove an employment relationship. According to the law, each victim of political persecution has

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3146-496: A televised press conference, truth commissioner Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro detailed the year's successes. In particular, he mentioned that the commission's information comes from three primary sources: archives of intelligence operations that existed during the military dictatorship, testimonies of suspects and surviving victims, and other documents supplied by the government of Brazil. Furthermore, this emphasis on collecting factual and forensic truth has led to several significant findings of

3289-645: A tiny subset of the individual's genome is sampled from 13 or 16 regions that have high individuation. The first national DNA database in the United Kingdom was established in April 1995, called National DNA Database (NDNAD). By 2006, it contained 2.7 million DNA profiles (about 5.2% of the UK population), as well as other information from individuals and crime scenes. in 2020 it had 6.6 million profiles (5.6 million individuals excluding duplicates). The information

3432-516: A unicameral Câmara de Vereadores (Councillors' Chamber). In municipalities with more than 200,000 voters, the Mayor must be elected by more than 50% of the valid vote. The executive power is called Prefeitura . Brazilian municipalities can vary widely in area and population. The municipality of Altamira , in the State of Pará , with 161,445.9 square kilometres of area, is larger than many countries in

3575-564: A very short term and not enough members to complete their work satisfactorily. The military, on the other hand, complain that they will not be represented on the commission, which may not give due weight to crimes committed by leftist organizations. The Commission consists of 7 commissioners and an additional 14 employees. The commissioners include Gilson Dipp, José Carlos Dias, José Paulo Cavalcantí Filho, Maria Rita Kehl , Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro , Pedro Dallari, and Rosa Maria Cardoso da Cunha. The commission has significant power in order to ascertain

3718-420: Is called Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). It is maintained at three levels: national, state and local. Each level implemented its own DNA index system. The national DNA index system (NDIS) allows DNA profiles to be exchanged and compared between participated laboratories nationally. Each state DNA index system (SDIS) allows DNA profiles to be exchanged and compared between the laboratories of various states and

3861-505: Is called the National DNA Data Bank (NDDB) which was established in 1998 but first used in 2000. The legislation that Parliament enacted to govern the use of this technology within the criminal justice system has been found by Canadian courts to be respectful of the constitutional and privacy rights of suspects, and of persons found guilty of designated offences. On December 11, 1999, The Canadian Government agreed upon

4004-508: Is generally measured in compression ratio. The greater the compression ratio, the better the efficiency of an algorithm. At the same time, the speed of compression and decompression are also considered for evaluation. DNA sequences contain palindromic repetitions of A, C, T, G. Compression of these sequences involve locating and encoding these repetitions and decoding them during decompression. Some approaches used to encode and decode are: The compression algorithms listed below may use one of

4147-718: Is held by the Governador (Governor) and his appointed Secretários (Secretaries); the Legislative role is held by the Assembléia Legislativa (Legislative Assembly); and the Judiciary role, by the Tribunal de Justiça (Justice Tribunal). The governors and the members of the assemblies are elected, but the members of the Judiciary are appointed by the governor from a list provided by the current members of

4290-513: Is often collaborated with the National Health Service. A national DNA database is a DNA database maintained by the government for storing DNA profiles of its population. Each DNA profile based on PCR uses STR (Short Tandem Repeats) analysis. They are generally used for forensic purposes, including searching and matching DNA profiles of potential criminal suspects. In 2009 Interpol reported 54 police national DNA databases in

4433-534: Is reasonably available. The Australian national DNA database is called the National Criminal Investigation DNA Database (NCIDD). By July 2018, it contained 837,000+ DNA profiles. The database used nine STR loci and a sex gene for analysis, and this was increased to 18 core markers in 2013. NCIDD combines all forensic data, including DNA profiles, advanced bio-metrics or cold cases. The Canadian national DNA database

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4576-403: Is stored in the form of a digital code, which is based on the nomenclature of each STR. In 1995 the database originally had 6 STR markers for each profile, from 1999 10 markers, and from 2014, 16 core markers and a gender identifier. Scotland has used 21 STR loci, two Y-DNA markers and a gender identifier since 2014. In the UK, police have wide-ranging powers to take DNA samples and retain them if

4719-511: Is the Federal Genomic Information Database (FBDGI). Articles 10 and 11 of the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ "On Personal Data" provide that the processing of special categories of personal data relating to race, nationality, political views, religious or philosophical beliefs, health status, intimate life is allowed if it is necessary in connection with the implementation of international agreements of

4862-555: Is vested upon the National Congress , a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court , the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts , the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts . The 26 Brazilian states are semi-autonomous self-governing entities organized with complete administration branches, relative financial independence and their own set of symbols, similar to those owned by

5005-598: The Estado Novo had loose ties with European fascism and spanned the years 1938 to 1945. Like most of Latin America, Brazil experienced times of political instability after the Second World War. When Vargas was ousted from the presidency in another bloodless coup d'état, in 1945, a new and modern constitution was passed and the country had its first experience with an effective and widespread democracy. But

5148-532: The DNA Identification Act . This would allow a Canadian DNA data bank to be created and amended for the criminal code. This provides a mechanism for judges to request the offender to provide blood, buccal swabs, or hair samples from DNA profiles. This legislation became official on June 29, 2000. Canadian police has been using forensic DNA evidence for over a decade. It has become one of the most powerful tools available to law enforcement agencies for

