Nazas is a town in the state of Durango , in north-western Mexico . The town of Nazas is the seat of the municipality of Nazas . As of 2010, the town of Nazas had a population of 3,622.
103-660: The "Architectonic ensemble of the Town of Nazas" is one of the sites that form the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010. The greatest extent of the solar eclipse of 8 April 2024 was near the town of Nazas, with a totality of about 4 minutes and 28 seconds. An important agricultural product of the municipality is pecan nut . The town is known as the Paraíso de la Nuez . The pecan varieties grown are Wisha and Western. By planted acreage, pecan
206-503: A " Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas " ("General Commander of the Internal Provinces") for the northern provinces of New Spain. However, he also recognized that a long war with the natives would be impossible to win or sustain due to the lack of military resources in the area. With that view, he himself promoted the establishment of a strong peace in the provinces and a greater commercial presence in 1779. In 1786,
309-495: A captain of the expedition, chronicled Oñate's conquest of New Mexico's indigenous peoples in his epic poem Historia de la Nueva México . Oñate granted land to colonists on the expedition, and empowered them to demand tribute from Native Americans. In October 1598, a skirmish erupted when a squad of Oñate's men stopped to trade for food supplies at the Acoma Pueblo . The Ácoma themselves needed their stored food to survive
412-515: A channel to the province so as not to completely abandon their subjects remaining there. The Viceroyalty organized a system, the so-called conducta , to supply the missions , presidios , and northern ranchos. The conducta consisted of wagon caravans that departed every three years from Mexico City to Santa Fe along the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. The trip required a long and difficult journey of six months, including 2–3 weeks of rest along
515-473: A chief named Catarax ( Caddi was a Wichita title for a chief), the description of their granaries, and their location all are in accord with Coronado's earlier description of the Quivirans . However, they were probably not the same people Coronado met. Coronado found Quivira 120 miles north of Oñate's Rayados. The Rayados spoke of large settlements called Tancoa —perhaps the real name of Quivira—in an area to
618-425: A commercial route for more than 300 years, from the middle of the 16th century to the 19th century, mainly for the transport of silver extracted from northern mines. During this time, the road was continuously improved, and over time the risks became smaller as haciendas and population centers emerged. During the 18th century, the sites along the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro increased significantly. The area between
721-547: A final policy decision has not been made about the Oñate statue other than its removal today to protect it from damage or destruction. The County Commission welcomes a respectful and civil discussion from its residents about the future of the Oñate statue." A memorial for Oñate was created for the New Mexico Cuarto Centenario (the 400th anniversary of Oñate's 1598 settlement). The memorial was meant to be
824-519: A guide and hostage, although " treating him well. " Caratax led Oñate and the Escanjaques across the river to Etzanoa , a settlement on the eastern bank, one or two miles from the river. The settlement was deserted, the inhabitants having fled. It contained " about twelve hundred houses, all established along the bank of another good-sized river which flowed into the large one [the Arkansas]....
