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73-627: The Natisone ( Friulian : Nadison ; Slovene : Nadiža ; Latin : Natiso ) is a 60-kilometre (37 mi) river in Slovenia and Italy. It flows for some time as a border river between Slovenia and Italy, continues in Slovenia and then crosses the border and continues in Eastern Friuli , in northeastern Italy. It is the main tributary of the Torre and a sub-affluent of the Isonzo . It has

146-635: A pluvio-nival regime and belongs to the Adriatic Sea Basin. The Natisone is formed at 415 metres (1,362 ft) above sea level on the border between Friuli and Slovenia by the confluence of two streams: the Rio Bianco ( Slovene : Beli potok ) and the Rio Nero ( Slovene : Črni potok ) which spring from the Punta di Montemaggiore and Gabrovec mountains. Before the confluence with

219-406: A consonant or in -i . A few masculine nouns end in -e , including sisteme (system) and probleme (problem). They are usually words coming from Ancient Greek . However, because most masculine nouns end in a consonant, it is common to find the forms sistem and problem instead, more often in print than in speech. There are also a number of masculine nouns borrowed intact from Italian , with

292-410: A consonant, including those ending in -zion , which are from Latin . Note that in some Friulian dialects the -e feminine ending is actually an -a or an -o, which characterize the dialect area of the language and are referred to as a/o-ending dialects (e.g. cjase is spelled as cjaso or cjasa - the latter being the oldest form of the feminine ending). Most masculine nouns end either in

365-580: A fierce repression began against the opponents, or potential opponents of the regime. At least 1,048 Italian civilians and military disappeared. According to some historians, many of the killings and violence suffered by the Italian ethnic group in Gorizia (and the rest of Friuli and Venezia Giulia) by the Yugoslav army were perpetrated as part of an ethnic cleansing practiced by Tito. Soon the administration

438-500: A final -o , like treno (train). Many of the words have been fully absorbed into the language and even form their plurals with the regular Friulian -s rather than the Italian desinence changing. Still, there are some purists, including those influential in Friulian publishing, who frown on such words and insist that the "proper" Friulian terms should be without the final -o . Despite the fact that one almost always hears treno , it

511-671: A joint administration board. The name of the town comes from the Slovene word gorica 'little mountain', which is a common toponym in Slovene-inhabited areas . Originating as a watchtower or a prehistoric castle controlling the fords of the Isonzo River, Gorizia first emerged as a small village not far from the former Via Gemina , the Roman road linking Aquileia and Emona (modern Ljubljana ). The name Gorizia

584-503: A religious community, under the official category of " Israelites ". The data below refer to the population within the current borders of the city: As of December 31, 2022, foreigners residents in the municipality were 3,715, i.e. 11.1% of the population. The largest groups are shown below: Although the majority of the population identifies with the Italian culture , Gorizia is a center of Friulian and Slovene culture . Before 1918,

657-479: A short occupation by the Republic of Venice in the years 1508 and 1509. Under Habsburg dominion, the town spread out at the foot of the castle . Many settlers from northern Italy moved there and started their commerce. Gorizia developed into a multi-ethnic town, in which Friulian , Venetian , German, and Slovene were spoken. In mid-16th century, Gorizia emerged as a center of Protestant Reformation , which

730-1288: A unique pattern of diphthongs (yellow) and monophthongs (blue) for the long vowels: Note that the vowels î and û in the standard language (based on the Central dialects) correspond to two different sounds in the Western dialects (including Codroipo). These sounds are not distributed randomly but correspond to different origins: Latin short E in an open syllable produces Western [ei] but Central [iː] , whereas Latin long Ī produces [iː] in both dialects. Similarly, Latin short O in an open syllable produces Western [ou] but Central [uː] , whereas Latin long Ū produces [uː] in both dialects. The word mûr , for example, means both "wall" (Latin MŪRUM ) and "(he, she, it) dies" (Vulgar Latin * MORIT from Latin MORITUR ); both words are pronounced [muːr] in Central dialects, but respectively [muːr] and [mour] in Western dialects. Long consonants (ll, rr, and so on), frequently used in Italian, are usually absent in Friulian. Friulian long vowels originate primarily from vowel lengthening in stressed open syllables when

