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51-782: The sultanate has patronized many architectural works, but they are under ruins, uninhabitable, or have vanished from the map of history, including the mosque built by Sultan Hasan Nakhuda, which resembles the grand mosque of Baghdad, the Mirjan Fort , and the Fort of Hospattan in Honnavar. The Sultan Hasan and Jamaluddin were from the Nawayath community, who are descendants of the Arabs. The term has been given different meanings by different authors, such as Suyuti , who describes Nawayath as

102-583: A city there. Hasan Nakhuda may have served as governor of Sindapur under Kadambas , like in the 11th century, a Muslim named Sadhan, son of Muhammad of Arabia, who served as governor. Sultan Jamaluddin Muhammed was pious to his religious duties and was one of the powerful rulers on the coast of Kanara . Tributes were paid to him by the Malabar king on a yearly basis because of his maritime power. In 1338, Vira Ballala III stationed his army at Barkur to check

153-702: A corporation in 1668. The Keladi Nayakas invited Kazi Mahmoud, who was a grandson of the Chief Kazi of the Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur, to settle in Bhatkal in the year 1670. The revenue of Tenginagundi village was given to Kazi Mahmoud. The Kazi family of Bhatkal is popularly known as the Temunday Family due to the ownership of lands in Tenginagundi. Many Nawayath Muslims were appointed to

204-520: A remarkable proficiency in memorizing the Quran . It is evident that there is a surplus of individuals holding the titles of alim and fazil residing within the specified geographical region. In the year 1328, a French missionary and explorer embarked on a visit to the kingdom, during which he meticulously documented a detailed and succinct narrative recounting his expedition to Bhatigala, a place also recognized as Bhatkal . Historical records indicate that

255-514: A secret passage, entry doors, a darbar hall and a market place. Stone images of Hindu gods and goddesses are also seen under a large tree. The fort was maintained by the British with grant funds till India got independence in August 1947. Thereafter, ASI has taken over its maintenance. Refurbishing of the ruins of the northern bastion fortification of the fort has been done with stones found in

306-655: A town named 'Bhattakala' for his disciple, the king Devaraya. The rulers of Haduvalli were from the Suluva (Jain) Dynasty, and the Bhattakalanka was the last and well-known grammarian of Haduvalli as per the Biligi Ratnatraya Basadi inscription. At the time of Narasimha Deva Raya , he ended the tyranny of Virupaksha and re-established the friendship between the Nawayath. On 28 August 1502, Vasco de Gama -led Portuguese forces attacked and burned

357-596: A town on the state highway toward Jog Falls, Shimoga. It was also known as Susagadi, and Manipur in Sanskrit. The Hamilton referred to it as Batuculla, which means 'Round town'. Some have claimed that Marathi influence is responsible for the word's derivation. According to Deshabandhu M. Shanker Linge Gowda, when the military leaders of the Patwardhan family under the Peshwas used to periodically invade and pillage

408-469: A year later, under uncertain circumstances, he was unable to return to Hunnur without giving further account. Mirjan Fort The Mirjan Fort is located on the west coast of the Uttara Kannada district in the southern Indian state of Karnataka . The fort known for its architectural elegance was the location of several battles in the past. It is about 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) from

459-673: Is a coastal town in the Uttara Kannada District of the Indian state of Karnataka . Bhatkal lies on National Highway 66 , which runs between Mumbai and Kanyakumari , and has Bhatkal railway station which is one of the major railway stations along the Konkan Railway line, which runs between Mumbai and Mangalore . Bhatkal was named after Jain Grammarian, Bhattakalanka, who hailed from Hadwalli village,

510-533: Is connected to other cities and states in India by roads and railways. The National Highway 66 (India) crosses the town, which had a major impact on its development. Under the Konkan Railway , many trains run day and night to and from the town. The Bhatkal railway station has two platforms. The nearest airports to Bhatkal are Mangalore International Airport and Goa-Dabolim International Airport . The town has one large, one medium, and one small fishing port. As per