927-471: A hill. The Rayados advanced, throwing dirt into the air as a sign that they were ready for war. Oñate quickly indicated that he did not wish to fight and made peace with this group of Rayados, who proved to be friendly and generous. Oñate liked the Rayados more than he did the Escanjaques. They were " united, peaceful, and settled. " They showed deference to their chief , named Caratax, whom Oñate detained as
1030-465: A large river a few miles away and he became the first European to describe the tallgrass prairie . He spoke of fertile land, much better than that through which he had previously passed, and pastures " so good that in many places the grass was high enough to conceal a horse. " He found and tasted a fruit of good flavor, possibly the pawpaw . Near the river, Oñate's expedition party and their numerous Escanjaque guides saw three or four hundred Rayados on
1133-412: A symbolic reminder of the foot-amputating Acoma Massacre . A local filmmaker, Chris Eyre , was contacted by one of the two perpetrators, saying "I'm back on the scene to show people that Oñate and his supporters must be shamed." The sculptor responded that chopping feet "was the nature of discipline of 400 years ago." In 2017, the statue's left foot was painted red and the words "Remember 1680" (year of
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#17327662355551236-444: A tri-cultural collaboration (Hispanic, Anglo, and Tewa Pueblo Native American), with Reynaldo "Sonny" Rivera, Betty Sabo , and Nora Naranjo Morse . Because of the controversy surrounding Oñate, two separate memorials and perspectives were created. Rivera and Sabo did a series of bronze statues of Oñate leading the first group of Spanish settlers into New Mexico titled "La Jornada," while Naranjo-Morse created an abstract land art from
1339-399: A trial at Ohkay Owingeh , Oñate sentenced all men and women older than 12 to twenty years of forced "personal servitude". In addition, men older than 25 (24 individuals) were to have a foot amputated. According to recent research, there is no evidence of this happening and that, at most, the prisoners lost some toes. This latter theory makes sense, for losing toes rather than a whole foot left
1442-431: A type of building, architectural, technological or landscape, that illustrates a significant stage of human history" was added in 2010. On August 1, 2010, UNESCO designated this road as a World Heritage Site . The designation identified a core zone of 3,102 hectares with a buffer zone of 268,057 hectares distributed across 60 historical sites. UNESCO identified / recognized 60 sites along the road in their declaration of
1545-412: Is a 1991 bronze statue dedicated to Oñate. In 1998, New Mexico celebrated the 400th anniversary of his arrival. Shortly before (December 29, 1997), and the close dates are no coincidence, unknown perpetrator(s) cut off the statue's right foot and left a note saying, "Fair is fair." Sculptor Reynaldo Rivera recast the foot, but a seam is still visible. Some commentators suggested leaving the statue maimed as
1648-615: Is an alternate name used to describe the route as it passes from New Mexico through the state of Chihuahua to central Mexico. By the late 16th century, Spanish exploration and colonization had advanced from Mexico City northward by the great central plateau to its ultimate goal in Santa Fe . Until Mexican independence in 1821, all communications between New Mexico and the rest of the world were restricted to this 1,500-mile (2,400 km) trail. Over it came ox carts and mule trains, missionaries and governors, soldiers and colonists. When
1751-528: Is credited with founding the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and was the province's first colonial governor, acting from 1598 to 1610. He held his colonial government at Ohkay Owingeh , and renamed the pueblo there 'San Juan de los Caballeros'. In late 1595, the Viceroy Gaspar de Zúñiga followed his predecessor's advice, and in the summer of 1596 delayed Oñate's expedition in order to review
1854-779: Is overseen by both the National Park Service and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management with aid from the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA). A portion of the trail near San Acacia, New Mexico , was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The road is identified as beginning at the Plaza Santo Domingo very close to the present Zócalo and Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. Traveling north through San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato ,
1957-627: Is second to alfalfa . This article about a location in the Mexican state of Durango is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Camino Real de Tierra Adentro El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (English: The Royal Road of the Interior Land ), also known as the Silver Route , was a Spanish 2,560-kilometre-long (1,590 mi) road between Mexico City and San Juan Pueblo ( Ohkay Owingeh ), New Mexico (in