803-399: A word which means "child"). A modern Friulian speaker can understand these texts with only little difficulty. The second important period for Friulian literature is the 16th century. The main author of this period was Ermes di Colorêt , who composed over 200 poems. Notes: Some notes on orthography (from the perspective of the standard, i.e. Central, dialect): Long vowels are typical of

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876-434: Is Piruç myò doç inculurit (which means "My pear, all colored"); it was composed by an anonymous author from Cividale del Friuli, probably in 1380. quant yò chi viot, dut stoi ardit cuant che jo ti viôt, dut o stoi ardît There are few differences in the first two rows, which demonstrates that there has not been a great evolution in the language except for several words which are no longer used (for example, dum(n) lo ,

949-793: Is agns . The same happens for the adjective bon (good), as its plural is bogns . A feature of Friulian are the clitic subject pronouns . Known in Friulian as pleonastics , they are never stressed; they are used together with the verb to express the subject and can be found before the verb in declarative sentences or immediately after it in case of interrogative or vocative ( optative ) sentences. Gorizia Gorizia ( Italian pronunciation: [ɡoˈrittsja] ; Slovene : Gorica [ɡɔˈɾìːtsa] ), colloquially stara Gorica 'old Gorizia' to distinguish it from Nova Gorica ( Standard Friulian : Gurize , Southeastern Friulian : Guriza ; Bisiacco : Gorisia ; German : Görz [ɡœʁts] ),

1022-568: Is compensatory lengthening before lost consonants in certain circumstances, cf. pâri "father" < Latin patrem , vôli "eye" < Latin oc(u)lum , lîre "pound" < Latin libra . This produces long vowels in non-final syllables, and was apparently a separate, later development than the primary lengthening in open syllables. Note, for example, the development of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ in this context: */ɛ/ > */jɛ/ > iê /jeː/ , as in piêre "stone" < Latin PETRAM , differing from

1095-560: Is a town and comune (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia . It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps , bordering Slovenia . It is the capital of the Regional decentralization entity of Gorizia and is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin town of Nova Gorica has developed on the other side of the modern-day Italy–Slovenia border . The region

1168-540: Is almost always written tren . The Friulian definite article (which corresponds to "the" in English) is derived from the Latin ille and takes the following forms: Before a vowel, both il and la can be abbreviated to l' in the standard forms - for example il + arbul (the tree) becomes l'arbul. Yet, as far as the article la is concerned, modern grammar recommends that its non elided form should be preferred over

1241-666: Is also the site of a choral competition, the "C. A. Seghizzi" International Choir Competition, which is a member of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing . The majority of the population of Gorizia is of Roman Catholic denomination. The town is the seat of the Archbishop of Gorizia , who was one of the three legal descendants of the Patriarchate of Aquileia (along with the Patriarchate of Venice and

1314-493: Is worth"). Friulian is quite different from Italian in its morphology; it is, in many respects, closer to French . In Friulian as in other Romance languages , nouns are either masculine or feminine (for example, " il mûr " ("the wall", masculine), " la cjadree " ("the chair", feminine). Most feminine nouns end in -e , which is pronounced, unlike in Standard French: Some feminine nouns, however, end in

1387-415: Is written as gjats but is pronounced in much of Friuli as if it were gjas . The plural of plat 'dish', though written as plats , is often pronounced as plas . Other words in this category include clâf (key) and clap (stone), whose plural forms, clâfs and claps, are often pronounced with no f or p, respectively (clâs, clas) so the longer a in the former is all that distinguishes it from

1460-633: The Allied side and conflict with Austria-Hungary began on May 24, 1915. The hills west of Gorizia soon became the scene of fierce battles between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian armies. The town itself was seriously damaged and most of its inhabitants had been evacuated by early 1916. The Italian Army occupied Gorizia during the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo in August 1916, with the front line moving to