5291-632: The USA , all apart from Idaho, store DNA profiles of violent offenders, and many also store profiles of suspects. A 2017 study showed that DNA databases in U.S. states "deter crime by profiled offenders, reduce crime rates, and are more cost-effective than traditional law enforcement tools". CODIS is also used to help find missing persons and identify human remains. It is connected to the National Missing Persons DNA Database ; samples provided by family members are sequenced by

5434-527: The University of North Texas Center for Human Identification , which also runs the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System . UNTCHI can sequence both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA . The Department of Defense maintains a DNA database to identify the remains of service members. The Department of Defense Serum Repository maintains more than 50,000,000 records, primarily to assist in

5577-563: The dried blood (and the DNA) is retained for later testing. In Denmark the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank at Statens Serum Institut keeps a blood sample from people born after 1981. The purpose is to test for phenylketonuria and other diseases. However, it is also used for DNA profiling to identify deceased and suspected criminals. Parents can request that the blood sample of their newborn be destroyed after

5720-544: The economy is essential for the development of the country, while the latter rely on interventionism , and protection of state enterprises . According to Ridenti, who cites the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration as an example of the first group and the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration as an example of the second, "we have it cyclically". Lula's Workers' Party tended to

5863-747: The "preemptive use of mere suspicions and of the state apparatus against individuals" and to cancel projects of international exchange of DNA data at the European and transatlantic level. The Israeli national DNA database is called the Israel Police DNA Index System (IPDIS) which was established in 2007, and has a collection of more than 135,000 DNA profiles. The collection includes DNA profiles from suspected and accused persons and convicted offenders. The Israeli database also include an “elimination bank” of profiles from laboratory staff and other police personnel who may have contact with

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6006-446: The 1979 amnesty law so the perpetrators could be prosecuted in the criminal court. However Brazil still declined to overturn the law, perhaps meaning a change to this law in the near future is unlikely. Although international pressure wants the law overturned, supreme court chairman Cezar Peluso says, "If it’s true that every people, according to its own culture, solves its own historical problems in its own manner, then Brazil has chosen

6149-578: The Brazilian government has provided financial compensation in 12,000 cases from 1995 to 2010. After signing the law, Rousseff initially made little progress with the Truth Commission. Due to objections from both the military and human rights activists, Rousseff at first stepped back from the Truth Commission she signed into law in November 2011. Nearly half a year after the formation of the commission, no commissioners had been appointed. However,

6292-410: The Brazilians used to be very proud) was mostly obsolete and polluting or that defaulting the debt was equal to not paying the rent. He also took quite revolutionary measures, like reducing the number of ministries to only 12 and naming Zélia Cardoso de Mello Minister of Economy or removing existing barriers to importing of goods. His inflation control plan was based on an attempt to control prices and

6435-490: The Constitutional Assembly that was drafting the new constitution to abort the adoption of Parliamentarism . In 1989 Fernando Collor de Mello was elected president for the term from 1990 to 1994. The elections were marked by unanimous condemnation of José Sarney , with all candidates trying to keep distance from him. Collor made some very bold statements, like saying that the Brazilian industry (of which

6578-470: The DNA profiles of criminals who have spent more than two years in prison are stored. In Norway and Germany , court orders are required, and are only available, respectively, for serious offenders and for those convicted of certain offences and who are likely to reoffend. Austria started a criminal DNA database in 1997 and Italy also set one up in 2016 Switzerland started a temporary criminal DNA database in 2000 and confirmed it in law in 2005. In 2005

6721-459: The DNA profiles of over 316,000 Dutch citizens. Contrary to the situation in most other European countries, the Dutch police have wide-ranging powers to take and retain DNA samples if a subject is convicted of a recordable offence, except when the conviction only involves paying a fine. If a subject refuses, for example because of privacy concerns, the Dutch police will use force. In Sweden , only

6864-610: The Governor of the Federal District. Throughout its modern history, Brazil has struggled to build a democratic and egalitarian society because of its origins as a plantation colony and the strong influence of slavery. In 1822 the Prince Pedro de Alcântara , son of King John VI of Portugal , proclaimed independence. He was the first Emperor (Pedro I) until his abdication in 1831 in favor of his elder son . Due to

7007-672: The National Archives, an organization that reports directly to the Office of the Chief of Staff of the Presidency of the Republic. In 1979, Brazil passed a law which granted amnesty for political crimes and crimes with a political nexus committed by members of the armed forces or member of the government between 2 September 1961 and 15 August 1979. Recently, a western human rights court and Brazilian lawyers ordered Brazil to overturn

7150-582: The Perseu Abramo Foundation. "They are very sensitive to the meritocracy rhetoric of the right and the evangelical churches, and less affected by the PT message, which is still aimed at the poor". DNA database A DNA database or DNA databank is a database of DNA profiles which can be used in the analysis of genetic diseases , genetic fingerprinting for criminology , or genetic genealogy . DNA databases may be public or private,

7293-528: The Presidency of the Republic of Brazil in 2013, which regulates the 2012 law, Brazil began using CODIS in addition to the DNA databases of sexual assault evidence to solve sexual assault crimes in Brazil . France set up the DNA database called FNAEG in 1998. By December 2009, there were 1.27 million profiles on FNAEG. In Russia , scientific DNA testing is being actively carried out in order to study