561-488: Is one of the best and most powerful rulers, but he is subordinate to a heathen raja (Sultan) named Haryab." He met Faqqi Ismail (also known as Faqqi Ismail Sukri) of Bhatkal and the local Qazi Nuruddin Ali, and received hospitality from Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri (an-Naqauri). He speaks about their social, economic, religious, cultural, and administrative factors. He fought a battle of Sindapur alongside them and returned with victory;

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612-410: Is shayya biryani, made from vermicelli  (shayyo) instead of rice. The dishes used for breakfast are theek and goad thari (sweet and spicy semolina), gavan or thalla shayyo (wheat or rice vermicelli), varieties of appo  (pancakes), fau ( poha ), theek and goad khubus (sweet and spicy bread), masala poli (heavy spiced paratha), gavan poli (wheat paratha), and puttu (steamed cakes). Bhatkal

663-434: Is that it is apparently a Konkani word connected with Sanskrit nava (i.e., new) and implying new convert. Victor D'Souza concluded by not being satisfied with the perspectives provided by various authors. He asserts that it is implausible that the term navayat is the widespread distortion of the expressions for "newcomer" in several languages. Nor is it likely that individuals speaking different languages collectively chose

714-444: The British , under the command of Major Torriano had captured the fort before proceeding to Honnavar . Chroniclers of History like De Barros, Barbosa , Hamilton and Buchanan have recorded the history of the fort under the rule of Vijayanagara kings, under the name of Mergan. In 1720, Hamilton refers to its importance as a minor port that was used for export of pepper, cassia , saltpetre, and wild nutmeg . In 1801, Buchanan called

765-524: The Kumta town . The fort is located in the precincts of the Mirjan village (area 653.92 hectares (1,615.9 acres)), which is bounded between ( 14°28′07″N 74°25′09″E  /  14.4687°N 74.4191°E  / 14.4687; 74.4191 ) and ( 14°30′19″N 74°26′41″E  /  14.5052°N 74.4446°E  / 14.5052; 74.4446 ), near Kumta. The reported climatic conditions of

816-598: The National Highway 66 and 21 kilometres (13 mi) from Gokarna , the famous Hindu pilgrimage centre on the west coast of India. According to the first historical version, Rani Chennabhairadevi of Gersoppa (under the Vijayanagara Empire ) was initially credited with building the Mirjan Fort in the 16th century. She ruled for 54 years and also lived in the fort. During her reign,

867-547: The Portuguese Viceroy Conde De Sarzedas during the reign of Joao IV , cannonballs, Chinese Porcelain , clay tablets with Islamic inscriptions. Further details provided by an official of the ASI indicate that "seven dumb-bells, 50 iron bullets, coins and designed earth pots belonging to Sarpamallika dynasty" were also found during the excavations at the fort. Bhatkal Bhatkal

918-434: The 2011 India census , Bhatkal Taluk had a population of approximately 161,576 out of which, 49.98% were males and 50.02% were females. Bhatkal has an average literacy rate of 74.04%, with 78.72% and 69.36% of male and female literacy, respectively. Around 11% of the town's total population is under age 5. Scheduled Castes constitute 8.87% and Scheduled Tribes constitute 5.67% of the total population. Bhatkal municipality

969-564: The Ganghwali River; Barbosa spelt it as Mjrgeu , in Renel's map of c.1517 it is spelt as Mergueo and in c.1518 and subsequent maps spelt as Mergeo. The fort is built over an area of about 4.1 hectares (10 acres). It is built with laterite stones. It was built with high walls and bastions. The fort has four entrances (one main and three subsidiary entrances) and many wells, which are interlinked and with access channels leading to

1020-529: The Kumta fort located to its south. The fort was built or refurbished in 1608 ( Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) refers to its building over a period of 1608–1640) on the south east coastal part of the Tadri Creek. One more version is that the fort was under the rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire . After the fall of this empire, Bijapur sultans are stated to have captured the fort and Sharief-ul-mulk,

