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33-560: Naukluft is the Namibian German rendering of the Afrikaans Noukloof , meaning "narrow ravine ", from nou ('narrow', cf Dutch nauw ) and kloof ('ravine', cf German Kluft ). The Naukluft Mountains are a nappe complex: a stack of rock units which have been transported toward the southeast on a basal thrust fault . The first geological maps and cross-sections of the mountain range were made in

66-631: A 'Treaty of Protection and Friendship' with the German Empire which permitted him to retain a degree of autonomy in exchange for recognizing colonial rule. Relations between Rehoboth and Germany remained close for more than twenty years, but in 1914, following the outbreak of World War I , Germany's use of Baster soldiers to guard South African prisoners — contrary to the terms of their enlistment — led to armed revolt. German forces then attacked Rehoboth, committed atrocities against Baster civilians and attacked refugees encamped upon

99-577: A German-medium Gymnasium in Windhoek. The University of Namibia also offers German medium education in German studies and business administration . Signs for shops, restaurants and services are often in English and German, reflecting not only a high proportion of German-Namibian ownership but also the high number of German-speaking tourists that visit the country. However, a customer entering such

132-433: A fault rock formed by alteration during earthquake slip. Most workers agree that the lubricating effect of this granular layer helped the thrust fault slip when the fault was active. 24°10′S 16°10′E  /  24.167°S 16.167°E  / -24.167; 16.167 Namibian German Namibia is a multilingual country in which German is recognised as a national language . While English has been

165-605: A few years, the Basters were closely linked to the town of Rehoboth and became identified as Rehoboth Basters or Rehobothers . The population increased rapidly from an initial number of 333 in 1870, 800 in 1874 and 1500 by 1885. The growing Baster population settled in the surrounding areas, which would become known as the Rehoboth Gebiet ("Gebiet": German : area ). In 1885, Baster Kaptein Hermanus van Wyk signed

198-537: A high elevation plateau with several natural hot-water springs. It is situated 90 km (56 mi) south of the Namibian capital Windhoek on the B1 national road . The B1 intersects Rehoboth from north to south and also serves as the border of the two electoral constituencies in the town, Rehoboth Urban West and Rehoboth Urban East . It receives sparse mean annual rainfall of 240 millimetres (9.4 in), although in

231-574: A medium of communication in a wide range of cultural spheres: In addition to 32 schools in which about 14,000 pupils learn German as a foreign language, there are about a dozen German-medium schools, including the Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek (DHPS), German schools in Omaruru and Otjiwarongo as well as five government schools. There are several additional elementary schools, German-medium high schools and

264-558: A mother tongue, and several tens of thousands of Namibians, either white native speakers of English or Afrikaans or metropolitan black Namibians, speak German as a second language. German is taught in many schools, and is the medium for a daily newspaper, the Allgemeine Zeitung , as well as daily programming on the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation . Although German (and for that matter English)

297-654: A prominent position in the tourism and business sectors. Many Namibian natural features, place and street names have German names. However, Germanic linguist Ulrich Ammon sees the future of German in Namibia as threatened. During the period when the territory was a German colony from 1884 to 1915, German was the only official language in German Southwest Africa , as Namibia was then known. Boers , i.e. South African whites who spoke Dutch (South African Dutch would later develop into Afrikaans) already lived in

330-781: A result of an attack by the Orlam Afrikaners. Rehoboth means "streets" in Hebrew. The arrival of the ǀHôaǀaran (Oorlam Afrikaner) in ǀAeǁgams (Windhoek) in 1840 marked the start of the ǀHôaǀaran-ǁKhauǀgôan (Oorlam Afrikaner-Swartbooi Nama) feud. This feud lasted from 1840 to 1865, as the Oorlam Afrikaner attacked the Swartbooi Nama at Rehoboth in a bloody clash resulting in the Swartbooi Namas fleeing to ǃAmaib in ǃOeǂgâb (Erongo region). The Rehoboth area

363-595: A shop may well be greeted in Afrikaans; relatively fewer signs are in Afrikaans but the language retains a leading position as a spoken lingua franca in Windhoek and throughout the central and southern parts of the country. German is also found on signs for tourists, especially those to monuments and historic buildings from the German colonial period. Other signs that include German date back before 1990, when English, Afrikaans and German shared status as official languages of