1533-683: The Archdiocese of Udine ). Between mid-18th century and 1920, Gorizia was thus the center of a Metropolitan bishopric that comprised the Dioceses of Ljubljana , Trieste , Poreč-Pula and Krk . Religious figures who lived and worked in Gorizia during this period include Cardinal Jakob Missia , Bishop Frančišek Borgia Sedej , theologians Anton Mahnič and Josip Srebrnič , and the Franciscan friar and philologian Stanislav Škrabec . There are many important Roman Catholic sacral buildings in

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1606-581: The Bavarian Meinhardiner noble lineage, with possessions around Lienz in Tyrol , is mentioned as early as 1107; as a vogt of the Patriarchate of Aquileia he was enfeoffed with large estates in the former March of Friuli , including the town of Gorizia, and as early as 1127 called himself Graf von Görz , Count of Gorizia. In the late 13th century, the House of Gorizia emerged as one of

1679-613: The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia , together with the vast majority of the former Province of Gorizia. Around a half of the prewar area of the municipality of Gorizia, with an approximate 20% of the population, was annexed to Yugoslavia. The national border was drawn just off the town center, putting Gorizia into a peripheral zone. Several landmarks of the town, such as the Kostanjevica Monastery /Convento di Castagnevizza, Kromberk Castle /Castello Coronini,

1752-512: The House of Habsburg , the Friulian conservatives and Christian Socialists who demanded a separate and autonomous Eastern Friuli within an Austrian confederation , and the underground Italian irredentist movement working for unification with Italy. At the end of World War I, in late October 1918, the Slovenes unilaterally declared an independent State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , while

1825-573: The Jesuit order to the town, which played a role in the education and cultural life in Gorizia thereafter. Gorizia was at first part of the County of Gorizia and since 1754, the capital of the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca . In ecclesiastical matters, after the suppression of the Patriarchate of Aquileia in 1751, the Archdiocese of Gorizia was established as its legal successor on

1898-588: The Lombardic language — Friuli was one of their strongholds — are present. In a similar manner, there is a unique connection to the modern, nearby Lombard language . In Friulian, there is also a plethora of words of German , Slovenian and Venetian origin. From that evidence, scholars today agree that the formation of new Friulian dates back to circa 500 AD, at the same time as other dialects derived from Latin (see Vulgar Latin ). The first written records of new Friulian have been found in administrative acts of

1971-612: The Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca and granted regional autonomy . At that time, Gorizia was a multi-ethnic town; Italian and Venetian , Slovene , Friulian , and German were all spoken in the town center, while in the suburbs Slovene and Friulian prevailed. Although some tensions between the Italian-Friulian and the Slovene population existed, the town continued to maintain a relatively tolerant climate in which both Slovene and Italian-Friulian cultures flourished. On

2044-474: The Schengen area . Designated border crossings are (Gorizia- Nova Gorica ): The chart shows the historical development of the population of Gorizia from the late 18th century to the eve of World War I, according to official Austrian censuses. The figures show the population of the municipality of Gorizia in the boundaries of the time. The criteria for the definition of the ethnical structure were changing over

2117-584: The Sveta Gora /Monte Santo pilgrimage site, the old Jewish cemetery, and the northern railway station, remained on the other side of the border. In 1948, the authorities of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia (with president Josip Broz Tito 's special support) started building a new town called Nova Gorica ('New Gorizia') on their side of the border. From the late 1940s onward, Gorizia gave refuge to thousands of Istrian Italians that had fled

2190-466: The province of Pordenone , in half of the province of Gorizia , and in the eastern part of the province of Venice . In the past, the language borders were wider since in Trieste and Muggia , local variants of Friulian were spoken. The main document about the dialect of Trieste, or tergestino , is "Dialoghi piacevoli in dialetto vernacolo triestino", published by G. Mainati in 1828. Friuli was, until

2263-493: The -e is changed to -is (whilst a/o-ending dialects simply add an s) The plural of almost all other nouns is just -s. It is always pronounced as voiceless [s], as in English cats , never as voiced [z], as in dogs . In some Friulian dialects, there are many words whose final consonant becomes silent when the -s is added. The words include just about all those whose singular form ends in -t. The plural of gjat , for example,

