The Naval Ordnance Laboratory ( NOL ) was a facility in the White Oak area of Montgomery County, Maryland . The location is now used as the headquarters of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration .
78-1024: The U.S. Navy Mine Unit, later the Mine Laboratory at the Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, was established in 1918, and the first Officer in Charge (OIC) arrived in February 1919, marking the beginning of the Laboratory. In 1929 the Mine Laboratory was merged with the Experimental Ammunition Station in Indian Head to form the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. NOL began slowly, and it was not until the beginnings of World War II, when Germany's aircraft-laid magnetic mine began to cause serious problems for
156-654: A 90-foot long, 26-inch bore air gun designed at NOL in 1958 for testing full-size weapons. NOL was purposely built in what was then a remote area. White Oak was still farmland, and the designers could not have predicted the phenomenal growth of the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC. But the relentless spread of civilization brought homes and townhouses right up to the fence surrounding the Lab. Purchasers of houses next to an "Ordnance Laboratory" expected to hear an occasional explosion, and were occasionally rewarded with one. In 1974,
234-425: A channel becomes supersonic, one significant change takes place. The conservation of mass flow rate leads one to expect that contracting the flow channel would increase the flow speed (i.e. making the channel narrower results in faster air flow) and at subsonic speeds this holds true. However, once the flow becomes supersonic, the relationship of flow area and speed is reversed: expanding the channel actually increases
312-634: A clean-up." http://projects.wsj.com/waste-lands/site/311-naval-ordnance-laboratory/ The Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) report of 1991 reduced the scope of NOL and reduced the staff to 650 persons. BRAC '93 recommended dis-establishment, and the move of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) from leased buildings in Crystal City, Virginia to White Oak. The NOL was partitioned between three existing Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) R&D Labs: NSWC Dahlgren retained
390-439: A corresponding speed of sound (Mach 1) of 295.0 meters per second (967.8 ft/s; 659.9 mph; 1,062 km/h; 573.4 kn), 86.7% of the sea level value. The terms subsonic and supersonic are used to refer to speeds below and above the local speed of sound, and to particular ranges of Mach values. This occurs because of the presence of a transonic regime around flight (free stream) M = 1 where approximations of
468-423: A federal program to compensate individuals for health damage from work in the atomics-weapons industry, analyzes information about scores of sites around the country. It looks for evidence that a site engaged in activities that might have exposed workers to harmful amounts of weapons-related radiation. If such a situation is found, the agency looks for evidence that the site was either satisfactorily cleaned up or that
546-526: A few miles to the north were thwarted in the 1990s when the state government purchased the land to preserve it as green space under its "smart growth" program. The preserved land includes an old growth Shell-Marl Ravine Forest ecosystem. In 2004, the town opened a "black box" stage theater , the Indian Head Center for the Arts, and is exploring other efforts to revitalize the town. A section of
624-640: A foreign tribe was beheaded for falling in love with an " Algonquin princess ", although Edward W. Rice (the town's mayor at that time) dismissed the story as a "fairy tale". During the American Civil War , Union Brigadier General Joseph Hooker commanded the Third Brigade near Budd's Ferry in August 1861. The site was a gathering spot for volunteers, including the 5th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry under Colonel Samuel H. Starr . The site
702-407: A gas or a liquid. The boundary can be travelling in the medium, or it can be stationary while the medium flows along it, or they can both be moving, with different velocities : what matters is their relative velocity with respect to each other. The boundary can be the boundary of an object immersed in the medium, or of a channel such as a nozzle , diffuser or wind tunnel channelling the medium. As
780-529: A historic site in the County's Master Plan for Historic Preservation. The Montgomery County Planning Board then also recommended that the 10.5 acres site be designated in the County's Master Plan for Historic Preservation. The historic site was designated on the County's Master Plan for Historic Preservation in July 2014. People who have worked there include: The White Oak Laboratory Alumni Association (WOLAA)
858-509: A male householder with no wife present, and 28.5% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.24. The median age in the town was 33.2 years. 28.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.4% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