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396-667: Is a town in the Hardap Region of central Namibia , just north of the Tropic of Capricorn . It had a population of 40,788 people in 2023. Rehoboth is intersected from north to south by the national road B1 , which also serves as the border of the two electoral constituencies in the town, Rehoboth Urban West and Rehoboth Urban East . Rehoboth is the core territory of the Baster community which still lives according to their Paternal Laws which were enacted in 1872. Rehoboth lies on

429-427: Is characterised by simplification and the adoption of many words from Afrikaans , South African English , and Ovambo and other Bantu languages . This variant of German is called variously Südwesterdeutsch (German südwest , southwest, referring to the country's former name, South West Africa ); while younger people also call it Namsläng (i.e. Namibian slang) or Namdeutsch . Rehoboth, Namibia Rehoboth

462-406: Is not common as a mother tongue among the black population, a number of public servants especially in the tourism sector speak German to varying degrees. However, there are many spheres in which the German language is not or barely present at all — spheres with a small number of white people, especially in the north part of the country, but also in many neighbourhoods of Windhoek. German is used as

495-612: Is the mother tongue of German Namibians as well as older black speakers of Namibian Black German and Black Namibians who as children grew up in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) during the last decades of the Cold War . The German Namibian newspaper Allgemeine Zeitung on its website refers to 22,000 native speakers and of several hundred thousand who know German as a second or third language. German benefits from its similarity to Afrikaans and has

528-446: The 16th century and named the site ǀGaoǁnāǀaus (Fountain of the falling buffalo). The ǃAinîn later permanently settled at ǃNawases 11 km (7 mi) NE of Rehoboth in the mid 1700s under the reign of chief Xomaǀkhāb (third in line of chieftain chronology) circa 1725- (1750). The traditional community is as per post-independent Namibian legislative framework is administered by a traditional authority (ǃAinîn Traditional Authority) under

561-571: The 1930s by Henno Martin and Hermann Korn. The rocks are interbedded sediments, dominated by dolomites , quartzites and shales , deposited in a shallow marine environment in the hinterland of the Damara orogeny between 700-500 million years ago. The sediments are equivalent in age to the Otavi Mountainlands sediments, where evidence for snowball earth climates was described by Paul F. Hoffman . The same lithologies are present in

594-569: The 2010/2011 rainy season a record 731 millimetres (28.8 in) were measured. The majority of the population consists of Basters . The town is served by Rehoboth railway station . There is also a private landing strip for small aircraft near the Oanob Dam . To the west is Gamsberg Nature Reserve . Public amenities include a public hospital, primary and secondary schools and a district court with resident magistrate. The Oanob Dam , approximately six kilometres (4 miles) from Rehoboth, supplies

627-485: The Afrikaans word for "hope", and Lüderitz , named after the German merchant Adolf Lüderitz . In Windhoek , Swakopmund , Keetmanshoop , Grootfontein and Lüderitz many or most street names are German in origin, even though after 1990 many streets were renamed to honor black Namibian people, predominantly but not exclusively from the currently ruling SWAPO party. (See for example List of former Swakopmund street names ). Streets named before 1990 often end in "Str.",

660-548: The Germans were transferred out of the country. In 1920 Dutch (later to be superseded by Afrikaans) and English replaced German as the official languages of the country. The German-speaking population wished German to be reinstated as an official language and in 1932 the Treaty of Cape Town encouraged South Africa to do so. It was hoped that this would throw a spanner in the works against South Africa annexing South West Africa into

693-613: The Naukluft Mountains, but the sediments are folded and faulted, so the original stratigraphy is deformed and inverted. The mountain range has been the site of numerous studies seeking to explain the mechanical paradox of overthrusts: How large thin units of rock may be pushed long distances over gently dipping thrust faults. The main basal thrust fault beneath the klippe which forms the mountain range contains an unusual polymineralic granular rock which has been described by some authors as an injected evaporite , and by others as

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726-506: The Union of South Africa. South Africa did not officially recognise German; however, de facto German was added to Afrikaans and English as a working language of the government. In 1984 German was officially added as an official language. After independence in 1990, English became the sole official language of Namibia. Though German lost its official status, it continues to be used in everyday Namibian life. About 31,000 Namibians speak German as

759-640: The country alongside Orlam tribes and mixed-race Rehoboth Basters . South Africa took over administration of the country in 1915. However, German language privileges and education remained in place. In 1916 the Allgemeine Zeitung newspaper was founded under its original name of Der Kriegsbote . After the end of the First World War the South African attitude to the German Namibians changed, and between 1919 and 1920 about half of