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2336-436: The 13th century and are mainly commercial or juridical acts. The examples show that Friulian was used together with Latin, which was still the administrative language. The main examples of literature that have survived (much from this period has been lost ) are poems from the 14th century and are usually dedicated to the theme of love and are probably inspired by the Italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo . The most notable work

2409-473: The 13th century, but the documents became more frequent in the following century, when literary works also emerged ( Frammenti letterari for example). The main centre at that time was Cividale . The Friulian language has never acquired primary official status: legal statutes were first written in Latin, then in Venetian and finally in Italian. The idea of unity among Ladin , Romansh and Friulian comes from

2482-610: The 14th century, the Venetian language shared many phonetic features with Friulian and Ladin and so he thought that Friulian was a much more conservative language. Many features that Ascoli thought were peculiar to the Rhaeto-Romance languages can, in fact, be found in other languages of Northern Italy . Today, Friulian is spoken in the province of Udine , including the area of the Carnia Alps , but as well throughout

2555-537: The 1960s, an area of deep poverty, causing a large number of Friulian speakers to emigrate. Most went to France , Belgium , and Switzerland or outside Europe , to Canada , Mexico , Australia , Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , Venezuela , the United States , and South Africa . In those countries, there are associations of Friulian immigrants (called Fogolâr furlan ) that try to protect their traditions and language. The first texts in Friulian date back to

2628-627: The Basilica of Aquileia were transferred. Many new villas were built conveying to the town the typical late Baroque appearance, which characterized it up to World War I . A synagogue was built within the town walls, too, which was another example of Gorizia's relatively tolerant multi-ethnic nature. During the Napoleonic Wars , Gorizia was incorporated to the French Illyrian Provinces between 1809 and 1813. After

2701-560: The Friulian language and greatly influence the Friulian pronunciation of Italian. Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels: in the following minimal pairs (long vowels are marked in the official orthography with a circumflex accent): Friulian dialects differ in their treatment of long vowels. In certain dialects, some of the long vowels are actually diphthongs. The following chart shows how six words ( sêt thirst, pît foot, fîl "wire", pôc (a) little, fûc fire, mûr "wall") are pronounced in four dialects. Each dialect uses

2774-585: The Friulians continued to demand an autonomous region under Habsburg rule. Gorizia became a contested town. In early November 1918, it was occupied by Italian troops again, who immediately dissolved the two competing authorities and introduced their own civil administration. In the first years of Italian administration, Gorizia was included in the Governorate of the Julian March (1918–1919). In 1920,

2847-502: The Italian historical linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli , who was born in Gorizia . In 1871, he presented his theory that these three languages are part of one family, which in the past stretched from Switzerland to Muggia and perhaps also Istria . The three languages are the only survivors of this family and all developed differently. Friulian was much less influenced by German . The scholar Francescato claimed subsequently that until

2920-652: The Roman Empire. Often, it is cited that Fortunatianus , the bishop of Aquileia c. 342–357 AD, wrote a commentary to the Gospel in sermo rusticus (the common/ rustic language), which, therefore, would have been quite divergent from the standard Latin of administration. The text itself did not survive so its language cannot be examined, but its attested existence testifies to a shift of languages while, for example, other important communities of Northern Italy were still speaking Latin. The languages spoken before

2993-561: The Torre, it passes through the municipalities of Pulfero and Cividale del Friuli . Friulian language A question that causes many debates is the influence of the Latin spoken in Aquileia and surrounding areas. Some claim that it had peculiar features that later passed into Friulian. Epigraphs and inscriptions from that period show some variants if compared to the standard Latin language, but most of them are common to other areas of

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3066-704: The arrival of the Romans in 181 BC were Rhaetic , Venetic and Celtic . The inhabitants belonged to the Raeti , a likely pre-Indo-European language population, the Italic Veneti , and the Carni , a Celtic population. In modern Friulian, the words of Rhaetic, Venetic or Celtic origin include terms referring to mountains, woods, plants, or animals, as well as local toponyms and onomastics (e.g. names of villages with -acco , -icco ). Even influences from