1071-480: The Manipura kingdom, they called it Vatkul, which means "hills around the town," because the Manipura fort was located in a valley surrounded by hills. In slang, Vatkul has now evolved into Bhatkal. The Bhatkal term originated and can be found in one of the oldest manuscripts of Nawayathi from 1100 A.H. (or 1688 A.D.) by Akhun Seedy Mohammed. The author mentions the old name for bhatkal as Abadaqilla (آبادقلعه). But

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1122-499: The Sanskrit terms, as if by mutual agreement, to designate these newcomers. Furthermore, other expressions, such as those who arrived by boat or new converts, cannot be deemed as accurate terms. However, he determined that sailors represent a sensible interpretation of Navayats. Jamaluddin Nakhuda's father, according to Ibn-e Batuta's narrative, erected a huge mosque similar to Grand Mosque of Baghdad after capturing Sindapur and founded

1173-528: The Tadri Creek. Another version that is traced to the period 1552–1606 is that the Mirjan Fort was built initially by Queen Chennabhairadevi. She was from the Tuluva - Saluva clan and ruled for a long period (for 54 years) under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire (the queen preferred to be subordinate ( mahamandaleshwara ) of Vijayanagar rulers), as the queen of Gersoppa (a small town on

1224-555: The administrative positions. The families of these nobles from Nawayath still use their surnames as Ikkeri and are mainly settled in and around Bhatkal. The Golden Kalasa on the dome of Bhatkal Jamia Masjid, popularly known as 'Chinnada Palli' meaning 'Golden Mosque' is believed to be a generous gift from Keladi rulers. From the Keladi rulers, Bhatkal passed on to the Mysore Sultanate . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan made Bhatkal

1275-433: The aforementioned Shaikh was a saint with strict habits who carefully avoided any chance of contamination or impurity when performing his devotional practice. For this reason, he was concerned about his servants. There were 13 educational institutions dedicated to the education of female students, while 23 schools catered to the male student population. Furthermore, the female population during that historical period displayed

1326-477: The aggressive activities of Sultan Jamaluddin, who was threatening to overthrow the alupa king , the brother-in-law and vassal of Vira Ballala III. In 1343, a fleet of 52 vessels departed for Sindapur upon receiving a message from the king of Sindapur's son, leading to the capture of Sindapur. Subsequently, in 1344, the king of Sindapur launched a surprise assault while the Sultanate's army was scattered throughout

1377-447: The area. The wild forest growth inside the fort and on the fort walls has been cleared. In the restoration works carried out during 2000–2001, initially, the debris that had accumulated due to collapse of the bastions was removed. The damaged portions of the fort walls were redone with dressed laterite stones. A waterproof coating was provided to the excavated structures, along with pointing of the joints with "combination mortor". During

1428-497: The capture of the fort was due to the death of Basappa Naik, the last ruler of Bednur, in 1755. His wife had taken control, representing her 17-year-old adopted son, Chanbasaviah. Since her adopted son opposed her taking a "paramour", she got him murdered. This had resulted in a revolt by the agitated local people, and taking advantage of the situation the Marathas had captured the fort. In the period between May 1783 and March 1784,

1479-402: The circular moat (used as a defence measure to protect the fort) that once fully surrounded the fort, and leading to the canal works outside the fort's limits. At each entrance, there are wide steps to enter the fort. The fort is double-walled and has high turrets on the bastions. It is now seen mostly in ruins but is being restored by ASI to some extent. The ruins have been inferred as remnants of

1530-502: The corrupt word of Banu-Wayat; it means children of Wayat who are the descendants of Abdullah-Wayat. Conversely, Jafar Sharif presents an alternative origin, asserting that it comes from the Arabic term 'Nuwa-A-ay-t'hay', which translates to 'newcomer'. Wilk supports the meaning given by Jafar Sharif but he describes the word Nevayet has the indian origin which may be the corruption of Hindustani  and  Marathi terms. Another opinion

1581-399: The dating of this fort. The first historical version the Mirjan Fort was built initially by a Nawayath asper Ibn_Battuta book this fort was first built by Nawayath Sultanates early 1200, then it came under the Vijayanagara Empire. Then the fort was refurbished in 1608 ( Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) refers to its building over a period of 1608–1640) on the south east coastal part of