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7436-495: The Russian Federation on readmission and is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on citizenship of the Russian Federation. Information characterizing the physiological and biological characteristics of a person, on the basis of which it is possible to establish his identity (biometric personal data), can be processed without the consent of the subject of personal data in connection with

7579-539: The Russian Federation", voluntary state genomic registration of citizens of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons living or temporarily staying in the territory of the Russian Federation on the basis of a written application and on a paid basis. Genomic information obtained as a result of state genomic registration is used, among other things, for the purpose of establishing family relationships of wanted (identified) persons. The form of keeping records of data on genomic registration of citizens

7722-596: The State Law Court containing only judges (these are chosen by merit in exams open to anyone with a law degree). The name chosen by the governor must be approved by the Assembly before inauguration. The 1988 Constitution has granted the states the greatest amount of autonomy since the Old Republic. Each of the 26 state governors must achieve more than 50% of the vote, including a second round run-off between

7865-441: The State accepted responsibility for the illicit acts of the military regime, including kidnapping, torture, imprisonment, forced disappearance , murder, and violations against foreigners living in Brazil. With this law came the option for families affected by the illicit activities of the military regime to request the death certificates of those disappeared and receive compensation. After this law came into effect, another commission

8008-522: The U.K. has taken, which is the publicly and charitably funded 100,000 Genomes Project being carried out by Genomics England . By 2020, Chinese police had collected 80 million DNA profiles. There have been concerns that China may be using DNA data not just for crime solving, but for tracking activists, including Uyghurs . Chinese have begun a $ 9 billion program for genetic science studying, Fire-Eye has DNA labs in over 20 countries. India announced it will launch its genomic database by fall 2019. In

8151-554: The above encoding approaches to compress and decompress DNA database In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published the first genetic compression algorithm that does not rely on external genetic databases for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression much faster than leading general-purpose compression utilities. Genomic sequence compression algorithms, also known as DNA sequence compressors, explore

8294-472: The activities of the Executive power of the states and municipalities. The municipalities are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each municipality has an autonomous local government , comprising a mayor , directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a legislative body , also directly elected by the people. Brazil has an unrestricted multiparty system with

8437-742: The administration of justice. NDDB consists of two indexes: the Convicted Offender Index (COI) and National Crime Scene Index (CSI-nat). There is also the Local Crime Scene Index (CSI-loc) which is maintained by local laboratories but not NDDB as local DNA profiles do not meet NDDB collection criteria. Another National Crime Scene Index (CSI-nat) is a collection of three labs operated by Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Laboratory Sciences Judiciary Medicine Legal (LSJML) and Center of Forensic Sciences (CFS). In 2017 Dubai announced an initiative called Dubai 10X which

8580-631: The anti-Collor campaign into a wider revolutionary fight to overthrow the regime. Itamar finally granted full powers to his Minister of Economy, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, so the minister could launch the Plano Real , a new economic plan that seemed to be just the same as the many unsuccessful plans launched by Sarney, Collor and their military predecessor. But the Real was a success because of Rubens Ricupero and essentially because of Ciro Gomes , according to Itamar Franco himself, and terminated inflation in

8723-410: The appearance of a black market in which such goods were sold for higher prices. Buoyed by the ensuing popularity from the apparent success of the plan, Sarney secured the largest electoral win in Brazilian history; the party he had just joined, Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), won in 26 out of 27 states and in more than 3,000 municipalities. Just after the elections, Sarney's "corrections" to

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8866-579: The average payment coming to approximately 120,000 reais , almost 120,000 dollars at the exchange rate of the time. In addition to these reparations, the CEMDP in September 2006 began collecting blood samples from families of people killed during the regime to create a DNA database to identify the remains of victims. In 2007, during the second term of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , the book Direito à memória e à verdade (Right to memory and to truth)

9009-617: The carpet. In 1985 the Archdiocese of São Paulo headed by Archbishop Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns and supported by the World Council of Churches published a report called Brasil: Nunca Mais (Brazil: Never Again, or Torture in Brazil) about the widespread use of torture during Brazil's military regime. Working from 1979–1982, while the military was still in power, lawyers and other researchers sought to investigate to what extent

9152-461: The case regarding the disappearance of Edgar de Aquino Duarte became the first criminal trial of state security agents Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, Carlos Augusto, and Alcides Singello. The victim vanished in 1973 after being held and tortured at special intelligence offices in São Paulo. Punitive justice has traditionally been challenging to accomplish in Brazil due to the amnesty law of 1979 and

9295-544: The caudillism of the Spanish-speaking countries. The "old republic" (1889–1930) is also known as the "oligarchic republic". Until 1930, the Brazilian republic was formally a democracy, although the power was concentrated in the hands of powerful land owners. In 1930, a bloodless coup led Getúlio Vargas to power. For about 15 years, he controlled the country's politics, with a brief three-year constitutional interregnum from 1934 to 1937. A longer, heavier regime,