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#1732780728568936-466: A sharp object, there is no air between the nose and the shock wave: the shock wave starts from the nose.) As the Mach number increases, so does the strength of the shock wave and the Mach cone becomes increasingly narrow. As the fluid flow crosses the shock wave, its speed is reduced and temperature, pressure, and density increase. The stronger the shock, the greater the changes. At high enough Mach numbers
1014-445: A single scientist and his or her lab and office space. The largest test facility was Building 327, the 50-Pound Bombproof Facility , which became operational in 1984. The center of the building housed a 20' x 20' x 16' steel-lined reinforced concrete test chamber capable of containing an explosion equivalent to 50 pounds of TNT . Numerous sophisticated high-speed cameras, x-ray equipment, and high-speed electronics were used to monitor
1092-599: A supersonic compressible flow can be found from the Rayleigh supersonic pitot equation (above) using parameters for air: M ≈ 0.88128485 ( q c p + 1 ) ( 1 − 1 7 M 2 ) 2.5 {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} \approx 0.88128485{\sqrt {\left({\frac {q_{c}}{p}}+1\right)\left(1-{\frac {1}{7\,\mathrm {M} ^{2}}}\right)^{2.5}}}} where: As can be seen, M appears on both sides of
1170-769: A supersonic compressible flow is derived from the Rayleigh supersonic pitot equation: p t p = [ γ + 1 2 M 2 ] γ γ − 1 ⋅ [ γ + 1 1 − γ + 2 γ M 2 ] 1 γ − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{t}}{p}}=\left[{\frac {\gamma +1}{2}}\mathrm {M} ^{2}\right]^{\frac {\gamma }{\gamma -1}}\cdot \left[{\frac {\gamma +1}{1-\gamma +2\gamma \,\mathrm {M} ^{2}}}\right]^{\frac {1}{\gamma -1}}} Mach number
1248-486: A test section, and into a downstream vacuum sphere. Operating in the test-section Mach number range of 7 to 16, Tunnel 9 is the highest-pressure wind tunnel in the world. It produces realistic flight Reynolds numbers at hypersonic Mach numbers and beyond, with test times on the order of one second. Other buildings in the Aeroballistics Area 400, including the original main wind tunnel building (415) and
1326-479: A wide range of experiments. A four-inch (102 mm) single-stage light-gas gun and one-inch two-stage light-gas gun set up to fire projectiles into the chamber further extended the facility's capabilities. The 400 area was home to a number of wind tunnels . At the end of World War II, the G.I.'s found several large wind tunnels in Peenemünde , Germany. The wind tunnels were disassembled and brought back to
1404-461: Is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound . It is named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach . M = u c , {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} ={\frac {u}{c}},} where: By definition, at Mach 1, the local flow velocity u is equal to
1482-642: Is a function of temperature and true airspeed. Aircraft flight instruments , however, operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number, not temperature. Assuming air to be an ideal gas , the formula to compute Mach number in a subsonic compressible flow is found from Bernoulli's equation for M < 1 (above): M = 5 [ ( q c p + 1 ) 2 7 − 1 ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} ={\sqrt {5\left[\left({\frac {q_{c}}{p}}+1\right)^{\frac {2}{7}}-1\right]}}\,} The formula to compute Mach number in
1560-613: Is a town in Charles County , Maryland , United States. The population was 3,894 at the 2020 U.S. Census . It has been the site of a naval base specializing in gun and rocket propellants since 1890. Production of nitrocellulose and smokeless powder began at the Indian Head Powder Factory in 1900. The name of the base has varied over the years from Indian Head Proving Ground, to Naval Powder Factory, to Naval Propellant Plant, to Naval Ordnance Station, to
1638-586: Is by road. The only highway serving the town is Maryland Route 210 , the aptly named Indian Head Highway, which connects the town to Washington, D.C. , and Interstate 95 / Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway). As of the census of 2010, there were 3,844 people, 1,391 households, and 995 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,125.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,206.6/km ). There were 1,554 housing units at an average density of 1,263.4 per square mile (487.8/km ). The racial makeup of
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#17327807285681716-418: Is not a constant; in a gas, it increases proportionally to the square root of the absolute temperature , and since atmospheric temperature generally decreases with increasing altitude between sea level and 11,000 meters (36,089 ft), the speed of sound also decreases. For example, the standard atmosphere model lapses temperature to −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F) at 11,000 meters (36,089 ft) altitude, with