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1632-668: The main base on the Canara Coast for their newly built naval force, with the help of the Dutchman Joze Azelar. Later, Tipu Sultan built a mosque in 1793, and a street was named after him. One of Tipu's wives was from Bhatkal. Bhatkal later came into the hands of the British Empire in 1799 after they defeated Tipu. In 1862, Bhatkal was annexed to the Bombay Presidency . With the reorganization of

1683-481: The middle and are cylindrical in shape. Bhatkali cuisine is a blend of Arabian and Konkan cuisine. Bhatkali biryani is an integral part of the Nawayath cuisine and a specialty of Bhatkal, prepared with basmati rice that has been spiced with full garam masala and saffron. Separately, pieces of mutton, chicken, fish, or prawns are cooked. Some people even refer to it as a layered korma and rice meal with fried onions, curry, or mint leaves on top. Another type of biryani

1734-652: The northern banks of the Sharavati River ). She was given the epithet "the Pepper Queen or Raina da Pimenta'. She devoutly practiced Jainism and during her rule constructed many Jain basadis . She ruled "in conformity with the doctrine of succession Aliyasantana or Matriarchal , a tradition followed in coastal belt of Konkan and Kerala ". Her domain covered North and South Kanara districts and south Goa , which had important ports such as Malpe , Bidnoor, Mirjan, Honnavar , Ankola and Karwar from where

1785-613: The pepper, the most important produce of the region, was shipped to Europe . However, she suffered reverses after the Talikota war in which the Vijayanagar Empire was routed. She then shifted from Mirjan Fort to a safe location in an island in the middle of the Sharavathi River . According to another version, a Bijapur noble Sherif-ul Mulk built this fort as a first line of defence to protect Kumta town and

1836-466: The place a "Midijoy". The fort is located on the banks of the Aganashini River. The mouth of the river is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the Mirjan village. It is in a creek on a bend of the river, known as the Tadri Creek. The fort is approached through a series of wide steps that lead to the interior of the fort. Its location in Kumta taluk is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the north of

1887-586: The port at Mirjan, which is 32 kilometres (20 mi) to the south east of Karwar , was used for shipping pepper , saltpetre and betel nut to Surat . Gersoppa, a district annexed to Bednur , was famous for the pepper exported from this region. Consequently, the Portuguese gave the epithet "Rani, the Pepper queen" ("Rainha de Pimenta" in Portuguese ) to the Queen of Gersoppa. There are many versions to

1938-682: The port in the town that was under the control of the Kingdom of Gersoppa, a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire, and forced it to comply with Portuguese demands. In 1606, it came under the control of the Nayakas of Ikkeri (also known as the Nayakas of Keladi) after the war between Venkatappa Nayaka and Bairadevi . In 1637, it became the territory of the Dutch East India Company . The British were unsuccessful in their attempts to establish an agency through locals in 1638 and

1989-461: The region, with no available information on the outcome of this conflict. Hindus and Jains were impacted by the religious and moral code of Muslims. When it comes to the art of fighting, they imitate Muslims, while in the ground force and navy, the majority of officers were Muslim. Conversely, the livelihood of Muslims was shaped by Jains. It was common to use hot water and rice, yet wheat could be readily imported from other nations. Each individual

2040-709: The region. In 1291, it was a part of the Hoysala Empire before passing into the Nawayath Sultanate's control. Bhatkal was governed by the Nawayath Sultanate (Honnur) from the beginning of the 14th century until 1350s. According to Ibn-e-Battuta , it was the vassal state under the rular named "Haryab," which the historian Goarge Moraes has identified as the Harihara-nripala of the unknown Kingdom of Gersoppa . Later, when it

2091-465: The region. Further, Mirjan has also been identified by "Forbes, 1783 (or. Mem. IV. 109), and by Renel, 1788 (Map of Hindustan", as Muziris of Ptolemy (150 A.D.) and Periplus (247 A.D.), then an important trading port on the west coast of India. Mirjan, however, was spelt differently by the Portuguese chroniclers and in the maps of the 16th century, and the river flowing nearby was also then called