9438-417: The center: MDB , PSD , Agir , DC , PROS , Avante , Patriota , Podemos and PMB . Five parties declare themselves as center-right: Brazil Union , PTB , Progressistas , PSC , PRTB and Republicanos . The only party that claims to be purely liberal, without further consideration, is Novo . When asked about their ideological spectrum, Brazilian parties tend to give obtuse and non-conclusive answers on

9581-406: The circumstances of the deaths. These families also disapproved of the state treating deaths like they were only family issues, not ones of society, since only family members of victims could file requests for acknowledgement of State responsibility. After eleven years of work, the CEMDP had disbursed nearly 40 million reais to the families of more than 300 persons killed by the military regime, with

9724-519: The commission eventually began with its inauguration in May 2013. The inauguration featured the introduction of the seven commissioners and a speech by President Rousseff, in which she declared the event a "celebration of the transparency of truth." Since the inauguration in May 2012, the truth commission has held fifteen public hearings across nine states in Brazil. In July 2013, the commission reported on their accomplishments in their first year of existence. In

9867-410: The commission. The first is that the use of torture was not only employed towards the end of the military dictatorship, but had been used as a common technique in interrogation as early as 1964. Additionally, the commission has established that the state of Brazil concealed information regarding missing persons. While the commission took time to gain enough political support and fulfill the requirements of

10010-499: The country itself. Despite their relative autonomy they all have the same model of administration, as set by the Federal Constitution. States hold elections every four years and exercise a considerable amount of power. The 1988 constitution allows states to keep their own taxes, set up State Houses , and mandates regular allocation of a share of the taxes collected locally by the federal government. The Executive role

10153-468: The country's state legislatures. The last set of elections took place in 2006. Brazil has no clear distinction between towns and cities (in effect, the Portuguese word cidade means both). The only possible difference is regarding the municipalities that have a court of first instance and those that do not. The former are called Sedes de Comarca (seats of a comarca , which is the territory under

10296-505: The criminal-executive legislation of Russia, the legislation of Russia on the procedure for leaving the Russian Federation and entering the Russian Federation, citizenship of the Russian Federation and notaries. In comparison with the other European countries, The Netherlands is the largest collector of DNA profiles of its citizens. At this moment the DNA databank at the Netherlands Forensic Institute contains

10439-473: The currency and prevented any stability. In an attempt to revolutionize the economy and defeat inflation, Sarney carried on an ambitious "heterodox" economic plan ( Cruzado ) in 1986, which included price controls, default on the external debts and reduction of salaries. The plan seemed successful for some months, but it soon caused wholesale shortages of consumer goods (especially of easily exportable goods like meat, milk, automobiles, grains, sugar and alcohol) and

10582-556: The database contained DNA profiles of over 700,000 individuals and in September 2016 it contained 1,162,304 entries. On 23 May 2011 in the "Stop the DNA Collection Frenzy!" campaign various civil rights and data protection organizations handed an open letter to the German minister of justice Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger asking her to take action in order to stop the "preventive expansion of DNA data-collection" and

10725-729: The dictatorship. According to the report, 434 people were killed or disappeared by actions of the military regime, together with over 8,300 across the indigenous people. The Truth Commission admits that the real figure of indigenous people killed is probably much higher. From 1964 to 1985 Brazil fell under the influence of a military regime that killed or "disappeared" political activists and trade unionists and tortured many others. The numbers of those killed and "disappeared" are smaller than those of neighboring countries like Argentina , which also fell to military dictatorships. Brazil's military regime ruled Brazil by rotating military presidents, held elections, and kept Congress open. However, in reality,

10868-402: The economy failed to control inflation and the public perception that he had used an artificial control of inflation to win the elections proved to be his undoing. His popularity never recovered and he was plagued by vehement criticism from most sectors of society until the end of his term. Despite popular rejection, Sarney managed to extend his term from four to five years, and exerted pressure on

11011-529: The elections held were heavily manipulated and the military openly threatened Congress if it began to operate against the views and wishes of the regime. In 1979 the Brazilian government passed an amnesty law that allowed all exiled activists to return to Brazil but also protected officials involved in the military regime from any prosecution for human rights violations committed prior to 1979. Because of this law, no military perpetrators of crimes have been tried and convicted for their offenses. As 1985 began to unfold,

11154-534: The enormous size of each DNA sequence . Every year DNA databases grow exponentially. This poses a major challenge to the storage, data transfer, retrieval and search of these databases. To address these challenges DNA databases are compressed to save storage space and bandwidth during the data transfers. They are decompressed during search and retrieval. Various compression algorithms are used to compress and decompress. The efficiency of any compression algorithm depends how well and fast it compresses and decompresses, which

11297-450: The fact that DNA sequences have characteristic properties, such as inverted repeats. The most successful compressors are XM and GeCo. For eukaryotes XM is slightly better in compression ratio, though for sequences larger than 100 MB its computational requirements are impractical. Many countries collect newborn blood samples to screen for diseases mainly with a genetic basis. Mainly these are destroyed soon after testing. In some countries

11440-597: The factual and social truths of the nation's military dictatorship: it "can receive voluntarily provided information in the form of testimonies, data, and documents; solicit information from public entities and organs; convoke persons for interviews or testimonies; authorize enquiries to collect or recover information; hold public hearings; request witness protection; partner with public or private, national or international organs and organizations to exchange information and demand assistance from public entities and organs." The commission's goals for reconciliation focus on documenting