1794-621: Is that range of speeds within which the airflow over different parts of an aircraft is between subsonic and supersonic. So the regime of flight from Mcrit up to Mach 1.3 is called the transonic range. Aircraft designed to fly at supersonic speeds show large differences in their aerodynamic design because of the radical differences in the behavior of flows above Mach 1. Sharp edges, thin aerofoil sections, and all-moving tailplane / canards are common. Modern combat aircraft must compromise in order to maintain low-speed handling. Flight can be roughly classified in six categories: At transonic speeds,
1872-551: The Allies . As the importance of NOL's work became apparent, it also became apparent that there wasn't enough space at the Navy Yard to accommodate the necessary research facilities. In 1944, acquisition, planning and construction work began at a 712-acre (2.88 km) wooded site located at 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland . Someone remarked to a Navy official during early 1945 that it seemed odd to be building
1950-852: The Hypersonic Wind Tunnel (1957), and the Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel (1972) (Article about work performed at the Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel Hypervelocity wind tunnel reaches 3,000-run milestone ). The U.S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) currently (in 2010) operates the Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel 9 . This facility, known simply as Tunnel 9, operates by blowing down hot, high-pressure nitrogen gas through one of several available axially-symmetric 12-meter-long De Laval nozzles , through
2028-623: The National Register of Historic Places and the Maryland Historic Sites Inventory. The Montgomery County Historic Preservation Commission has evaluated a 10.5 acres (4.2 ha) portion of the former NOL that contains the NOL's Administration Building, a flagpole and an open space along the building's access road from New Hampshire Avenue. The Commission recommended that the 10.5 acres portion be designated as
2106-750: The Navier-Stokes equations used for subsonic design no longer apply; the simplest explanation is that the flow around an airframe locally begins to exceed M = 1 even though the free stream Mach number is below this value. Meanwhile, the supersonic regime is usually used to talk about the set of Mach numbers for which linearised theory may be used, where for example the ( air ) flow is not chemically reacting, and where heat-transfer between air and vehicle may be reasonably neglected in calculations. Generally, NASA defines high hypersonic as any Mach number from 10 to 25, and re-entry speeds as anything greater than Mach 25. Aircraft operating in this regime include
2184-483: The Space Shuttle and various space planes in development. The subsonic speed range is that range of speeds within which, all of the airflow over an aircraft is less than Mach 1. The critical Mach number (Mcrit) is lowest free stream Mach number at which airflow over any part of the aircraft first reaches Mach 1. So the subsonic speed range includes all speeds that are less than Mcrit. The transonic speed range
2262-551: The compressibility characteristics of fluid flow : the fluid (air) behaves under the influence of compressibility in a similar manner at a given Mach number, regardless of other variables. As modeled in the International Standard Atmosphere , dry air at mean sea level , standard temperature of 15 °C (59 °F), the speed of sound is 340.3 meters per second (1,116.5 ft/s; 761.23 mph; 1,225.1 km/h; 661.49 kn). The speed of sound
2340-586: The railroad to the naval facility, built in 1918, was converted to a 13-mile paved hiking/biking trail in 2008. A year-round swimming pool is at the nearby Henry E. Lackey High School . In 2018 the long-abandoned Elys' store was demolished, and a technology education center called the "Velocity Center" completed in 2020, linked to the Naval base (but with opening delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic ). The indigenous Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland consider
2418-400: The sound barrier ), a large pressure difference is created just in front of the aircraft . This abrupt pressure difference, called a shock wave , spreads backward and outward from the aircraft in a cone shape (a so-called Mach cone ). It is this shock wave that causes the sonic boom heard as a fast moving aircraft travels overhead. A person inside the aircraft will not hear this. The higher
Naval Ordnance Laboratory - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-584: The 1,000-foot (300 m) Hyperballistics Range, are now (in 2010) abandoned and have fallen into disrepair. They are to be demolished during the continuing GSA conversion of the old NOL campus into the Federal Research Center at White Oak. A section of the original Peenemünde wind tunnel (Tunnel 1) is preserved in the lobby of the Tunnel 9 building. There were a number of unique facilities in this area. The "Positive Ion Accelerator Facility"