2060-735: Is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador ." Oñate is honored by some as an explorer but vilified by others for his cruelty to the Keres people of Acoma Pueblo . Oñate Elementary School in Albuquerque, New Mexico was named after Juan de Oñate and is currently the only public school in New Mexico carrying Oñate's namesake. Oñate High School in Las Cruces, New Mexico was also named after Juan de Oñate, but in 2021,
2163-769: The Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , the northernmost of the four main "royal roads" – the Caminos Reales – that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries in Acapulco , Veracruz , Audiencia ( Guatemala ) and Santa Fe . After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 , which violently forced the Spanish out of Nuevo México , the Spanish Crown decided not to abandon the province altogether but instead maintained
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#17327662355552266-594: The Canadian River into the modern state of Oklahoma . Leaving the river behind in a sandy area where his ox carts could not pass, he went across country, and the land became greener, with more water and groves of Black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and bur oak ( Quercus macrocarpa ) trees. Jusepe probably led the Oñate party on the same route he had taken on the Umana and Leyba expedition six years earlier. They found an encampment of native people that Oñate called
2369-665: The Comanches and the Utes traded weapons, ammunition, horses, agricultural products, furs, and meats with the Spanish. Spain at the same time maintained a monopoly on the products of its northern provinces, thus no trade occurred with the French colony of Louisiana . For the second half of the 18th century, the northern frontier of New Spain represented a fundamental interest for the Spanish Empire and its reformist policy, with
2472-458: The Escanjaques . He estimated the population at more than 5,000 living in 600 houses. The Escanjaques lived in round houses as large as 90 feet (27 m) in diameter and covered with tanned buffalo robes . They were hunters, according to Oñate, depending upon the buffalo for their subsistence and planting no crops. The Escanjaques told Oñate that Etzanoa , a large city of their enemies,
2575-623: The Hacienda de Juana Guerra . 1351-041: Churches in the town of Nombre de Dios . 1351-042: Hacienda de San Diego de Navacoyán and Bridge del Diablo . 1351-043: Historic center of Durango . 1351-044: Churches in the town of Cuencamé and Cristo de Mapimí . 1351-045: Templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio in the Hacienda La Pedriceña in Los Cuatillos , Cuencamé Municipality . 1351-046: Iglesia Principal of
2678-576: The Hacienda de San Diego del Jaral de Berrio in Guanajuato , as well as the portion in the United States. For this reason, a possible expansion of the declaration has been proposed for the future. The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia is conducting research to find and gather evidence for additional portions and sites of the original stretches of the historical road, such as bridges, pavements, haciendas, etc. that might be added to
2781-515: The Hacienda de San Mateo de la Zarca . 1351-054: Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Canutillo . 1351-055: Templo de San Miguel in the town of Villa Ocampo . 1351-056: Section of the Camino Real between Nazas and San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-057: Ojuela Mine . 1351-058: Cave of Las Mulas de Molino . 1351-059: Town of Valle de Allende . In the United States, from the Texas – New Mexico border to San Juan Pueblo north of Española ,
2884-480: The Hacienda de San Nicolás de Quijas . 1351-027: Town of Pinos . 1351-028: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles of the town of Noria de Ángeles . 1351-029: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in Villa González Ortega . 1351-030: Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Propaganda Fide . 1351-031: Historic center of Sombrerete . 1351-032: Templo de San Pantaleón Mártir in
2987-598: The Manila galleon that arrived annually at Acapulco from the western Pacific. As an example, for this time, the most typical products sold by the merchants in the city of Parral along the "Chihuahua Trail" included: Platoncillos from Michoacán ; Jarrillos from Cuautitlán of the State of Mexico; Majolica from the State of Puebla ; Porcelain junks from China ; and clay products from Guadalajara . The 19th century brought many changes for both Mexico and its northern border. From