11583-523: The financial markets. Despite some achievements in solving part of the country's biggest problems, his term was plagued by multiple corruption scandals that rocked his cabinet, forcing some members to resign their posts. In 2006 Lula regained part of his popularity and ran for re-election. After almost winning on the first round, he won the run-off against Geraldo Alckmin from the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), by

11726-571: The first phase of "Genome India" the genomic data of 10,000 Indians will be catalogued. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has initiated the project. The first private DNA bank in India is in Lucknow - the capital of Indian State Uttar Pradesh. Unlike a research center, this is available for Public to store their DNA by paying a minimum amount and four drops of blood. DNA databases occupy more storage when compared to other non DNA databases due to

11869-513: The forensic evidence in the course of their work. In order to handle the high throughput processing and analysis of DNA samples from FTA cards, the Israeli Police DNA database has established a semi-automated program LIMS, which enables a small number of police to finish processing a large number of samples in a relatively small period of time, and it is also responsible for the future tracking of samples. The Kuwaiti government passed

12012-592: The genetic diversity of the peoples of Russia in the framework of the state task - to learn from DNA to determine the probable territory of human origin based on data on the majority of the peoples of the country. On June 16, 2017, the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Belarus and Russia adopted Resolution No. 26, in which it approved the scientific and technical program of the Union State "Development of innovative genogeographic and genomic technologies for identification of personality and individual characteristics of

12155-456: The government of João Figueiredo . In 1985, the military were defeated in an election according to the scheme they had set up as a consequence of the loss of political support among the elites. The opposition candidate, Tancredo Neves , was elected president, but died of natural causes before he was able to take office. Fearing a political vacuum that might stifle the democratic effort, Neves' supporters urged vice-president, José Sarney to take

12298-709: The human rights violations perpetrated by the military dictatorship. In 1996, the Dossier on the Missing and Assassinated originally published in 1984 by the Brazilian Committee for Amnesty, Rio Grande do Sul section, was updated referring to 217 victims of assassination and 152 victims of forced disappearance by state agents. However, Law 9,140, a law allowing financial compensation to victim's families, only recognized 130 victims of forced disappearance and none of assassination. Outside of major cases of reparations,

12441-465: The identification of human remains. Submission of DNA samples is mandatory for US servicemen, but the database also includes information on military dependents. The National Defense Authorization Act of 2003 provided a means for federal courts or military judges to order the use of the DNA information collected to be made available for the purpose of investigation or prosecution of a felony, or any sexual offense, for which no other source of DNA information

12584-431: The implementation of international agreements of the Russian Federation on readmission, administration of justice and execution of judicial acts, compulsory state fingerprinting registration, as well as in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation on defense, security, anti-terrorism, transport security, anti-corruption, operational investigative activities, public service, as well as in cases stipulated by

12727-596: The impunity of Brazil's human rights violators crumbles. On January 11, 2013, the Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV) released its first torture allegation from outside the military dictatorship, during the government of Getúlio Vargas. Eighty-four-year-old Boris Tabacof, former Secretary of Finance of Bahia, former director of the Safra Group and current president of the Board of Directors of Suzano, denounced

12870-586: The incoming Portuguese government proposed to introduce a DNA database of the entire population of Portugal. However, after informed debate including opinion from the Portuguese Ethics Council the database introduced was of just the criminal population. Genuity Science (formerly Genomics Medicine Ireland) is an Irish life sciences company that was founded in 2015 to create a scientific platform to perform genomic studies and generate new disease prevention strategies and treatments. The company

13013-495: The kidnapping of a union leader Aluzio Palhano Pedreira Ferreira in 1971. Although the amnesty law would normally come into play here, the absence of the victim, makes it so the crime is deemed to continue beyond 1979 and thus not covered by the amnesty. Even with the amnesty law, prosecutors are starting to find "loopholes" in the law. With increasing international pressure on this law, it will be interesting to see how this unfolds. The Amnesty Law, organized into five chapters (which

13156-406: The largest ones being national DNA databases . DNA databases are often employed in forensic investigations. When a match is made from a national DNA database to link a crime scene to a person whose DNA profile is stored on a database, that link is often referred to as a cold hit . A cold hit is of particular value in linking a specific person to a crime scene, but is of less evidential value than

13299-493: The law saying it was an invasion of personal privacy and the project was cancelled. In 1998, the Forensic DNA Research Institute of Federal District Civil Police created DNA databases of sexual assault evidence . In 2012, Brazil approved a national law establishing DNA databases at state and national levels regarding DNA typing of individuals convicted of violent crimes. Following the decree of

13442-416: The local DNA index system (LDIS) allows DNA profiles collected at local sites and uploaded to SDIS and NDIS. CODIS software integrates and connects all the DNA index systems at the three levels. CODIS is installed on each participating laboratory site and uses a standalone network known as Criminal Justice Information Systems Wide Area Network (CJIS WAN) to connect to other laboratories. In order to decrease

13585-483: The mandate to preserve the history of contemporary political struggles in the country. The federal government of Brazil in May 2009 launched the online project "Revealed Memories", also known as the "Reference Center for the Political Struggles in Brazil (1964-1985)". This reference center makes available information to the public about the political history of Brazil, and is run under the supervision of