2574-618: The 2,000-acre (8.1 km ) Cornwallis Manor on the Potomac, presumably the Indian Head site, with St. Elizabeth's Manor of 2,000 acres (8.1 km ) "nearby but detached". The Town of Indian Head occupies land that was once part of the territory of the Algonquin Indians. The origin of the name Indian Head originates from the term "Indian Headlands", as the entire lower end of the peninsula was occupied by Native Americans and
2652-814: The Environment , the US Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health collaborated over more than ten years of clean-up involving hazardous chemicals, radioactive waste and explosives. In 1997, the Maryland Historical Trust (the Maryland State Historic Preservation Office ) determined that the 732 acres (296 ha) NOL/NSWC was eligible for inclusion on
2730-685: The Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, but determined that it didn't have the authority to do so... Research and development - may have involved radioactive materials because the site was identified on a 1955 Accountability Station List." A 2011 NIOSH evaluation states " *National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Source: Report on Residual Radioactive and Beryllium Contamination at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities and Beryllium Vendor Facilities (Aug. 2011), Appendix A-2. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, as part of
2808-399: The Mach number is defined as the ratio of two speeds, it is a dimensionless quantity. If M < 0.2–0.3 and the flow is quasi-steady and isothermal , compressibility effects will be small and simplified incompressible flow equations can be used. The Mach number is named after the physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach , in honour of his achievements, according to a proposal by
2886-727: The United States. One went to NOL's sister laboratory, the David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB), in Carderock, Maryland. DTMB operated that wind tunnel until the 1990s, when a major failure led to its abandonment. White Oak's "Supersonic Wind Tunnel," the larger of the German wind tunnels, was installed in 1947. There was a number of similar facilities including the Mach 10 Wind Tunnel (1950), Mach 12 Wind Tunnel (1951),
2964-719: The Washington Navy Yard, in a decaying part of the city, had few such benefits to recommend it, it was the choice of the NAVSEA. In 1995, the NSWC was closed and the site was transferred to the General Services Administration (GSA). In 1996, the site was renamed the Federal Research Center (FRC) at White Oak. 130 acres (53 ha) of the western portion of the FRC was designated for consolidation of
3042-456: The aeronautical engineer Jakob Ackeret in 1929. The word Mach is always capitalized since it derives from a proper name, and since the Mach number is a dimensionless quantity rather than a unit of measure , the number comes after the word Mach. It was also known as Mach's number by Lockheed when reporting the effects of compressibility on the P-38 aircraft in 1942. Mach number is a measure of
3120-464: The ashes" after a nuclear explosion. The "Casino" moniker was apparently a reference to the "luck of the draw" on receiving funding for this facility. It was hoped that another military agency would take over the Casino facility after the base closure, but it is believed to have been abandoned. The first technical facilities were in the new magnetic area (the 200 area). This area was in the middle of
3198-402: The average family size was 3.26. In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 33.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males. The median income for a household in
Naval Ordnance Laboratory - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-413: The desired growth has been slow in coming. Indian Head is bisected by Maryland Route 210 , generally known as Indian Head Highway. It goes directly into the middle of town at the entrance to Indian Head Naval Support Facility. Because of this, the town cannot benefit from through-traffic, but must be a destination in its own right. Private plans to build a massive "Chapman's Landing" housing development
3354-407: The edge of the facility. This all changed suddenly on a Sunday afternoon, 28 June 1992, at about 1 pm when the contents of explosives storage magazine Building 355 exploded. Approximately 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) of stored explosives detonated, shattering windows and rattling china in the nearby neighborhoods. While the magazine accomplished its design purpose of limiting off-site damage (it
3432-473: The equation, and for practical purposes a root-finding algorithm must be used for a numerical solution (the equation is a septic equation in M and, though some of these may be solved explicitly, the Abel–Ruffini theorem guarantees that there exists no general form for the roots of these polynomials). It is first determined whether M is indeed greater than 1.0 by calculating M from the subsonic equation. If M
3510-408: The flow field around the object includes both sub- and supersonic parts. The transonic period begins when first zones of M > 1 flow appear around the object. In case of an airfoil (such as an aircraft's wing), this typically happens above the wing. Supersonic flow can decelerate back to subsonic only in a normal shock; this typically happens before the trailing edge. (Fig.1a) As the speed increases,