3090-646: The Municipality of San Miguel de Allende . 1351-016: Historic center of Guanajuato and its adjacent mines. 1351-017: Historic center of Lagos de Moreno and bridge. 1351-018: Historic center of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-019: Bridge of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-020: Hacienda de Ciénega de Mata . 1351-021: Old Cemetery of Encarnación de Díaz . 1351-022: Hacienda de Peñuelas . 1351-023: Hacienda de Cieneguilla . 1351-024: Historic center of Aguascalientes . 1351-025: Hacienda de Pabellón de Hidalgo . 1351-026: Chapel of San Nicolás Tolentino of
3193-589: The Napoleonic Wars to the start of the Mexican War of Independence , the colonial government was unstable and struggled to continue sending resources to the northern provinces. This void led to the establishment of alternate suppliers and supply routes into those provinces. In 1807, American merchant and military agent Zebulon Pike was sent to explore the southwestern borders between the US and New Spain with
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3296-426: The Pueblo Revolt ) were written with paint on the monument's base. The county of Rio Arriba temporarily removed the statue on June 15, 2020, which followed wider efforts to remove controversial statues across the United States . It is unknown whether the statue will be returned to its place in the future, with a statement from Rio Arriba County Commission stating: "Rio Arriba County residents need to understand that
3399-481: The Rayado Indians , was located only about twenty miles away. It seems possible that the Escanjaques had gathered together in large numbers either out of fear of the Rayados or to undertake a war against them. They attempted to enlist the assistance of the Spanish and their firearms, alleging that the Rayados were responsible for the deaths of Humana and Leyva a few years before. The Escanjaques guided Oñate to
3502-648: The Salton Sink . They mistakenly thought that the Gulf of California continued indefinitely to the northwest, giving rise to a belief that was common in the 17th century that the western coasts of an Island of California were what was seen by sailing expeditions in the Pacific. Native groups observed living on the lower Colorado River, were, from north to south, the Amacava (Mohave) , Bahacecha , Osera (Pima) , at
3605-685: The Santa Fe Trail was established as an overland route between Santa Fe and Missouri , traders from the United States extended their operations southward down the Chihuahua Trail and beyond to Durango and Zacatecas . Ultimately superseded by railroads in the 19th century, the ancient Mexico City–Santa Fe road was revived in the mid-20th century as one of the great automobile highways of Mexico. The part that runs from Santa Fe, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas, US State Highway 85 ,
3708-603: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire —and a retinue of 130 American Indian soldiers and servants. The expedition possessed 350 horses and mules. Oñate journeyed across the plains eastward from New Mexico in a renewed search for Quivira , the fabled "city of gold." As had the earlier Coronado Expedition in the 1540s, Oñate encountered Apaches in the Texas Panhandle region. Oñate proceeded eastward, following
3811-603: The Spanish-Basque conquistador and silver baron Cristóbal de Oñate , a descendant of the noble house of Haro . Oñate's mother, Doña Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena, had among her ancestors Jewish-origin New Christians who "served in the royal court of Spanish monarchs from the late 1300s to the mid-1500s." She was of Spanish ancestry and descended from conversos , former Jews , on at least several branches of her family tree. Among these converso relatives
3914-592: The UNESCO World Heritage List in November 2001, under the cultural criteria (i) and (ii), which referred to i) "Representing a masterpiece of the creative genius of man"; and ii) "Being the manifestation of a considerable exchange of influences, during a specific period or in a specific cultural area, in the development of architecture or technology, monumental arts, urban planning or landscape design". Criteria (iv) "Offering an eminent example of
4017-527: The Viceroyalty of New Spain all roads passable by horse and cart were called "Camino Real", and a significant number of roads throughout the viceroyalty bore this designation. Similarly, all of the interior territories outside of Mexico City were once called "Tierra Adentro", and particularly the northern parts of the Kingdom. This is why the portion of the road between Santiago de Querétaro and Saltillo
4120-845: The confluence of the Gila River with the Colorado, in a location later occupied by the Quechan , Alebdoma . Seen by Oñate below the Gila junction but subsequently reported upstream from there, in the area where Oñate had encountered the Coguana , or Kahwans, Agalle, and Agalecquamaya, or Halyikwamai , and the Cocopah . Concerning areas that the explorers had not observed directly, they gave fantastic reports about races of human and areas said to be rich in gold, silver, and pearls. In 1606, Oñate