13728-421: The mandate, there have been significant developments in the formation of a national truth in Brazil over the course of the last year. As the national Truth Commission seemed to be at a virtual standstill in the beginning of 2012, the São Paulo state assembly decided to form an independent Truth Commission. The commission is composed of five commissioners who will investigate human rights abuses that occurred during

13871-506: The military dictatorship and offer a report in 2015. Officially called the Rubens Paiva State Truth Commission (named after disappeared congressman Rubens Paiva ) the commission hopes to contribute to "a nation-wide mobilization around the cause of memory, truth, and justice." Since the formation of the São Paulo truth commission, other states have followed their example. A member of the house subcommittee on

14014-426: The military regime were arrested, tortured, and killed, and was highly critical of the amnesty awarded to military officials. This book called military officials and those involved in illicit acts to uncover the truth of what happened during the regime. Since 2007, memorials titled "Indispensable People" have been erected around Brazil, helping to restore some of the history of those political dissidents who died during

14157-559: The military regime. On 22 September 2009, the Memorial da Resistência de São Paulo (Resistance Memorial) was inaugurated in the building that previously hosted the Departamento de Ordem Política e Social (State Department of Social and Political Order, DEOPS), an infamous torture and assassination center. The Resistance Memorial is one of the most important transitional justice initiatives in Brazil, possessing an extensive archive and

14300-401: The motives and grounds for the decision, reinstatement to their positions (due to the age of the claimants, this reinstatement has occurred, in practice, in retirement). The law also lists in detail all the punishments that entitle victims to the status of recipients of political amnesty, and it states that financial reparations, provided for in chapter III, may be paid in two different ways: in

14443-538: The mounting tension between populist politicians (like Vargas himself and, later, Jânio Quadros ) and the right led to a crisis that ultimately brought up the military coup d'état in 1964 , now known, through declassified documents, to have been supported by the American Central Intelligence Agency . In 1964 a military-led coup d'état deposed the democratically elected president of Brazil, João Goulart . Between 1964 and 1985, Brazil

14586-411: The national truth commission, Erika Kokay , argued in favor of the urgency expressed by the states’ initiatives for these regional commissions: "This country cannot bear to wait. Brazil has to know the truth." The various truth commissions are designed to report to and cooperate with the efforts of the national truth commission, despite their ability to conduct their own investigations. In December 2013,

14729-514: The nature of Tabacof's testimony, the CNV's mandate only covers issues from between 1964 and 1988, preventing any further investigation of the claim. Brazilian government Recent elections The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President is both head of state and head of government , and of

14872-514: The number of irrelevant matches at NDIS, the Convicted Offender Index requires all 13 CODIS STRs to be present for a profile upload. Forensic profiles only require 10 of the STRs to be present for an upload. As of 2011, over 9 million records were held within CODIS. As of March 2011, 361,176 forensic profiles and 9,404,747 offender profiles have been accumulated, making it the largest DNA database in

15015-432: The oath and govern the country. Tancredo Neves had said that his election and the demise of military régime would create a "New Republic" and Sarney's term of government is often referred to by this name. Sarney's government was disastrous in almost every field. The ongoing recession and the soaring external debt drained the country's assets while ravaging inflation (which later turned into hyperinflation ) demonetized

15158-428: The original municipality to form another one. A municipality is relatively autonomous: it enacts its own "constitution", which is called organic law ( Lei Orgânica ), and it is allowed to collect taxes and fees, to maintain a municipal police force (albeit with very restricted powers), to pass laws on any matter that do not contradict either the state or the national constitutions, and to create symbols for itself (like

15301-635: The other federal units, form the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one federal district. The executive power is exercised by a governor elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each state has a unicameral legislature with deputies who vote on state laws. The Constitution of Brazil knows also two elements of direct democracy , stated in Article 14. The legislative assemblies supervise

15444-420: The part of the military. The amnesty bill put into place in 1979, stated in article 11 that "This Law, beyond the rights expressed herein, does not generate any others, including those relating to remuneration, payments, salaries, income, restitution, dues, compensation, advances or reimbursements." The law did not allow any reparations in any of the mentioned forms. Then in 2001, Fernando Henrique Cardoso passed

15587-424: The participants said that they were working to preserve the military records and inform society about the abuses suffered by Brazilians under the dictatorship. The report concluded that the military regime used torture in its judicial system, and that judicial authorities knew that these torture methods were taking place to elicit confessions. Its recommendations for Brazil were vague, calling Brazilians to ensure "that

15730-617: The project never had any governmental backing to legitimize it. In 1995 Law No. 9.410, known as the Law of the Disappeared, allowed for the creation of a Special Commission on Political Deaths and Disappearances (the CEMDP), established and installed in the Ministry of Justice of Brazil and sanctioned by the president of Brazil, Fernando Henrique Cardoso . This law marks the first time that

15873-408: The regime began to slowly and peacefully transfer governmental power to civilians, avoiding a tumultuous end that might instigate negative feelings about the regime or aggressive prosecution of any leaders of the military. This chapter of Brazil's past created what researcher Nina Schneider describes as a "politics of silence", where atrocities and entire decades of Brazil's history have been swept under

