136-708: Naworth Castle , also known or recorded in historical documents as "Naward", is a castle in Cumbria , England, near the town of Brampton . It is adjacent to the A69 road from Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle , about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Brampton. It is on the opposite side of the River Irthing to, and just within sight of, Lanercost Priory where the Dacre and Howard families are buried or have their memorials, although some are buried at Carlisle Cathedral . Naworth
272-505: A Romantic revival of Gothic architecture , but they had no military purpose. The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum , which is a diminutive of the word castrum , meaning "fortified place". The Old English castel , Occitan castel or chastel , French château , Spanish castillo , Portuguese castelo , Italian castello , and a number of words in other languages also derive from castellum . The word castle
408-461: A base of operations in enemy territory. Castles were established by Norman invaders of England for both defensive purposes and to pacify the country's inhabitants. As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. Between 1066 and 1087, he established 36 castles such as Warwick Castle , which he used to guard against rebellion in
544-606: A drawbridge , although these were often replaced by stone bridges. The site of the 13th-century Caerphilly Castle in Wales covers over 30 acres (12 ha) and the water defences, created by flooding the valley to the south of the castle, are some of the largest in Western Europe. Battlements were most often found surmounting curtain walls and the tops of gatehouses, and comprised several elements: crenellations , hoardings , machicolations , and loopholes . Crenellation
680-456: A Catholic with his wife and children. His flight abroad was recommended, planned, and betrayed to Sir Francis Walsingham by a trusted servant, whom Father Philip Caraman identifies as the Earl's chaplain, underground Catholic priest and agent provocateur Father Edward Grately. While many other recusants had been able to successfully flee England, the Earl of Arundel, through his kinship to
816-793: A Christian and Christ Hanging on the Crosse"), served in lieu of an introduction in the Antwerp edition. Howard's poetry translation of Marulić was published again, with updated English orthography , in the March/April 2022 issue of the Traditionalist Catholic literary magazine , St. Austin Review . Howard also authored three manuscript treatises On the Excellence and Utility of Virtue . Further detailed research about
952-610: A Protestant but was a Catholic, was disgraced for having conspired against Queen Elizabeth with the intention of replacing her with Mary, Queen of Scots and thus restore Catholicism in England. His paternal grandfather, the Earl of Surrey , also fell out of favour and was executed by Henry VIII , partly because he was a Catholic. In 1583, the Earl was suspected of complicity in the Throckmorton Plot . He prepared to escape to
1088-471: A Roman fort or Byzantine tetrapyrgia which were square in plan and had square towers at each corner that did not project much beyond the curtain wall. The keep of these Crusader castles would have had a square plan and generally be undecorated. While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified. Castle architecture in
1224-462: A barbican was not just to provide another line of defence but also to dictate the only approach to the gate. A moat was a ditch surrounding a castle – or dividing one part of a castle from another – and could be either dry or filled with water. Its purpose often had a defensive purpose, preventing siege towers from reaching walls making mining harder, but could also be ornamental. Water moats were found in low-lying areas and were usually crossed by
1360-559: A catch-all term for all kinds of fortifications , and as a result has been misapplied in the technical sense. An example of this is Maiden Castle which, despite the name, is an Iron Age hill fort which had a very different origin and purpose. Although castle has not become a generic term for a manor house (like château in French and Schloss in German), many manor houses contain castle in their name while having few if any of
1496-574: A common origin, dealt with a particular mode of warfare, and exchanged influences. In different areas of the world, analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle, though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences. For example, shiro in Japan, described as castles by historian Stephen Turnbull , underwent "a completely different developmental history, were built in
SECTION 10
#17327803742651632-480: A completely different way and were designed to withstand attacks of a completely different nature". While European castles built from the late 12th and early 13th century onwards were generally stone, shiro were predominantly timber buildings into the 16th century. By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as
1768-648: A confined space and unable to retaliate. It is a popular myth that murder holes – openings in the ceiling of the gateway passage – were used to pour boiling oil or molten lead on attackers; the price of oil and lead and the distance of the gatehouse from fires meant that this was impractical. This method was, however, a common practice in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean castles and fortifications, where such resources were abundant. They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them. Provision
1904-413: A fortification such as a city wall . The great hall was a large, decorated room where a lord received his guests. The hall represented the prestige, authority, and richness of the lord. Events such as feasts, banquets, social or ceremonial gatherings, meetings of the military council, and judicial trials were held in the great hall. Sometimes the great hall existed as a separate building, in that case, it
2040-402: A go-between by which Howard and other prisoners, most notably the priest Robert Southwell , could smuggle messages to each other. Although these two men never met, Howard's dog helped them to deepen their friendship and exchange encouragement in each other's plight. Philip Howard loved his pet, which is remembered along with him in a statue at Arundel Cathedral . One day Howard scratched into
2176-407: A long staircase. They still remain in their original state). One of Naworth's greatest claims includes having the largest Great Hall in the north. Its windows look on to the courtyard and its fireplace, 15 ft wide, is arched like a stone bridge. It also has beautiful Flemish and French tapestries. It formerly had free standing heraldic wooden, sculptures called the “Dacre Beasts” which stood in
2312-609: A long time in a constant state of alert"; elsewhere the lord's wife presided over a separate residence ( domus , aula or mansio in Latin) close to the keep, and the donjon was a barracks and headquarters. Gradually, the two functions merged into the same building, and the highest residential storeys had large windows; as a result for many structures, it is difficult to find an appropriate term. The massive internal spaces seen in many surviving donjons can be misleading; they would have been divided into several rooms by light partitions, as in