3139-743: The eastern outskirts of the town. With the Battle of Caporetto in October and November 1917, when the Central Powers pushed the Italians back to the Piave River , the town returned to Austro-Hungarian control. After the Battle of Caporetto, Gorizia became the focus of three competing political camps: the unified Slovene nationalist parties that demanded a semi-independent Yugoslav state under

3212-516: The elided one: la acuile (the eagle) although in speech the two a sounds are pronounced as a single one. In the spoken language, various other articles are used. The indefinite article in Friulian (which corresponds to a and an in English) derives from the Latin unus and varies according to gender: A partitive article also exists: des for feminine and dai for masculine: des vacjis – some cows and dai libris - some books A Friulian adjective must agree in gender and number with

3285-618: The eve of World War I , Gorizia had around 31,000 inhabitants and was the third-largest city in the Austrian Littoral , following Trieste and Pula (Pola). Another 14,000 people lived in the suburbs, making it one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the Alpe-Adria area, ahead of Klagenfurt , Maribor , Salzburg , Bozen or Trento . Within the city limits, about 48% of the population spoke Italian or Friulian as their first language, while 35% were Slovene speakers. In

3358-408: The final -t to -cj Some masculine nouns ending in -t form their plurals by palatalising the final -t to -cj: Nouns ending in "s" do not change spelling in the plural, but some speakers may pronounce the plural -s differently from the singular -s. The plural of an (year) has several forms depending on dialect, including ain , ains , agn and agns . Regardless of pronunciation, the written form

3431-478: The following vowel was lost. Friulian vowel length has no relation to vowel length in Classical Latin. For example, Latin valet yields vâl "it is worth" with a long vowel, but Latin vallem yields val "valley" with a short vowel. Long vowels aren't found when the following vowel is preserved, e.g.: It is quite possible that vowel lengthening occurred originally in all stressed open syllables, and

3504-562: The implementation of the Schengen Agreement by Slovenia on December 21, 2007. Gorizia has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ). The town is located at the confluence of the Isonzo and Vipava Valleys . It lies on a plain overlooked by the Gorizia Hills . Sheltered from the north and from the east by a mountain ridge, Gorizia is completely protected from the cold bora wind , which affects

3577-464: The last Bourbon monarch Charles X who spent his last years in Gorizia. Unlike in most neighboring areas, the revolutionary spring of nations of 1848 passed almost unnoticed in Gorizia, thus reaffirming its reputation of a calm and loyal provincial town. In 1849, the County of Gorizia was included in the Austrian Littoral , along with Trieste and Istria . In 1861, the territory was reorganized as

3650-658: The latter. A final -ç, which is pronounced either as the English "-ch" (in central Friulian) or as "-s", is pluralized in writing as -çs, regardless of whether the pluralized pronunciation is "-s" or "-ts" (it varies according to dialect): messaç / messaçs (message). Masculine nouns ending in -l or -li form their plurals by palatalising final -l or -li to -i. Notice how these very often correspond to French nouns that form an irregular plural in - x : cheval-chevaux, chapeau-chapeaux, cheveu-cheveux, oeil-yeux, genou-genoux . Feminine nouns ending in -l have regular plurals. Masculine nouns ending in -st form their plurals by palatalising

3723-537: The most important noble houses in the Holy Roman Empire. The borders of the County changed frequently in the following three centuries due to frequent wars with Aquileia and other counties, and also to the subdivision of the territory in two main nuclei: one around the upper Drava river with the center in Lienz, the other around Gorizia itself. Between the 12th century and early 16th century, the town served as

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3796-441: The noun it qualifies. Most adjectives have four forms for singular (masculine and feminine) and plural (masculine and feminine): (Like for nouns, for a/o-ending dialects the plural is simply obtained by adding an s - e.g. brute corresponds to bruta/bruto and its plural form brutis is brutas/brutos ). The feminine is formed in several ways from the masculine: To form the plural of masculine and feminine nouns ending in -e,