16016-420: The regime used torture as a form of punishment for their political opponents, secretly copying documents from military trial transcripts from 1964–1979 and gathering testimony from political prisoners. The report's publication and release was delayed until after March 1985 to ensure that a new civilian president and government were in place. This project did not have an official mandate, although unofficially one of

16159-468: The result of the test is known. Critics of DNA databases warn that the various uses of the technology can pose a threat to individual civil liberties . Personal information included in genetic material, such as markers that identify various genetic diseases , physical and behavioral traits, could be used for discriminatory profiling and its collection may constitute an invasion of privacy. Also, DNA can be used to establish paternity and whether or not

16302-459: The right to receive the outstanding amounts up until five years before the date of their request claiming amnesty. The commission was proposed by the 3rd National Human Rights Program, a set of bills proposed by then President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in December 2009. However, Lula dropped the truth commission proposal after members of the military threatened resignation. Since then, its text

16445-428: The rule of that court). Other than that, only size and importance differs one from another. The municipality ( município ) is a territory comprising one urban area, the sede (seat), from which it takes the name, and several other minor urban or rural areas, the distritos (districts). The seat of a municipality must be the most populous urban area within it; when another urban area grows too much it usually splits from

16588-484: The same manner as a municipality, does not possess the same autonomy as a state (though usually ranked among them), and is closely related to the central power. It is considered a single and indivisible entity, constituted by the seat, Brasília and some of the satellite cities . Brasília and the satellite cities are governed by the Regional Administrators individually and as a whole are governed by

16731-559: The son's age (five years) a regency was established and the country had its first elections, though voting was restricted to a minority of the population. In 1889, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca declared the republic, by a coup d'état . When the republic succeeded the empire, Auguste Comte 's motto "Order and Progress" appeared on the flag of the Republic and the 1891 Constitution was inspired by Auguste Comte's Course of Positive Philosophy and System of Positive Politics. The Republic's beginnings were marked by "coronelism", an equivalent of

16874-454: The statist nationalist side, although there are privatizing forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's Social Democratic Party tended to favor the international private market side by taking neoliberal policies as with the global Third Way . Lula compares himself with Getúlio Vargas , Juscelino Kubitschek and João Goulart , presidents seen as statist nationalists. As of May 2017, 16,668,589 Brazilians were affiliated with

17017-429: The strong real made it easy to import goods, forcing Brazilian industry to modernize and compete (which had the side effect of causing many of them to be bought by foreign companies). During his first term, a constitutional amendment was passed to enable a sitting Executive chief to run for re-election, after which he again beat Lula in 1998. In 2002, at his fourth attempt, Lula was elected president. In part his victory

17160-488: The subject is convicted of a recordable offence. As the large amount of DNA profiles which have been stored in NDNAD, "cold hits" may happen during the DNA matching, which means finding an unexpected match between an individual's DNA profile and an unsolved crime-scene DNA profile. This can introduce a new suspect into the investigation, thus helping to solve the old cases. In England and Wales, anyone arrested on suspicion of

17303-407: The subject. Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, based on representative democracy . The federal government has three independent branches : executive, legislative, and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the executive branch, headed by the President , advised by a Cabinet . The President is both the head of state and the head of government . Legislative power

17446-424: The subsequent upholding of this law by Brazil's supreme court. The ministry of public affairs has been able to make the claim that cases such as that of Edgar de Aquino Duarte are exempt from the 1979 amnesty law because the victim is still missing, making the forced disappearance an ongoing crime. While the amnesty law has prevented criminal trials in Brazil in the past, interpretations of the amnesty law may change as

17589-444: The support of the youth and of the lower classes, but his call for help was answered by massive popular demonstrations, led mostly by students, demanding his resignation. In 1992, the vice-president, Itamar Franco, took office as president and managed to evade the most feared consequences of Collor's downfall. He had to face a country with hyper-inflation, high levels of misery and unemployment. Far-left organizations were trying to turn

17732-601: The suspected individual and crime scene bio-markers, and then provides evidence to support criminal investigations, and also leads to identify potential suspects in the criminal investigation. Majority of the National DNA databases are used for forensic purposes. The Interpol DNA database is used in criminal investigations. Interpol maintains an automated DNA database called DNA Gateway that contains DNA profiles submitted by member countries collected from crime scenes, missing persons, and unidentified bodies. The DNA Gateway

17875-441: The top two candidates if necessary. In contrast to the federal level, state legislatures are unicameral, although the deputies are elected through similar means, involving an open-list system in which the state serves as one constituency. State level elections occur at the same time as those for the presidency and Congress. In 2002, candidates from eight different parties won the gubernatorial contest while 28 parties are represented in

18018-470: The torture he suffered in November 2012 to several members of the commission: Maria Rita Kehl, José Carlos Dias and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro. Tabacof's testimony covered his torture, illustrating his arrest on October 20, 1952 and subsequent 400-day imprisonment. Tabacof's testimony also illustrated a significant human rights violation that occurred in Brazil during the Estado Novo period (1937-1945). Despite

18161-476: The truth and promoting restorative justice. It hopes to help victims, find bodies of the disappeared, establish the policies and actions of the dictatorship, and recommend measures to prevent further human rights violations. Although the Commission has been given the appropriate powers to ascertain information, it is questionable if it will be able to achieve its goals due to resistance in Brazil, particularly on