2448-435: A lord's home or hall was fire as it was usually a wooden structure. To protect against this, and keep other threats at bay, there were several courses of action available: create encircling earthworks to keep an enemy at a distance; build the hall in stone; or raise it up on an artificial mound, known as a motte, to present an obstacle to attackers. While the concept of ditches , ramparts , and stone walls as defensive measures
2584-542: A massive scale, utilising stone, wood, iron and earth in their construction. The Romans encountered fortified settlements such as hill forts and oppida when expanding their territory into northern Europe. Their defences were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques, such as at the Battle of Alesia . The Romans' own fortifications ( castra ) varied from simple temporary earthworks thrown up by armies on
2720-642: A modern office building. Even in some large castles the great hall was separated only by a partition from the lord's chamber, his bedroom and to some extent his office. Curtain walls were defensive walls enclosing a bailey. They had to be high enough to make scaling the walls with ladders difficult and thick enough to withstand bombardment from siege engines which, from the 15th century onwards, included gunpowder artillery . A typical wall could be 3 m (10 ft) thick and 12 m (39 ft) tall, although sizes varied greatly between castles. To protect them from undermining , curtain walls were sometimes given
2856-572: A most delightful room in one of the towers that has not been touched since William Howard of Queen Elizabeth 's time lived there: the whole place is certainly the most poetical in England." From 1939 to 1940, Naworth was occupied by Rossall School from Fleetwood in Lancashire, which had been evacuated from its own buildings by various government departments. It is currently occupied by the Hon. Philip Howard, younger brother and heir presumptive of
SECTION 20
#17327803742652992-663: A number of artists in the Pre-Raphaelite circle, especially Burne-Jones, as well as those in the Arts and Crafts movement such as Walter Crane and early aesthetic artists like Edward Lear . Pre-Raphaelites like Burne-Jones, William Morris , and Philip Webb would often visit Naworth to work with Howard as well as producing designs and buildings within the local region. They sometimes holidayed there, often taking their families with them. George Howard's painting of William Morris' daughters, "May and Jenny Morris at Naworth Castle",
3128-451: A page at that time in the Tower, but I was never able to get any confirmation of this. As he lay dying he bequeathed to me the breviary which he used: but Father Garnet decided to keep it himself for posterity like some religious object. He did not dare to entrust it to me, for everything I had was likely to be seized at any moment, and he did not think it right to expose to such manifold risk
3264-552: A possession which, he declared, was more precious than gold." According to Father Philip Caraman, Garnet also kept the breviary which Robert Southwell had used in the Tower of London. Both, however, were lost in a raid by priest hunters on Garnet's London safe house. Howard was buried beneath the floor of the church of St Peter ad Vincula , inside the walls of the Tower, where his father's remains also lay. The Earl's funeral and burial, according to Father Caraman, "cost his frugal Sovereign two pounds." The Countess of Arundel took
3400-459: A result of the ignition of some soot in the flue of the Porter's Lodge. The structure's lack of internal walls allowed the fire to spread rapidly, and it remained unchecked until it reached the northern wing. Although some property was saved, by the time two fire engines had arrived by train from Carlisle, most of the roof had collapsed and the fire had spread to nearly every room on the three sides of
3536-627: A result there were 4,000 in the country. There are very few castles dated with certainty from the mid-9th century. Converted into a donjon around 950, Château de Doué-la-Fontaine in France is the oldest standing castle in Europe . From 1000 onwards, references to castles in texts such as charters increased greatly. Historians have interpreted this as evidence of a sudden increase in the number of castles in Europe around this time; this has been supported by archaeological investigation which has dated
3672-476: A scientific design. An example of this approach is Kerak . Although there were no scientific elements to its design, it was almost impregnable, and in 1187 Saladin chose to lay siege to the castle and starve out its garrison rather than risk an assault. During the late 11th and 12th centuries in what is now south-central Turkey the Hospitallers , Teutonic Knights and Templars established themselves in
3808-420: A stone skirt around their bases. Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and battlements gave them further protection. Curtain walls were studded with towers to allow enfilading fire along the wall. Arrowslits in the walls did not become common in Europe until the 13th century, for fear that they might compromise the wall's strength. The entrance
3944-444: A vow of chastity after being widowed, and never remarried. She spent her remaining days writing Christian poetry , attending mass, and making other religious observances. She had a passion for helping those in need, especially the sick. In 1624, the dowager Countess and their son obtained permission from King James I to move Howard's remains, first to the residence of the dowager Countess at West Horsley , Surrey , and finally to
4080-512: A wall of his cell the words, still visible today: ( Latin : Quanto plus afflictiones pro Christo in hoc saeculo, tanto plus gloriae cum Christo in futuro ) ("The more affliction [we endure] for Christ in this world, the more glory [we shall obtain] with Christ in the next") (cf. Romans, chapter 8). That same phrase is also found today on one of the steps of Howard's shrine in Arundel. Each day he spent several hours in prayer and meditation; he
4216-424: A wall with openings that allowed objects to be dropped on an enemy at the base of the wall in a similar fashion to hoardings. Arrowslits , also commonly called loopholes, were narrow vertical openings in defensive walls which allowed arrows or crossbow bolts to be fired on attackers. The narrow slits were intended to protect the defender by providing a very small target, but the size of the opening could also impede
Naworth Castle - Misplaced Pages Continue
4352-400: A wooden door. This led to the elevation of windows to the second storey – to make it harder to throw objects in – and to move the entrance from ground level to the second storey. These features are seen in many surviving castle keeps, which were the more sophisticated version of halls. Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands. They allowed
4488-488: Is a corrupted form of "donjon" and means a dark, unwelcoming prison. Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell, the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle, or his guests or representatives. At first, this was usual only in England, when after the Norman Conquest of 1066 the "conquerors lived for