3588-601: The history of the Town of Indian Head. Brandon was elected on May 5, 2015, and sworn into office on May 12, 2015. Indian Head is located at 38°35′52″N 77°9′25″W / 38.59778°N 77.15694°W / 38.59778; -77.15694 (38.597781, -77.156926). According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 1.23 square miles (3.19 km ), all land. The main method of transportation to and from Indian Head
3666-689: The lab was merged with Naval Weapons Laboratory in Dahlgren, Virginia , to form the Naval Surface Weapons Center, later renamed the Naval Surface Warfare Center . As years passed after the name change, fewer local residents understood the nature of the research being conducted on areas of the base. Explosives testing operations were carried on in hardened indoor test facilities and almost no external signs of explosions and other tests being carried out reached
3744-630: The land west of Glymont. During the Second World War , Indian Head thrived, with economic prosperity lasting until the late 1960s. The construction of the planned community of St. Charles , south of Waldorf , brought with it retail chains and big-box stores. This resulted in the downfall of Indian Head businesses as Indian Head residents began spending their income in St. Charles. Indian Head lacks many basic retail and service businesses. Many remedies for this situation have been attempted, but
3822-409: The name of the town offensive and have petitioned to have the name changed. In 2015, Brandon Paulin was elected mayor of Indian Head. Brandon was 19 years of age when he was elected, making him the youngest mayor of any Maryland municipality in state history. As Vice Mayor, Kiran (Ron) Sitoula is the first Nepali to be elected to a public position outside of Nepal and the first non-US-born official in
3900-568: The new FDA headquarters. In 2014, it was anticipated that, upon completion of the facility, nearly 9,000 employees would be working in nearly 6,000,000 square feet (56 ha). Minutes of the meetings of the Naval Surface Warfare Center-White Oak Restoration Advisory Board document the extensive environmental contamination of the site prior to transfer to GSA. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command , Maryland Department of
3978-584: The new laboratory at that time: the war would probably be over before the facility could be finished. "That laboratory" remarked the Navy man, "is not being built for this war". Underwater Weapons Testing This 1960s-era postcard image shows the NOL Administration Building and an employee-built golf course as seen from New Hampshire Ave. After renovation for use by the FDA it still looks much
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#17327807285684056-406: The population. There were 1,222 households, out of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and
4134-758: The present Naval Support Facility Indian Head. The facility's main tenant activity is the Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC/IH). Advanced research in energetic systems takes place at NSWC/IH. NSWC/IH absorbed the function of the closed Naval Ordnance Laboratory , formerly in White Oak . The base currently employs 3,700 people. The peninsula, a "head" of land overlooking the Potomac River , had been long occupied by various cultures of indigenous peoples . The historic Algonquian -speaking Native American tribe
4212-427: The regionally dispersed facilities of the FDA into a secured campus headquarters with laboratories, offices, support facilities, and amenities. The main entrance of the FDA campus, at 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, retained the setting of the previous use with a large open space (a portion of the golf course, which had closed), a linear drive, and the renovation and integration of the original NOL Administration Building into
4290-428: The risk of significant residual contamination was low. If NIOSH can't find evidence of either, it lists the site as having a potential for such contamination. However, agency officials say, this designation doesn't mean a health threat exists. It merely means that based on available evidence NIOSH can't rule out such a threat." A WSJ note adds, " A Navy spokesman said the site did handle radioactive material and did require
4368-483: The same, with "Naval Ordnance Laboratory" still carved in stone above the main entrance. Building 1 through 4 were arranged in a quadrangle nearest the New Hampshire Avenue entrance. These buildings held administrative offices and project offices. Building 5 intersected with 1 and 4, and held convenience stores, including a barber shop and the credit union. It terminated in a large cafeteria. White Oak
4446-463: The speed of sound is known, the Mach number at which an aircraft is flying can be calculated by M = u c {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} ={\frac {u}{c}}} where: and the speed of sound varies with the thermodynamic temperature as: c = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ T , {\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot R_{*}\cdot T}},} where: If