4223-464: The pueblo. Much later, when King Philip III of Spain heard the news of the massacre, and the punishments, Oñate was banished from New Mexico for his cruelty to the natives, and exiled from Mexico for five years, convicted by the Spanish government of using "excessive force" against the Acoma people . Oñate later returned to Spain to live out the remainder of his life. Of the 500 or so survivors, at
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4326-619: The 1,400-kilometre (870 mi) route between the Historic Center of Mexico City (also a World Heritage Site on its own) and the town of Valle de Allende , Chihuahua . The 404-mile (650 km) section of the route within the United States was proclaimed the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail , a part of the National Historic Trail system, on October 13, 2000. The historic route
4429-614: The Camino Real between the bridge of La Colmena and the Hacienda de La Cañada . 1351-007: Historic center of San Juan del Río . 1351-008: Hacienda de Chichimequillas . 1351-009: Chapel of the hacienda de Buenavista . 1351-010: Historic center of Santiago de Querétaro . 1351-011: Bridge of El Fraile . 1351-012: Antiguo Real Hospital de San Juan de Dios in San Miguel de Allende . 1351-013: Bridge of San Rafael in Guanajuato . 1351-014: Bridge La Quemada . 1351-015: Sanctuario de Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco in
4532-511: The Camino Real in the Los Brazitos area south of what is now Las Cruces , New Mexico. Doniphan's forces went on to capture El Paso del Norte and, later, the city of Chihuahua. During 1846–1847, the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro became a path of continuous use, with American forces using it to travel into the interior of Mexico . On their journey, many American travelers kept journals and wrote home about what they saw as they travelled. One of
4635-508: The Camino Real to promote commerce (although some form of these had already been existing for some time prior). Some of the most important Fairs along the Camino Real included the Fair de San Juan de los Lagos in Jalisco , the Fair de Saltillo , and the Fair de Chihuahua , which was of great importance to Nuevo México merchants. The Fair de Taos was also an important annual event where
4738-456: The Camino Real, the Villa de Alburquerque became the center of commercial exchange between Nuevo México and the rest of New Spain during the 18th century, trading cattle, wool, textiles, animal skins, salt, and nuts. This exchange occurred mainly with the mining cities of Chihuahua, Santa Bárbara , and Parral . El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez ) became another major terminal on
4841-487: The Oñate expedition proceeded onward for another eight miles through heavily populated territory, although without seeing many Rayados. At this point, the Spaniards' courage deserted them. There were obviously many Rayados nearby and soon Oñate's men were warned that the Rayados were assembling an army. Discretion seemed the better part of valor. Oñate estimated that three hundred Spanish soldiers would be needed to confront
4944-694: The Presidios, inspect troop readiness, review military regulations and propose what might be done to strengthen the government and the defense of the State. From its review, the Marquis proposed a line of Presidios along the northern frontier of New Spain, to be established from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of California to protect itself from the Utes, Apaches , Comanches, and Navajos . Don José de Gálvez , special commissioner to New Spain for Charles III , promoted
5047-445: The Rayados, and he turned his soldiers around to return to New Mexico. Oñate had worried about the Rayados hurting or attacking his expedition party, but it was instead the Escanjaques who repelled his men on their return to New Mexico. Oñate described a pitched battle with 1,500 Escanjaques, probably an exaggeration, but many Spaniards were wounded and many natives killed. After more than two hours of fighting, Oñate himself retired from
5150-722: The Walnut River site. A minority view would be that the Escanjaque encampment was on the Ninnescah River and the Rayado village was on the site of present-day Wichita, Kansas . Authorities have speculated that the Escanjaques were Apache, Tonkawa , Jumano , Quapaw , Kaw , or other tribes. Most likely they were Caddoan and spoke a Wichita dialect. We can be virtually certain that the Rayados were Caddoan Wichitas. Their grass houses, dispersed mode of settlement,