4624-433: Is ancient, raising a motte is a medieval innovation. A bank and ditch enclosure was a simple form of defence, and when found without an associated motte is called a ringwork; when the site was in use for a prolonged period, it was sometimes replaced by a more complex structure or enhanced by the addition of a stone curtain wall. Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and
4760-402: Is now the library. Post the 1844 fire, much of the castle's decor was influenced by 19th century Pre-Raphaelite designs. In the current library there is a bas-relief over the fireplace, designed by Edward Burne-Jones and Sir Edgar Boehm , depicting the Battle of Flodden with Lord Thomas Dacre leading a valiant charge. George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle was a friend and important patron to
4896-467: Is said to have replied: "Tell Her Majesty if my religion be the cause for which I suffer, sorry I am that I have but one life to lose". He remained in the Tower, never seeing his wife or son again, and died alone on Sunday 19 October 1595. Father Weston later recalled, "There were some who thought he was carried off by poison. I, however, made careful inquiries of a certain Catholic who had served him as
5032-407: Is the collective name for alternating crenels and merlons : gaps and solid blocks on top of a wall. Hoardings were wooden constructs that projected beyond the wall, allowing defenders to shoot at, or drop objects on, attackers at the base of the wall without having to lean perilously over the crenellations, thereby exposing themselves to retaliatory fire. Machicolations were stone projections on top of
5168-523: Is thought to have mid 13th-century origins (possibly a peel tower ), in the form of a square keep and bailey . The current castle dates back to the early 14th century. It was first mentioned in 1323, and in 1335, a licence to crenellate was granted to Ralph Dacre during the reign of Edward III . Subsequently, it was extended by generations of Dacres. The family was long established in Cumberland , where they were famous for their exploits in checking
5304-728: The Percy and Neville families that ended up with the Wars of the Roses . Thomas Dacre (1467–1525), who commanded the reserve of the English army at the Battle of Flodden , was known as "the Builder Dacre". He built the castle's gateway and placed over it his coat of arms with the Dacre family motto below: Fort en Loialte ( Norman-French : "Strong in Loyalty"). Nearby, Lanercost Priory
5440-480: The 13th Earl of Carlisle . "one of those extensive baronial seats which marked the splendour of our ancient nobles, before they exchanged the hospitable magnificence of a life spent among a numerous tenantry, for the uncertain honours of court attendance, and the equivocal rewards of ministerial favour." Castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by
5576-909: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , where they discovered an extensive network of sophisticated fortifications which had a profound impact on the architecture of Crusader castles . Most of the Armenian military sites in Cilicia are characterized by: multiple bailey walls laid with irregular plans to follow the sinuosities of the outcrops; rounded and especially horseshoe-shaped towers; finely-cut often rusticated ashlar facing stones with intricate poured cores; concealed postern gates and complex bent entrances with slot machicolations; embrasured loopholes for archers; barrel, pointed or groined vaults over undercrofts, gates and chapels; and cisterns with elaborate scarped drains. Civilian settlement are often found in
Naworth Castle - Misplaced Pages Continue
5712-492: The Bayeux Tapestry 's depiction of Château de Dinan . Sometimes a motte covered an older castle or hall, whose rooms became underground storage areas and prisons beneath a new keep. A bailey, also called a ward, was a fortified enclosure. It was a common feature of castles, and most had at least one. The keep on top of the motte was the domicile of the lord in charge of the castle and a bastion of last defence, while
5848-526: The Earl of Northampton , Thomas Howard, Lord Maltravers , Arundel's son, was able to regain royal favour. In 1604, Thomas recovered the earldom of Arundel and estates. Along with Our Lady of the Assumption , St. Philip Howard is co- patron of the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton . Arundel Cathedral , originally dedicated to St. Philip Neri , was commissioned by the 15th Duke of Norfolk in 1868. It
5984-530: The English Midlands . Towards the end of the Middle Ages, castles tended to lose their military significance due to the advent of powerful cannons and permanent artillery fortifications; as a result, castles became more important as residences and statements of power. A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers. Over time
6120-669: The Fitzalan Chapel at Arundel Castle in Sussex . The Dowager Countess died of natural causes on 19 April 1630 at Shifnal Manor , Shropshire aged 73, and was buried next to her husband inside the Fitzalan Chapel. Even though Howard had been attainted at his trial in 1589, in 1603, shortly after the accession of the Scottish king James VI and I to the English throne and thanks to the intercession of Philip's uncle,
6256-512: The Iron Age . Hillforts in Britain typically used earthworks rather than stone as a building material. Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches. In central and western Europe, oppida emerged in the 2nd century BC; these were densely inhabited fortified settlements, such as the oppidum of Manching . Some oppida walls were built on
6392-480: The Romans . The gatehouse contained a series of defences to make a direct assault more difficult than battering down a simple gate. Typically, there were one or more portcullises – a wooden grille reinforced with metal to block a passage – and arrowslits to allow defenders to harry the enemy. The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in
6528-618: The Spanish Netherlands , but his plans were interrupted by a visit from Elizabeth at his house in London and she ordered that he confine himself there. That same year, the Countess of Arundel, without her husband's knowledge and in great fear of his displeasure, secretly returned to the illegal and underground Catholic Church in England . After much effort, she successfully regained her husband's affection. On 30 September 1584,
6664-488: The nobility or royalty and by military orders . Scholars usually consider a castle to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble. This is distinct from a mansion , palace , and villa , whose main purpose was exclusively for pleasance and are not primarily fortresses but may be fortified. Use of the term has varied over time and, sometimes, has also been applied to structures such as hill forts and 19th- and 20th-century homes built to resemble castles. Over
6800-432: The 16th century, new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live. As a result, true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery star forts with no role in civil administration, and château or country houses that were indefensible. From the 18th century onwards, there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock castles, part of