18304-429: The validation of diplomas obtained by those who completed courses at teaching institutes outside the country; and the right to reinstatement for punished civil servants and public employees. In the sole paragraph of article 1, the law guarantees those who were removed from their jobs by administrative cases, based on emergency legislation, without the right to contest the case or defend themselves, and prevented from knowing

18447-405: The violence, the infamy, the injustice, and the persecution of Brazil’s recent past should never again be repeated", and that citizens should be able to participate in politics to ensure that the government is held accountable for its actions. This report, however, failed to effect much change in Brazil as the 1979 Amnesty law protected the perpetrators of human rights violations during the regime and

18590-533: The way of harmony." However journalist Fernando Rodriguez stated it's more of a, "fear to lay hands on the shameful episodes of the past". In April 2010, in a controversial ruling, the Brazilian court upheld the use of the amnesty law during the military regime. However, a few months later in November 2010, the Inter American Court of Human Rights found in the Gomez Lund case that the amnesty law

18733-450: The world and 26 more countries planned to start one. In Europe Interpol reported there were 31 national DNA databases and six more planned. The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) DNA working group made 33 recommendations in 2014 for DNA database management and guidelines for auditing DNA databases. Other countries have adopted privately developed DNA databases, such as Qatar, which has adopted Bode dbSEARCH. Typically,

18876-464: The world. As of the same date, CODIS has produced over 138,700 matches to requests, assisting in more than 133,400 investigations. The growing public approval of DNA databases has seen the creation and expansion of many states' own DNA databases. Political measures such as California Proposition 69 (2004), which increased the scope of the DNA database, have already met with a significant increase in numbers of investigations aided. Forty-nine states in

19019-461: The world. Several Brazilian municipalities have over 1,000,000 inhabitants, with São Paulo, at more than 9,000,000, being the most populous. Until 1974 Brazil had one state-level municipality, the State of Guanabara , now merged with the State of Rio de Janeiro , which comprised the city of Rio de Janeiro solely. The Federal District is an anomalous unit of the federation, as it is not organized in

19162-472: Was changed several times, mainly to address the complaints of the military, who feared a review of the Amnesty Law . Most notably, the term "political repression" was abolished from the bill's text. Since the commission will not have punitive powers against officers accused of torture, it was criticized by human rights activists as a non-contribution for justice. They also claim that the commission will have

19305-449: Was considered highly satisfactory by the victims of political persecution) guarantees the following amnesty rights: the declaration of the status of political amnesty recipient; financial reparations; assurance, for all official purposes, that the period of time in which they were forced to stop their professional activities due to punishment or threat of punishment will count as valid; the conclusion of courses interrupted due to punishment or

19448-461: Was derived from the significant unpopularity of Cardoso's second term, which failed to address economic inequality, and to an extent from a softening of his and the party's radical stance, including a vice-presidential candidate from the Liberal Party , acceptance of an International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreement from the previous government administration, and a line of discourse friendly to

19591-497: Was established in 2002, and at the end of 2013, it had more than 140,000 DNA profiles from 69 member countries. Unlike other DNA databases, DNA Gateway is only used for information sharing and comparison, it does not link a DNA profile to any individual, and the physical or psychological conditions of an individual are not included in the database. A national or forensic DNA database is not available for non-police purposes. DNA profiles can also be used for genealogical purposes, so that

19734-477: Was founded by a group of life science entrepreneurs, investors and researchers and its scientific platform is based on work by Amgen ’s Icelandic subsidiary, deCODE genetics , which has pioneered genomic population health studies. The company is building a genomic database which will include data from about 10 per cent of the Irish population, including patients with various diseases and healthy people. The idea of

19877-419: Was governed by the military, with a two-party system that comprised a pro-government National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) and an opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). Thousands of politicians (including former president Juscelino Kubitschek ) had their political rights suspended, and military-sanctioned indirect elections were held for most elected positions until political liberalization during

20020-499: Was not compatible with the American Convention, meaning that the law lacked legal effect and therefore should not be an obstacle in the prosecution of the human rights abuses. Marking a crucial moment in Brazil's history, the federal courts launched an investigation into a past human rights violation. On 24 March 2012, federal prosecutors charged Colonel Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra and Police Chief Dirceu Garvina, with

20163-512: Was planned to create 'disruptive innovation' into the country. One of the projects in this initiative was a DNA database that would collect the genomes of all 3 million citizens of the country over a 10-year period. It was intended to use the data base for finding genetic causes of diseases and creating personalised medical treatments. Germany set up its DNA database for the German Federal Police (BKA) in 1998. In late 2010,

20306-485: Was published. This book outlined the results of eleven years of labor by the CEMDP, serving as the first official report by the Brazilian State to directly accuse members of the military for crimes such as torture, dismemberment, decapitation, rape, concealing bodies, and murder. Paulo Vannuchi, one of the authors of Brazil: Nunca Mais, helped to complete this book. This book proved that the majority of opponents to

20449-475: Was tasked with investigating deaths that were politically motivated while in police custody. Many families criticized this law because it did not mandate the State to identify and hold responsible the perpetrators of those criminal acts, and because the burden of proof was placed on the families of victims. Additional complaints were founded on the fact that due to the Amnesty Law, the state could not examine

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