792-423: The country. Unlike other parts of the world with large German immigration and large numbers of German place names, only few places had their name changed, for example Luhonono , the former Schuckmannsburg . Especially in the south, in the regions of Hardap and ǁKaras , many place names are German or Afrikaans. Examples include Keetmanshoop (after German industrialist Johann Keetman  [ de ] and

825-543: The fauna rich springs of Rehoboth so as not chase away game roaming the site. In 1845 ǁKhauǀgôan (Swartbooi) clan arrived under the leadership of Willem Swartbooi (ǃHuiseb ǂHaobemâb) and Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt of the German Rhenish Missionary Society . Kleinschmidt named the place Rehoboth that year, and established a Rhenish Mission Station there. In 1864, the Nama abandoned the area as

858-466: The mountain of Sam Khubis , but, despite repeated attacks and the use of superior weaponry, were unable to destroy the Basters' position. On the following day the Germans retreated and Rehoboth's Baster community was reprieved. Namibia was occupied by South Africa in 1915 and, ten years later, a second rebellion broke out at Rehoboth. This revolt collapsed, however, when colonial forces, armed with machine guns and supported by two warplanes, marched into

891-461: The reign of Kai ǀGarub (regnal title- "Great Leopard") Chief Hans Eichab. ǀGaoǁnāǀaus was later renamed ǀAnes (place of smoke) by the Kaiǁkhaun (Rooinasie Nama of ǃHoaxaǃnâs) who for a short period had settled there before migrating to Hoachanas . The "smoke" referred to the steam that was rising over the hot water fountains on cold winter mornings. The ǀHūǃgaoben decided to settle at a distance from

924-435: The sole official language of the country since 1990, in many areas of the country, German enjoys official status at a community level. A national variety of German is also known as Namdeutsch . German is especially widely used in central and southern Namibia and was until 1990 one of three official languages in what was then South West Africa , alongside Afrikaans and English, two other Germanic languages in Namibia. German

957-669: The standard abbreviation in German for Straße , and in Afrikaans for straat ; streets renamed since 1990 often end in "St.", implying the English abbreviation for "Street". Many colonial buildings and structures have retained their original German names. Examples include Windhoek's castles Heinitzburg , Schwerinsburg and Sanderburg , Windhoek's Alte Feste (Old Fortress) and the Reiterdenkmal (Equestrian Statue) stored in its yard. Swakopmund also has many buildings still known by their German names, for instance Altes Gefängnis (Old Prison). The German language as spoken in Namibia

990-444: The town and arrested more than 600 people. Rehoboth is divided into eight neighbourhoods, called blocks. The oldest part of the town is blocks A, B and C, of which block B contains most public services and shops. Block D is home to the wealthiest inhabitants of the town. Block E is the poorest neighbourhood and was originally (under Apartheid ) designated for blacks. Blocks F, G and H are the newest neighbourhoods. The current mayor of

1023-620: The town is Mr. Pieters, living in Block E. Administratively, Rehoboth is classified as a town with its own council of 7 elected individuals. The 2015 local authority election was won by the SWAPO party which gained four seats (4,519 votes), while the local United People's Movement (UPM) gained three seats (3,101 votes). The 2020 local authority election was narrowly won by the newly formed Landless People's Movement (LPM) which scored well all over Hardap. LPM gained 2,468 votes and two seats in

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1056-633: The town with fresh water. The aboriginals of Rehoboth and its surroundings are the now seemingly extinct and or greatly assimilated/ accultured San (Haiǁom) and the Damaras, of the ǃAinîn traditional community (or rather the Dama of the ǃAib [aka ǀHūǃgaoben]), a sub clan of the ǀGowanîn (Dune Damaras/ Damaras of the Kalahari). They first came upon the hot water springs after the fall of the Damara cohession in

1089-649: Was mostly bare except the Swartbooi Nama who were sheltered by the ǀHūǃgaoben. In 1870, the Basters , who had migrated out of the Cape Colony in 1868, moved into the territory and were granted permission to settle at Rehoboth by the participants of the peace conference of Okahandja on 23 September 1870. Paternal Laws , the constitution of the Rehoboth Basters, were enacted in 1872. The Baster community of Rehoboth still lives according to these. Within

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