6936-535: The 4th Baron Dacre), believed their inheritance should have come to him, having been named in his brother's will. However after becoming involved in the Northern Rebellion against Queen Elizabeth , Leonard Dacre was forced to flee from England to Scotland and then to Flanders where he died in poverty in 1573. The Howards had the premier dukedom (Norfolk) in England and the premier earldom (Arundel) and with Leonard Dacre having fled abroad, Naworth Castle and
SECTION 50
#17327803742657072-547: The Catholic Church, despite the dangers that would entail. Philip was originally baptised as a Catholic and although he received a Protestant education, a vein of Catholicism was never far below the surface, mostly due to the fact that his close relations had remained loyal to the Catholic Church during the Reformation. His maternal grandfather was a staunch Catholic and his father, who had also been educated as
7208-613: The Christians were victorious in the First Crusade (1096–1099), rather than nearly 100 years later. Remains of Roman structures in Western Europe were still standing in many places, some of which had flanking round-towers and entrances between two flanking towers. The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English " Saxon Shore " were reused and in Spain
7344-474: The Crown. In a letter dated 1 May 1589 to Claudio Aquaviva , Father Henry Garnet recalled, "When the sentence was pronounced and the crowd saw the Earl coming out of the hall with the axe-edge turned in towards him -- in the trial of nobles this is the sign that the prisoner has been condemned -- suddenly there was a great uproar that was carried miles along the river bank, some people demanding what had come of
7480-515: The Dacre estates became the property of the son of the Duke of Norfolk, Lord William Howard, through his marriage to Elizabeth Dacre (nicknamed "Bess of the Broad Apron" thanks to the size of the vast northern estates which she had inherited). Amongst their many properties was Castle Howard , but the principal family seat today is Naworth Castle, whilst Castle Howard is now held by a cadet branch of
7616-536: The Dacres and their spouses. The beasts are identified as follows:: The figures are unique survivors of English heraldic woodwork which conceal a coded history of the Dacre family (including their elopements) and are regarded as fine examples of a lost world of English medieval and Tudor heraldic carving. The beasts became more famous in the 19th century through the production of prints, appealing strongly to Victorian fantasies of medieval romance. They are said to have been
7752-473: The Duke of Norfolk, then married two of the three Dacre heiresses (Anne and Elizabeth) to two of his sons – Philip Howard and William Howard . Mary Dacre was due to marry his other son, Thomas Howard , however she died before any marriage could take place. Thus the Howard name came into the Dacre family, along with the title of Earl of Carlisle . However, the sisters’ uncle, Leonard Dacre (younger brother to
7888-638: The Duke's intention to marry Mary I Stewart , Queen of Scots. Although he was released in August 1570, a few months later he became involved in the Ridolfi plot to overthrow Elizabeth, install Mary on the English throne and restore Catholicism, and was arrested again in September 1571, when his participation in the plot was discovered. Norfolk was tried for high treason and sentenced to death in January 1572. He
8024-603: The Earl was secretly received again into the Catholic Church by the Jesuit priest Father William Weston . At the same time, the Earl's younger half-brother, Lord William Howard, was also received into Catholicism. Arundel, while still attending Elizabeth's court, successfully hid his adherence to Catholicism for a time, before withdrawing to his home and attempting to focus on being a better husband and father. The next year, Howard acted against Father Weston's cautions, by attempting to flee to mainland Europe in order to live openly as
8160-628: The East became more complex around the late 12th and early 13th centuries after the stalemate of the Third Crusade (1189–1192). Both Christians and Muslims created fortifications, and the character of each was different. Saphadin , the 13th-century ruler of the Saracens, created structures with large rectangular towers that influenced Muslim architecture and were copied again and again, however they had little influence on Crusader castles. In
8296-479: The Fitzalan Chapel to the new shrine erected in the cathedral, where the consecration ceremony was held. Since then, the shrine has become a place of pilgrimage. While imprisoned, Howard spent much of his time writing and translating Catholic poetry and devotional literature. The manuscripts, according to Father Caraman, were routinely smuggled out of the Tower of London to be edited and corrected by Father William Weston, before in at least one case, being smuggled to
SECTION 60
#17327803742658432-528: The Iberian Peninsula was the use of detached towers, called Albarrana towers , around the perimeter as can be seen at the Alcazaba of Badajoz . Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire. They were connected to the castle by removable wooden bridges, so if the towers were captured the rest of the castle was not accessible. When seeking to explain this change in
8568-475: The Italian trace italienne and star forts . A motte was an earthen mound with a flat top. It was often artificial, although sometimes it incorporated a pre-existing feature of the landscape. The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte, called a moat (which could be either wet or dry). Although the motte is commonly associated with the bailey to form a motte-and-bailey castle, this
8704-511: The Middle Ages, when genuine castles were built, they took on a great many forms with many different features, although some, such as curtain walls , arrowslits , and portcullises , were commonplace. European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries after the fall of the Carolingian Empire , which resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. These nobles built castles to control
8840-573: The Queen's clemency that such a splendid and gallant gentleman should suffer condemnation, others passionately indignant that a man who had prayed to God should be executed for that alone. For among the accusations brought against him, the principal charge and the one on which the whole case turned, was this -- he had asked a certain priest to pray for the success of the Spanish fleet; whereas in fact, all his enemies could prove against him and all he had done
8976-491: The Queen's pleasure. In July 1586 he was offered his freedom if he would carry the sword of state before the Queen to church; he refused. In 1588 he was accused of praying, together with other Catholics, for the victory of the Spanish Armada . He was tried for high treason on 14 April 1589 and was found guilty. He was immediately condemned to death and attainted , with all his titles and property declared forfeit to
9112-659: The Spanish Netherlands for publication by exiled English recusant Richard Verstegan . For example, the Earl made a Latin- Elizabethan English translation of An Epistle in the Person of Jesus Christ to the Faithful Soule by John Justus of Landsberg , which was posthumously published at Antwerp (1595, reprinted 1871). Howard's verse translation of Marko Marulić 's poem Carmen de doctrina Domini nostri Iesu Christi pendentis in cruce ("A Dialogue Betwixt