3869-484: The outcome /i(ː)/ in originally open syllables (see above). Additional complications: Synchronic analyses of vowel length in Friulian often claim that it occurs predictably in final syllables before an underlying voiced obstruent , which is then devoiced. Analyses of this sort have difficulty with long-vowel contrasts that occur non-finally (e.g. pâri "father" mentioned above) or not in front of obstruents (e.g. fi "fig" vs. fî "son", val "valley" vs. vâl "it

3942-526: The political and administrative center of this essentially independent County of Gorizia , which at the height of its power comprised the territory of the present-day regions of Goriška , southeast Friuli , the Karst Plateau , central Istria , western Carinthia and East Tyrol , and the Windic March with Bela Krajina . From the 11th century, the town had two different layers of development:

4015-503: The regions annexed to Yugoslavia. Many of those settled in the town and had a role in shaping its postwar national and political identity. Though a border city, Gorizia was only in part crossed by the border with Yugoslavia . Some important old buildings once belonging to Gorizia were included in the Yugoslav territory: these include the old railway station of the Transalpina line that connected Trieste to Villach , as well as to

4088-479: The rest of the neighboring areas. The town thus enjoys an exceptionally mild climate throughout the year, making it a popular resort town. The Italy-Slovenia border runs by the edge of Gorizia and Nova Gorica and there are several border crossings between the cities. The ease of movement between the two parts of town has depended very much on the politics of both countries, ranging from strict controls to total free movement since December 21, 2007, when Slovenia joined

4161-642: The restoration of the Austrian rule, the Gorizia and its county were incorporated in the administrative unit known as the Kingdom of Illyria . During this period, Gorizia emerged as a popular summer residence of the Austrian nobility, and became known as the "Austrian Nice ". Members of the former French ruling Bourbon family , deposed by the July Revolution of 1830, also settled in the town, including

4234-449: The suburbs of Salcano ( Solkan ), Podgora, Lucinico , and San Pietro di Gorizia ( Šempeter pri Gorici ), as well as the predominantly rural settlements of Vertoiba ( Vrtojba ), Boccavizza ( Bukovica ) and Sant'Andrea (Štandrež). According to the Italian census of 1921, the expanded town had around 47,000 inhabitants, among whom 45.5% were native Slovene, 33% Italian (mostly Venetian ), and 20.5% Friulian speakers. Benito Mussolini visited

4307-494: The suburbs, the Slovene speaking population prevailed, with 77% versus 21% Italian/Friulian speakers. Gorizia was not on the frontline during the first 10 months of World War I , but the first Gorizian victim of the war occurred as early as August 10, 1914, when Countess Lucy Christalnigg was shot by Landsturmer guards while driving her car on a mission for the Austrian Red Cross. Italy entered World War I on

4380-644: The territory of the Habsburg monarchy . Gorizia thus emerged as a Roman Catholic religious center. The archdiocese of Gorizia covers a large territory, extending to the Drava River to the north and the Kolpa to the east, with the dioceses of Trieste , Trento , Como and Pedena subject to the authority of the archbishops of Gorizia. A new town quarter developed around the Cathedral where many treasures from

4453-417: The town and the whole region became officially part of Italy. The autonomous County of Gorizia and Gradisca was dissolved in 1922, and in 1924 it was annexed to the Province of Udine (then called the Province of Friuli ). In 1927 Gorizia became a provincial capital within the Julian March administrative region. During the fascist regime , all Slovene organizations were dissolved, and the public use of Slovene

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4526-434: The town landmarks. Although the situation in Gorizia was often compared with that of Berlin during the Cold War , Italy and Yugoslavia had good relations regarding Gorizia. These included cultural and sporting events that favoured the spirit of harmonious coexistence that remained in place after Yugoslavia broke up in 1991. With the breakup of Yugoslavia, the frontier remained as the division between Italy and Slovenia until

4599-436: The town twice: in 1938 and in 1942. After the Italian armistice in September 1943, the town was shortly occupied by the Slovene partisan resistance , but soon fell under Nazi German administration. Between 1943 and 1945 it was incorporated into the Operational Zone Adriatic Littoral . The town was briefly occupied by the Yugoslav Army in May and June 1945. With the arrival of the Yugoslav partisans in Gorizia in May 1945,