4524-779: The speed of sound is not known, Mach number may be determined by measuring the various air pressures (static and dynamic) and using the following formula that is derived from Bernoulli's equation for Mach numbers less than 1.0. Assuming air to be an ideal gas , the formula to compute Mach number in a subsonic compressible flow is: M = 2 γ − 1 [ ( q c p + 1 ) γ − 1 γ − 1 ] {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} ={\sqrt {{\frac {2}{\gamma -1}}\left[\left({\frac {q_{c}}{p}}+1\right)^{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma }}-1\right]}}\,} where: The formula to compute Mach number in
4602-418: The speed of sound. At Mach 0.65, u is 65% of the speed of sound (subsonic), and, at Mach 1.35, u is 35% faster than the speed of sound (supersonic). The local speed of sound, and hence the Mach number, depends on the temperature of the surrounding gas. The Mach number is primarily used to determine the approximation with which a flow can be treated as an incompressible flow . The medium can be
4680-405: The speed, the more narrow the cone; at just over M = 1 it is hardly a cone at all, but closer to a slightly concave plane. At fully supersonic speed, the shock wave starts to take its cone shape and flow is either completely supersonic, or (in case of a blunt object), only a very small subsonic flow area remains between the object's nose and the shock wave it creates ahead of itself. (In the case of
4758-425: The speed. The obvious result is that in order to accelerate a flow to supersonic, one needs a convergent-divergent nozzle, where the converging section accelerates the flow to sonic speeds, and the diverging section continues the acceleration. Such nozzles are called de Laval nozzles and in extreme cases they are able to reach hypersonic speeds (Mach 13 (15,900 km/h; 9,900 mph) at 20 °C). When
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#17327807285684836-399: The temperature increases so much over the shock that ionization and dissociation of gas molecules behind the shock wave begin. Such flows are called hypersonic. It is clear that any object travelling at hypersonic speeds will likewise be exposed to the same extreme temperatures as the gas behind the nose shock wave, and hence choice of heat-resistant materials becomes important. As a flow in
4914-468: The town was $ 42,702, and the median income for a family was $ 48,375. Males had a median income of $ 35,625 versus $ 31,451 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 18,778. About 9.9% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over. Mach number The Mach number ( M or Ma ), often only Mach , ( / m ɑː k / ; German: [max] )
4992-446: The town was 35.9% White , 55.5% African American , 1.3% Native American , 2.6% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.8% from other races , and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population. There were 1,391 households, of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 25.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had
5070-575: The town was 47.3% male and 52.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,422 people, 1,222 households, and 888 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,792.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,078.3/km ). There were 1,311 housing units at an average density of 1,069.9 per square mile (413.1/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 55.64% White , 38.08% African American , 1.78% Native American , 1.43% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.47% from other races , and 2.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.69% of
5148-485: The weapons systems research and associated personnel. NSWC Indian Head received the explosives research, and NSWC Carderock , formerly David Taylor Model Basin , received the basic research interests. Ultimately, the NAVSEA had the choice of relocation sites. White Oak boasted a nine-hole golf course, hundreds of acres of woods with abundant flora and fauna, and a pleasant suburban location with existing buildings, ample parking, good roads, shopping and housing. Although
5226-399: The woods, and remained so up until the Lab's demise in 1994. It is believed that the area was selected because it was magnetically neutral – there was less iron in the earth than in other areas to interfere with sensitive magnetic experiments. The buildings were made of wood, with wooden pegs instead of nails. The buildings had unusual names: Bldg 203 was the "Spherical Field Lab", Building 204
5304-437: The zone of M > 1 flow increases towards both leading and trailing edges. As M = 1 is reached and passed, the normal shock reaches the trailing edge and becomes a weak oblique shock: the flow decelerates over the shock, but remains supersonic. A normal shock is created ahead of the object, and the only subsonic zone in the flow field is a small area around the object's leading edge. (Fig.1b) When an aircraft exceeds Mach 1 (i.e.