9248-413: The aesthetics of the design became more important, as the castle's appearance and size began to reflect the prestige and power of its occupant. Comfortable homes were often fashioned within their fortified walls. Although castles still provided protection from low levels of violence in later periods, eventually they were succeeded by country houses as high-status residences. Castle is sometimes used as
9384-464: The architectural characteristics, usually as their owners liked to maintain a link to the past and felt the term castle was a masculine expression of their power. In scholarship the castle, as defined above, is generally accepted as a coherent concept, originating in Europe and later spreading to parts of the Middle East, where they were introduced by European Crusaders. This coherent group shared
9520-507: The area immediately surrounding them and they were both offensive and defensive structures: they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as offered protection from enemies. Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies, the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power. Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in
9656-426: The bailey was the home of the rest of the lord's household and gave them protection. The barracks for the garrison, stables, workshops, and storage facilities were often found in the bailey. Water was supplied by a well or cistern . Over time the focus of high status accommodation shifted from the keep to the bailey; this resulted in the creation of another bailey that separated the high status buildings – such as
9792-402: The baptism of royal children. Shortly after his birth, his mother became seriously ill, possibly from puerperal infection and died at Arundel House in August of that year. The illness that caused her mother's death was common due to poor hygiene around childbirth. His home from the age of seven was a former Carthusian monastery. Being the eldest son and heir to the Duke of Norfolk, Philip
9928-484: The body of the church being almost square. It is the only church designed by the Pre-Raphaelite architect Philip Webb, and contains one of the most exquisite sets of stained glass windows designed by Burne-Jones, and executed in the William Morris studio. During a visit by William Morris at the castle in August 1874, he wrote a letter to Aglaia Coronio "...all is very pleasant. Ned & I pass our mornings in
10064-434: The ceremony was repeated two years later, after both parties had attained the age of consent. Philip's half-brothers Thomas and William , sons of their father by his second wife Margaret Audley , subsequently married Anne's sisters Mary and Elizabeth respectively. Philip's father, a Roman Catholic with a Protestant education, was arrested in 1569 for being involved in intrigues against Queen Elizabeth I , mainly because of
10200-431: The community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source. Many northern European castles were originally built from earth and timber but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences, lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. This led to
10336-578: The complexity and style of castles, antiquarians found their answer in the Crusades. It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture . There were legends such as that of Lalys – an architect from Palestine who reputedly went to Wales after the Crusades and greatly enhanced the castles in the south of
10472-454: The construction of castle sites through the examination of ceramics. The increase in Italy began in the 950s, with numbers of castles increasing by a factor of three to five every 50 years, whereas in other parts of Europe such as France and Spain the growth was slower. In 950, Provence was home to 12 castles; by 1000, this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100. Although
10608-474: The country – and it was assumed that great architects such as James of Saint George originated in the East. In the mid-20th century this view was cast into doubt. Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche , in France. If the innovations in fortification had derived from the East, it would have been expected for their influence to be seen from 1100 onwards, immediately after
10744-580: The death of his aunt, Philip became the sole surviving descendant of his maternal grandfather, and was heir to the earldom of Arundel and its subsidiary titles, and all of FitzAlan's extensive properties in Sussex, including Arundel Castle , the main residence of the FitzAlan family, which later became the principal home of Philip's descendants. After his grandfather's death in February 1580, Howard received
10880-427: The defender if it was too small. A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming. Sometimes a sally port was included; this could allow the garrison to leave the castle and engage besieging forces. It was usual for the latrines to empty down the external walls of a castle and into the surrounding ditch. A postern is a secondary door or gate in a concealed location, usually in
11016-844: The depredations of the Scots. Through marriage, the Dacres were related to many other northern families including the Nevilles , the Percy family , the Greystoke family , the Greys , the Parrs , the de Lucy family, the Harington Family and, the de Vaux family . Unfortunately for the Dacres, due to marriage links, they became heavily involved in the feuds within the Neville family and between
11152-552: The dominant form of castle in England, Wales, and Ireland well into the 12th century. At the same time, castle architecture in mainland Europe became more sophisticated. The donjon was at the centre of this change in castle architecture in the 12th century. Central towers proliferated, and typically had a square plan, with walls 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) thick. Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture , and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers. Donjons, which were
11288-699: The early 13th century, Crusader castles were mostly built by Military Orders including the Knights Hospitaller , Knights Templar , and Teutonic Knights . The orders were responsible for the foundation of sites such as Krak des Chevaliers , Margat , and Belvoir . Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences. Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel Fitzalan Chapel , Arundel Castle 1624 – 1971 Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel (28 June 1557 – 19 October 1595)
11424-413: The economy and justice. However, while castles proliferated in the 9th and 10th centuries the link between periods of insecurity and building fortifications is not always straightforward. Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles. It is likely that the castle evolved from the practice of fortifying a lordly home. The greatest threat to
11560-524: The elements of castle architecture were military in nature, so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power. Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape. Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century, it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century, when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. While castles continued to be built well into