5253-561: The aim of ensuring Spanish sovereignty over its northern provinces, highly coveted geopolitically by other European powers – especially the English and the French. The Spanish Crown labored to incorporate the natives into the social and economic welfare of its provinces and give them reasons to participate in the defense of the Spanish border. Thus, Captain Nicolás de Lafora (assigned by
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#17327662355555356-544: The ambush and death of thirteen Spaniards at the hands of the Ácoma , including Oñate's nephew, Juan de Zaldívar , Oñate ordered a brutal retaliation against Acoma Pueblo . The pueblo was destroyed. Around 800–1000 Ácoma were killed. Today, Oñate remains a controversial figure in New Mexican history: in 1998, the right foot was cut off a statue of the conquistador that stands in Alcalde, New Mexico , in protest of
5459-759: The banks of the Calderón River 60 km (37 mi) east of Guadalajara in present-day Zapotlanejo , Jalisco , northward, eventually arriving at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila where he was captured and executed by royal forces. Between 1821 and 1822, after the end of the war for the Independence of Mexico , the Santa Fe Trail was established to connect the US territory of Missouri with Santa Fe . At first, US merchants were arrested and imprisoned for bringing contraband into Mexican territory; however,
5562-490: The battlefield. The hostage Rayado chief Caratax was freed by a raid on Oñate and Oñate freed several women captives, but he retained several boys at the request of the Spanish priests for instruction in the Catholic faith. The attack may have arisen from Oñate's kidnapping of Caratax and the women and children. Oñate and his men returned to San Juan de los Caballeros , arriving there on November 24, 1601 without any further incidents of note. The path of Oñate's expedition and
5665-462: The better-known aim was to explore and colonize the unknown lands annexed into the New Kingdom of León y Castilla (present day New Mexico ) and the Viceroyalty of New Spain . His second goal was to capture Capt. Francisco Leyva de Bonilla (a traitor to the crown known to be in the region) as he already was transporting other criminals. His stated objective otherwise was to spread Catholicism by establishing new missions in Nuevo México . Oñate
5768-419: The caravan progressed further north. The main objective of the Chichimecas was horses, but they would also often take women and children. A series of presidios along the way allowed for relays of troops to provide additional protection to the caravans. At night in the most dangerous areas, the caravans would form a circle with their wagons with the people and animals inside. The Camino Real was actively used as
5871-402: The coming winter. The Ácoma resisted and 11 Spaniards were ambushed and killed, including Oñate's nephew, Juan de Zaldívar . In January 1599, Oñate condemned the conflict as an insurrection and ordered the pueblo destroyed, a mandate carried out by Juan de Zaldívar's brother, Vicente de Zaldívar , in an offensive known as the Ácoma Massacre . An estimated 800–1,000 Ácoma died in the siege of
5974-475: The conqueror of the Triple Alliance , and the great-granddaughter of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma Xocoyotzin . They had two children: In response to a bid by Juan Bautista de Lomas y Colmenares, and subsequently rejected by the King, on September 21, 1595 Philip II 's Viceroy Luís de Velasco selected Oñate from two other candidates to organize the resources of the newly acquired territory. The agreement with Viceroy Velasco tasked Oñate with two goals;
6077-444: The cultural and historic trail in collaboration with the U.S. National Park Service , the Bureau of Land Management , the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, and various Mexican organizations. CARTA publishes an informative quarterly journal, Chronicles of the Trail , which provides people with further history and current affairs of the trail and what CARTA, as an organization, is doing to help preserve it. The Chihuahua Trail
6180-425: The desert itself of a large dirt spiral representing the Native American perspective titled "Numbe Whageh" (Tewa interpretation: Our Center Place). It is located at the Albuquerque Museum . In 1614, Oñate was exiled from what is now New Mexico and charged with mismanagement and excessive cruelty, especially at the Acoma massacre in Acoma . In 1599, after killing 500 warriors and 300 women and children, he ordered
6283-419: The dispute over the Texas-Mexico border with the United States gave rise to the subsequent invasion by US military forces and the Mexican–American War began. One of these forces was commanded by the general Stephen Kearny , who traveled by the Santa Fe Trail to seize the capital of New Mexico. Another of the forces commanded by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan defeated a small group of Mexican contingents on