5382-582: Was also used by the Union Army Balloon Corps for reconnaissance of Confederate troop movements across the Potomac. The town of Indian Head was incorporated in 1920. It is located between the Potomac River and Mattawoman Creek on Mattawoman/Cornwallis Neck , named for the 1654 grant of 5,000 acres (20 km ) by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore , to Capt. Thomas Cornwallis of St. Mary's County . This land grant included
5460-670: Was an Indian Reservation. The name Indian Head first appears in the Census of 1800. In 1850, the Washington Fruit Growers Association purchased a parcel of land, which included Indian Head and "Glymont". Charles Pye offered for sale, a parcel of land (664 acres) known as Glymont, On December 2, 1834. The same 664 acres was put up for sale again on July 22, 1843, after the death of Charles Pye. The two tracts of land were purchased by The Glymont Improvement Company and recorded on March 20, 1887. The land (540 acres)
5538-407: Was designed to hold up to 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) safely), this did not endear the Laboratory to the neighbors, and probably contributed to the ultimate decision to close the Lab. A Wall Street Journal investigative project in 2013, "Waste Lands: America's Forgotten Nuclear Legacy," is deserving of attention. See http://projects.wsj.com/waste-lands/state/MD/ Among listed sites in Maryland
5616-600: Was formed as a not-for-profit alumni organization for the purpose of: The description of the facilities was gleaned from "On the Surface", Volume 17, Number 10, 30 September 1994, a publication of the Dahlgren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center. This issue was titled "THE WHITE OAK LABORATORY: A Tribute". 39°2′16″N 76°58′47″W / 39.03778°N 76.97972°W / 39.03778; -76.97972 Indian Head, Maryland Indian Head
5694-690: Was one facility located there, and transferred to the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division aka David Taylor Model Basin , under the power systems branch of the functional materials division. It now has the name of "Tandem Pelletron Positive – Ion Accelerator Facility". The 600 area was the first group of buildings east of Paint Branch. This group of approximately 25 buildings and support structures consisted of three clusters located along Kuester Road. Notable facilities include 611/618 (Shock Testing Facility, 1963/Shock Simulator, 1960), which housed
5772-484: Was owned by B.D. Tubman and was known as "Glymont". The second tract was called “Cornwallis Neck”, and was sometimes known as “Pye’s Wharf Estate”. It adjoined the lands of S. H. Cox and R. A. Chapman, the first-mentioned tract and others containing 480 acres of land, more or less. Glymont, with Pye's Wharf and Leonard Marbury's Wharf, were the largest river port in Charles County. The name "Indian Head" applies to
5850-454: Was still farmland in the 1940s. A total of 11 buildings, connected by wide underground tunnels consisting of Administration and the main laboratory complex, which included corrosion and battery research among many other specialties. The Phoenix /Casino building in the 100 Area was quite unique – in this building, systems and components were subjected to nuclear weapons radiation simulation. "Phoenix" undoubtedly refers to systems "rising from
5928-524: Was the Mattawoman (likely a band of the Piscataway ) encountered by the first English settlers; the latter called the land "Indian Head", meaning "Indian Peninsula". According to research published by the historical society of Charles County, "Indian Head" is a shortened form of "Indian Headlands". A newspaper article mentions another explanation of the name, that "an unfortunate young brave" from
6006-479: Was the "Long Field Lab". The largest area geographically, the 300 area, was the Explosives research area. This area included 50 or more buildings in which a wide range of explosives activities were performed, ranging from basic compound research and new formulations, to large scale weapon systems design. Some building were large manufacturing facilities while others were very small (< 100 sq ft) housing
6084-468: Was the campus of the former Navy Ordnance Laboratory which was listed by the US Navy as a hazardous waste site which may have harbored radioactive materials related to nuclear weapons development. Its current status is listed as follows: "Referred to another agency or program, no authority to clean up under FUSRAP, or status unclear.... The Department of Energy initially considered cleaning up this site under
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