11696-617: The entire inheritance of his maternal family, and the Queen made him Earl of Arundel . Since then the Earldom of Arundel has remained in the hands of the main line of the Howard family, and with the restoration of the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1660, the title remains one of the subsidiary (courtesy) titles of the dukes. Howard is variously numbered as 1st, 20th or 13th Earl of Arundel . This is due to forfeiture losses and subsequent recreations of
11832-512: The family. The castle itself not only embodies centuries of tradition and cultural heritage but was/is home to the Dacres and Howards. After its initial build in the 13th century, it changed over the centuries, experiencing periods of building and development as well as periods of destruction. Presently it has an exceptional and unusual combination of Pre-Raphaelite interiors, original medieval chambers and large, forbidding dungeons (the latter being four dark apartments, three below, and one above up
11968-461: The four Dacre children (George Dacre plus his three sisters, Anne , Mary, and Elizabeth). Within a year of marrying the Duke of Norfolk, Elizabeth Dacre died in childbirth. The Duke then applied for wardship of his four Dacre stepchildren. Two years later, the young George Dacre died in an accident and, as a minor, was without issue. His inheritance, which included Naworth, was given to his sisters as co-heiresses to his estates. The girls’ stepfather,
12104-592: The garrison to control the surrounding area, and formed a centre of administration, providing the lord with a place to hold court . Building a castle sometimes required the permission of the king or other high authority. In 864 the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald , prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed. This is perhaps the earliest reference to castles, though military historian R. Allen Brown points out that
12240-726: The hall from the early 16th century until 2000 when they were purchased by the Victoria and Albert Museum . They were originally situated in the Great Hall, where they stood under a ceiling painted with portraits of the kings and queens of England. Having been commissioned by Thomas Dacre circa 1520, all four figures are believed to have been carved from a single Cumbrian oak tree from the Naworth estate. Centuries later they were rescued from Naworth's fire in 1844. The beasts (each 6 ft tall) are intended to represent heraldic supporters of
12376-703: The immediate proximity of these fortifications. After the First Crusade, Crusaders who did not return to their homes in Europe helped found the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch , the County of Edessa , the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and the County of Tripoli . The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons. Their design was very similar to that of
12512-428: The increase was slower in Spain, the 1020s saw a particular growth in the number of castles in the region, particularly in contested border areas between Christian and Muslim lands. Despite the common period in which castles rose to prominence in Europe, their form and design varied from region to region. In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top –
12648-477: The inspiration for John Tenniel 's illustrations for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland . It is likely that the castle's 18th-century walled garden lies within the boundaries of the original moat . In June 1568, when Mary, Queen of Scots was at Carlisle Castle , it was mentioned that "Naward Castle is moated about, and much stronger for her detention". Although Naworth was "strong, and fit" for Mary, there
12784-462: The late Anne Boleyn , was a second cousin once removed of the Queen. He was widely considered by persecuted Catholics who were plotting regime change to be a possible heir presumptive to the English throne. The Earl's ship was accordingly attacked and boarded by English pirates working for the Tudor Navy while setting sail from Littlehampton . The Earl, who was at first led to believe that
12920-414: The lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures). The design of castles was not uniform, but these were features that could be found in a typical castle in the mid-12th century. By the end of the 12th century or the early 13th century, a newly constructed castle could be expected to be polygonal in shape, with towers at the corners to provide enfilading fire for
13056-454: The local feudal lords, either for themselves or for their monarch. Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty, the lord would grant the vassal land. In the late 20th century, there was a trend to refine the definition of a castle by including the criterion of feudal ownership, thus tying castles to the medieval period; however, this does not necessarily reflect
13192-499: The lord's chambers and the chapel – from the everyday structures such as the workshops and barracks. From the late 12th century there was a trend for knights to move out of the small houses they had previously occupied within the bailey to live in fortified houses in the countryside. Although often associated with the motte-and-bailey type of castle, baileys could also be found as independent defensive structures. These simple fortifications were called ringworks . The enceinte
13328-420: The loss of the donjon. Where keeps did exist, they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical. Gateways were more strongly defended, with the entrance to the castle usually between two half-round towers which were connected by a passage above the gateway – although there was great variety in the styles of gateway and entrances – and one or more portcullis. A peculiar feature of Muslim castles in
13464-467: The main living quarters of the castle and usually the most strongly defended point of a castle before the introduction of concentric defence . "Keep" was not a term used in the medieval period – the term was applied from the 16th century onwards – instead " donjon " was used to refer to great towers, or turris in Latin. In motte-and-bailey castles, the keep was on top of the motte. "Dungeon"
13600-444: The move, to elaborate permanent stone constructions, notably the milecastles of Hadrian's Wall . Roman forts were generally rectangular with rounded corners – a "playing-card shape". In the medieval period, castles were influenced by earlier forms of elite architecture, contributing to regional variations. Importantly, while castles had military aspects, they contained a recognisable household structure within their walls, reflecting
13736-438: The multi-functional use of these buildings. The subject of the emergence of castles in Europe is a complex matter which has led to considerable debate. Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars , Muslims , and Vikings and a need for private defence. The breakdown of the Carolingian Empire led to the privatisation of government, and local lords assumed responsibility for
13872-573: The number of castles being built went into decline. This has been partly attributed to the higher cost of stone-built fortifications, and the obsolescence of timber and earthwork sites, which meant it was preferable to build in more durable stone. Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless. This is evidenced by the continual maintenance of timber castles over long periods, sometimes several centuries; Owain Glyndŵr 's 11th-century timber castle at Sycharth