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2142-642: The rise and fall of several dynasties and rulers. Chola empire under Aditya I , his son, Parantaka I , and Sundara Chola, also known as Parantaka Chola II , initially invaded and conquered territories in Kannada country, between Gangavadi on the Mysuru plateau and Bhatkal on the Sahyadri Coast , between 880 CE and 975 CE. They later built the Solesvara Temple to commemorate their victory over

2193-658: The ruler of Bhatigala was affiliated with the Saracens, denoting his adherence to the Islamic faith. According to the insights of Yule , it is probable that Jordanus was making a veiled reference to the sovereign of Honnavar, thereby shedding light on the intricate web of political and religious dynamics prevalent during that era. The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited the sultanate in 1343. According to Ibn Battuta, "The sultan of Hunnur, Jamal-ud-din Muhammad, son of Hasan,

2244-500: The state in 1956, the town became a part of Karnataka State in 1960, and the sub-taluks of Bhatkal and Supa were upgraded into full-fledged taluks. The residents celebrate festivals such as Eid ul Fitr, Ramadan, Eid al azha, Muharram, Milad un nabi, Makara Sankranti, Nagara Panchami, Krishna Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navaratri, Deepavali. Folk sports like Kambala and folk arts like Yakshagana are also popular. Unlike other states, Nawayathi men wear lungis , which are stitched in

2295-540: The then governor of Goa , is credited to have either built or refurbished the fort. Mirjan was the location of their palace. In the 17th century, the Keladi dynasty, an independent principality then ruled the territory of Kanara , south of Mirjan with their capital at Bednur. In 1676, Keladi queen Chennamma had captured this territory up to Mirjan. In 1757, the Marathas had seized the Mirjan Fort. The event that led to

2346-451: The village reflect the conditions in the fort precincts as well. The area experiences a high humid climate all through the year. The recorded mean annual rainfall of 3,521.7 millimetres (138.65 in) is very high. The maximum temperature reported is 32.4 °C (90.3 °F) in May and the minimum temperature recorded is 20.9 °C (69.6 °F) during January. Laterite topography dominates

2397-457: The word itself is susceptible of alteration, and it is quite likely that initially it was 'Abadaqilla,' meaning 'inhabited fort,' and subsequently changed into badaqilla, and finally Bhatkal. Such a name can be applied only by Arabs, who have been associated with the place for a very long time. Name variations include Batigala (by Friar Jordanus, 1328), Batticala (by Barbosa, 1510), Baticala (De Barros), Batticola (Logan, 1887). Bhatkal witnessed

2448-400: The year 2000–01, ASI carried out excavations in the precincts of the fort. These excavations have unearthed laterite structures of medieval period in the form of: a U-shaped structure with a "cloister all around" with a circular soakage pit adjoining it; and a water tank connected with channels. Antiquarian findings also included a gold coin minted in 1652 with inscriptions that attribute it to

2499-405: Was founded in 1890 and was part of Honnavar Taluk ; a decade later, in 1903, the income was 6500 rupees. Two small mosques and two large mosques existed within the town. The town municipal council is divided into 23 wards, for which elections are held every 5 years. Bhatkal is a State Assembly constituency in Uttara Kannada district and the coastal Karnataka region of Karnataka. It is a part of

2550-438: Was provided with a separate plate and spoon for dining. Moreover, on a plate with rice, various types of curries were placed, a practice influenced by Hindus that persists to this day. Mžik says that Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri considered his male and female slaves unclean and did not have his food prepared by them because of his belief in untouchability . Mahdi Husain rejects Mžik's remark about untouchability. According to him,

2601-541: Was under the control of the Vijayanagar Empire , spices, sugar, and other masalas were traded with them. According to Ibrahim Khori, powdered sugar, brown sugar, as well as sugar itself, were produced in Bhatkal. In 1479, Bhatkal and Honnavar got once again attacked by the Vijayanagar Empire over an alleged conspiracy over the trade between the Bahmani Sultanate . Vijayakirthi II constructed

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