4672-403: The town, and those few who did, like the writer France Bevk , were subject to persecution. The town, heavily damaged during World War I, was rebuilt in the 1920s according to the plans laid out by the local architect Max Fabiani . Several rationalist buildings were built during this period, including some fine examples of Fascist architecture . The borders of the town were expanded, absorbing

4745-419: The trilingual Gorizia Grammar School was one of the most important educational institutions in the Slovene Lands and for the Italians in the Austrian Littoral . Nowadays, Gorizia hosts several important scientific and educational institutions. The University of Trieste , the University of Udine and the University of Nova Gorica all have part of their campuses and faculties located in Gorizia. Gorizia

4818-475: The upper castle district and the village beneath it. The first played a political-administrative role and the second a rural-commercial role. The name of the central square, known to this day in both languages as Travnik or Traunig ("meadow", in Slovene), testifies to this period. In the late 15th century, the city rights were expanded to the lower town. In 1500, the dynasty of the Counts of Gorizia died out and their County passed to Austrian Habsburg rule, after

4891-408: The years: in 1789, only the religious affiliation of the population was taken into account; in 1869 the ethnic affiliation was also recorded, with Jews counted as a separate category; in 1880 the category of ethnicity was replaced by the mother tongue , and from 1890 to 1910 only the "language of everyday communication" (German: Umgangsprache ) was recorded. After 1869, the Jews were only recorded as

4964-564: Was later lost in non-final syllables. Evidence of this is found, for example, in the divergent outcome of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ , which becomes /jɛ/ in originally closed syllables but /i(ː)/ in Central Friulian in originally open syllables, including when non-finally. Examples: siet "seven" < Vulgar Latin */sɛtte/ < Latin SEPTEM , word-final pît "foot" < Vulgar Latin */pɛde/ < Latin PEDEM , non-word-final tivit /ˈtivit/ "tepid, lukewarm" < Vulgar Latin */tɛpedu/ < Latin TEPIDUM . An additional source of vowel length

5037-438: Was prohibited. Underground Slovene organizations, with an anti-Fascist and often irredentist agenda, such as the militant insurrectionist organization TIGR , were established as a result. Many Slovenes fled to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and to South America, especially to Argentina . Many of these emigrants became prominent in their new environments. Very few Slovene-speaking intellectuals and public figures decided to stay in

5110-410: Was recorded for the first time in a document dated April 28, 1001, in which Holy Roman Emperor Otto III donated the castle and the village of Goriza to the Patriarch of Aquileia John II and to Count Verihen Eppenstein of Friuli . The document referred to Gorizia as "the village known as Goriza in the language of the Slavs " ( "Villa quae Sclavorum lingua vocatur Goriza "). Count Meinhard of

5183-413: Was spreading from the neighboring northeastern regions of Carniola and Carinthia . The prominent Slovene Protestant preacher Primož Trubar also visited and preached in the town. By the end of the century, however, the Catholic Counter-Reformation had gained force in Gorizia, led by the local dean Johann Tautscher , who later became bishop of Ljubljana . Tautscher was also instrumental in bringing

5256-497: Was subject to territorial dispute between Italy and Yugoslavia after World War II : after the new boundaries were established in 1947 and the old town was left to Italy, Nova Gorica was built on the Yugoslav side. The two towns constitute a conurbation , which also includes the Slovenian municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba . Since May 2011, these three towns have been joined in a common trans-border metropolitan zone, administered by

5329-463: Was transferred to the Allies , who ruled the town for more than two years, amidst fierce ethnic and political turmoil. On September 15, 1947, the town was assigned to Italy. Several peripheral districts of the municipality of Gorizia ( Solkan , Pristava , Rožna Dolina , Kromberk , Šempeter pri Gorici , Vrtojba , Stara Gora , Ajševica , Volčja Draga , Bukovica , and Vogrsko ) were handed over to

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