14008-614: The passing pleasures of temporal freedom. Indeed, he reckoned persecution a greater happiness than the frail and shallow satisfaction of worldly well-being." During the autumn of 1595, while dying of dysentery , the Earl petitioned the Queen to be allowed to see his wife and his son, who had been born after his imprisonment. The Queen responded, "If he will but once attend the Protestant Service, he shall not only see his wife and children, but be restored to his honours and estates with every mark of my royal favour". To this, Howard
14144-520: The pirate captain only wanted to extort a ransom , was instead arrested and committed to the Tower of London on 25 April 1585. He was charged before the Star Chamber with being a Catholic, quitting England without leave, sharing in Jesuit plots, and claiming the title Duke of Norfolk in defiance of his father's attainder . On 17 May 1586, he was fined £10,000 and sentenced to imprisonment at
14280-519: The proliferation of towers, with an emphasis on flanking fire . Many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence – several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castle's firepower. These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades , such as concentric fortification , and inspiration from earlier defences, such as Roman forts . Not all
14416-410: The quadrangle. Water had to be passed in buckets from a rivulet at the foot of a steep hill on the north side of the castle. "Belted Will's Tower" was saved, while the fire continued until around one o'clock on Sunday morning, when it was brought under control. Subsequent restoration was undertaken by the architect Anthony Salvin . Following the fire, some rooms changed including the former chapel which
14552-424: The residence of the lord of the castle, evolved to become more spacious. The design emphasis of donjons changed to reflect a shift from functional to decorative requirements, imposing a symbol of lordly power upon the landscape. This sometimes led to compromising defence for the sake of display. Until the 12th century, stone-built and earth and timber castles were contemporary, but by the late 12th century
14688-457: The royal family in attendance, and was named after his co-godfather, King Philip II of Spain , husband of the ruling monarch, Mary I . The baby's other godfather was his grandfather, the 12th Earl of Arundel. His godmother was his great-grandmother, Elizabeth Stafford , widow of the 3rd Duke, who held the child over a gold baptismal font which was kept in the Treasury and normally used only for
14824-526: The terminology used in the medieval period. During the First Crusade (1096–1099), the Frankish armies encountered walled settlements and forts that they indiscriminately referred to as castles, but which would not be considered as such under the modern definition. Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, and domestic. As well as defensive structures, castles were also offensive tools which could be used as
14960-497: The time he turned eighteen; notably, this was only a few years after his father had been executed for treason against the Queen. His life had been frivolous both at Cambridge and remained so at court, where he nevertheless became a favourite of the Queen, despite Philip's troubled family past. In July 1578, his maternal aunt Jane FitzAlan died without living descendants, as the only three children she had from her marriage to John Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley all died during infancy. With
15096-544: The title of Earl of Surrey, as the dukedom of Norfolk was forfeit . Although Howard did not manage to recover the dukedom, a few years later he and his younger half-siblings were able to recover part of the forfeited properties. It was during this time that Philip was sent to study at St John's College, Cambridge . While Howard was studying there, his wife came under the protection of Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel , Philip's maternal grandfather. Philip graduated in 1574, aged 17. He began attending Elizabeth I's court by
15232-429: The title. If taken in a continuous line from the creation of the Earldom in 1138 by King Stephen for William d'Aubigny (d. 1176), Philip's direct ancestor, Howard would be the 20th Earl. Howard was present at a debate in the Tower of London in 1581 between a group of Protestant theologians and the Catholic priests Edmund Campion and Ralph Sherwin . This led him to return to Arundel to think about reconciliation with
15368-571: The wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091. Historian Smail in Crusading warfare argued that the case for the influence of Eastern fortification on the West has been overstated, and that Crusaders of the 12th century in fact learned very little about scientific design from Byzantine and Saracen defences. A well-sited castle that made use of natural defences and had strong ditches and walls had no need for
15504-413: The walls. The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall. These later castles did not always have a keep, but this may have been because the more complex design of the castle as a whole drove up costs and the keep was sacrificed to save money. The larger towers provided space for habitation to make up for
15640-460: The word castella may have applied to any fortification at the time. In some countries the monarch had little control over lords, or required the construction of new castles to aid in securing the land so was unconcerned about granting permission – as was the case in England in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest and the Holy Land during the Crusades . Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as
15776-724: Was dissolved in 1543. As part of the barony of Gilsland the manor of Walton was granted to the Dacre family. They refused to yield Gilsland and Naworth to the King , although in 1552 they agreed to exchange some lands at Bewcastle for others at Papcastle . In the late 16th century, Naworth came under the control of the Duke of Norfolk. In 1566 Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre died. In his will, he left his estates to his only son, George Dacre, 5th Baron Dacre , and thereafter to his brothers, including Leonard Dacre . Following his death, his widow, Elizabeth Dacre (née Leyburne) , married Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk who became stepfather to
15912-543: Was an English nobleman . He was canonised by Pope Paul VI in 1970, as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales . Howard lived mainly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ; he was charged with being a Roman Catholic , quitting England without leave, and sharing in Jesuit plots. For this, he was sent to the Tower of London in 1585. Howard spent ten years in the Tower, until his death from dysentery . Philip
16048-610: Was born at Arundel House , in the Strand , London in 1557, during the upheaval of the English Reformation . He was the only son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk by his first wife Lady Mary FitzAlan , youngest daughter of Henry FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel and his first wife, Lady Katherine Grey. He was baptised by the Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of York Nicholas Heath at Whitehall Palace with
16184-625: Was called a hall-house. Historian Charles Coulson states that the accumulation of wealth and resources, such as food, led to the need for defensive structures. The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent , the Indus Valley , Europe, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls. In Northern Europe , hill forts were first developed in the Bronze Age , which then proliferated across Europe in
16320-477: Was common, and usually between local lords. Castles were introduced into England shortly before the Norman Conquest in 1066. Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest. The introduction of castles to Denmark was a reaction to attacks from Wendish pirates, and they were usually intended as coastal defences. The motte and bailey remained
16456-424: Was composed at Naworth. As well as Naworth Castle and Castle Howard, George Howard lived at 1 Palace Green, Kensington, a house designed for him by Webb and decorated by Burne-Jones and Morris. Webb later built two houses for his Naworth Castle Estate, Four Gables and Green Lane House, the latter intended for the vicar. Webb's plan for the local St Martin's Church, Brampton is unique amongst Victorian Churches, with
16592-400: Was destined to become the future 5th Duke. From the moment of his birth, he bore the courtesy title of Earl of Surrey , a subsidiary title of the dukes of Norfolk. In 1569 his father arranged the marriage of Philip to his step-sister Anne Dacre , daughter of Norfolk's third wife, Elizabeth Leyburne , by the latter's previous marriage. Since both children were only 12 years old at the time,
16728-509: Was elevated to the status of a cathedral in 1965 and its dedication changed to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard just after Pope Paul VI canonised the Earl as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales in October 1970. On 10 March 1971 in the presence of Monsignor Michael Bowen , then Coadjutor bishop of Arundel and Brighton, and the Chapter of Canons, Howard's remains were moved from
16864-518: Was executed in June of that same year, when Philip was almost fifteen years old. After his father's death, Philip and his surviving half-siblings Thomas, Margaret and William were left in the care of their uncle, Henry Howard , who also took charge of their education. During that time, the Howard children lived with their uncle at Audley End , one of his family's properties. Due to his father's execution, Philip lost much of his paternal family's estates and
17000-430: Was in short supply. Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe. Historians have interpreted the widespread presence of castles across Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries as evidence that warfare
17136-533: Was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest of 1066 to denote this type of building, which was then new to England. In its simplest terms, the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is "a private fortified residence". This contrasts with earlier fortifications, such as Anglo-Saxon burhs and walled cities such as Constantinople and Antioch in the Middle East; castles were not communal defences but were built and owned by
17272-420: Was made in the upper storey of the gatehouse for accommodation so the gate was never left undefended, although this arrangement later evolved to become more comfortable at the expense of defence. During the 13th and 14th centuries the barbican was developed. This consisted of a rampart , ditch, and possibly a tower, in front of the gatehouse which could be used to further protect the entrance. The purpose of
17408-471: Was no store of wine and beer at the castle. Further additions were made in the early 17th century for Lord William Howard when he took up residence with his children and grandchildren at Naworth. His heir, Philip, was the grandfather of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle , and his younger son Francis was the ancestor of the Howards of Corby . On Saturday, 18 May 1844, the castle caught fire, possibly as
17544-419: Was not always the case and there are instances where a motte existed on its own. "Motte" refers to the mound alone, but it was often surmounted by a fortified structure, such as a keep, and the flat top would be surrounded by a palisade . It was common for the motte to be reached over a flying bridge (a bridge over the ditch from the counterscarp of the ditch to the edge of the top of the mound), as shown in
17680-442: Was noted for his patience in suffering and courtesy to unkind keepers. Howard spent more than ten years in the Tower. Father Weston later recalled, "While he was enduring these cruel sufferings an offer of liberation was made him in the Queen's name, but on condition that he held a disputation with the so-called Archbishop of Canterbury. This he refused to do. He preferred to be afflicted in the company of God's people than to possess
17816-417: Was often the weakest part in a circuit of defences. To overcome this, the gatehouse was developed, allowing those inside the castle to control the flow of traffic. In earth and timber castles, the gateway was usually the first feature to be rebuilt in stone. The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by
17952-422: Was still in use by the start of the 15th century, its structure having been maintained for four centuries. At the same time there was a change in castle architecture. Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by
18088-425: Was the castle's main defensive enclosure, and the terms "bailey" and "enceinte" are linked. A castle could have several baileys but only one enceinte. Castles with no keep, which relied on their outer defences for protection, are sometimes called enceinte castles; these were the earliest form of castles, before the keep was introduced in the 10th century. A keep was a great tower or other building that served as
18224-516: Was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere except Scandinavia. While Britain, France, and Italy shared a tradition of timber construction that was continued in castle architecture, Spain more commonly used stone or mud-brick as the main building material. The Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century introduced a style of building developed in North Africa reliant on tapial , pebbles in cement, where timber
18360-626: Was the seat of the Barons Dacre and is now that of their cognatic descendants, the Earls of Carlisle , who belong to the prominent Howard family . It is a Grade I listed building and was an impregnable fortress for the Dacres, where they retreated in times of trouble. Formerly a stronghold of the Lord Wardens of the Marches , Naworth is a medieval castle set in border country. The castle
18496-400: Was this, that he sought that prayers should be said every day and night in the Tower of London and in other prisons at that time, chiefly, when everyone was expecting a general massacre [of Catholics]." Queen Elizabeth did not sign his death warrant , but Howard was never told this. He was kept constantly in fear of execution, although comforted by the companionship of a dog, which served as
#264735