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#17327662355556386-454: The eighteen ton , 34-foot-tall (10 m) statue in a ceremony on April 21, 2007. Oñate is mounted atop his Andalusian horse and holds the La Toma declaration in his right hand. It is one of the tallest statues in the United States. According to Houser, it is the largest and heaviest bronze equestrian statue in the world. The statue precipitated controversy due to Oñate being tried and convicted for many crimes including brutality against
6489-400: The events that were taking place in the center of the country to the towns and villages of the internal provinces. During the Mexican War of Independence , the Camino Real was used by both forces, rebels and royal forces. For example, after the liberator Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched the war of independence, he used the road to retreat from the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón fought on
6592-508: The expedition was to locate a port by which New Mexico could be supplied, as an alternative to the laborious overland route from New Spain. The expedition to the lower Colorado River was important as the only recorded European incursion into that region between the expeditions of Hernando de Alarcón and Melchior Díaz in 1540, and the visits of Eusebio Francisco Kino beginning in 1701. The explorers did not see evidence of prehistoric Lake Cahuilla , which must have arisen shortly afterwards in
6695-435: The growing economic crisis in northern Mexico gave rise to an increased tolerance of this type of trade. In fact, the Santa Fe Trail (Sendero de Santa Fe) provided needed markets for local products (such as cotton) and manufactured products from New Mexico, so New Mexicans looked favorably on this new trade route. By 1827, a lucrative and commercial connection had been forged between Missouri, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. In 1846,
6798-455: The high school's name was changed to Organ Mountain High School. Juan de Oñate Elementary School in Gallup, New Mexico , was merged with another school to become Del Norte Elementary School in 2017. The street that runs through the historic central business district of Española, New Mexico , is named Paseo de Oñate. In the Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Center (until 2017 the Oñate Monument and Visitor Center) in Alcalde, New Mexico ,
6901-400: The identity of the Escanjaques and the Rayados are much debated. Most authorities believe his route led down the Canadian River from Texas to Oklahoma, cross-country to the Salt Fork , where he found the Escanjaque encampment, and then to the Arkansas River and its tributary, the Walnut River at Arkansas City, Kansas where the Rayado settlement was located. Archaeological evidence favors
7004-582: The intention to find a trail to bring US commerce into Nuevo México and Nueva Vizcaya (Chihuahua). Pike was captured on 26 February 1807 by the Spanish authorities in northern Nuevo México, who sent him on the Camino Real to the city of Chihuahua for interrogation. While Pike was in this city, he gained access to several maps of México and learned of the discontent with Spanish domination. In 1821, after 11 years of struggle, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The Camino Real maintained an important role in this period, since travelers brought communication about
7107-447: The last decade of the 18th century, a tenuous peace was achieved between the Spaniards and the Apache tribes as a result of the aforementioned administrative and strategic changes. As a consequence, commerce along the Camino Real greatly expanded with products from all over the world, including products from the other provinces of New Spain, brought in over land; European products brought in by the Spanish fleet; and even those that came from
7210-429: The massacre, and significant controversy arose when a large equestrian statue of Oñate was erected in El Paso, Texas , in 2006. On June 15, 2020, the statue of Oñate in Alcalde, New Mexico was temporarily removed by Rio Arriba County workers at the direction of officials. Civic institutions will make the final decision on the statue's future. Oñate was born in 1550, at Zacatecas in New Spain (colonial México), to
7313-430: The men and beasts. Beyond the sustenance needs, the greatest danger to the caravan was that of local assaults. Groups of bandits roamed throughout the territory and threatened the caravan from the current state of Mexico to the state of Querétaro , seeking articles of value. And from the southern part of Zacatecas onward to the north, the greatest threat was the native Chichimecas , who became more likely to attack as
7416-569: The modern U.S.), that was used from 1598 to 1882. It was the northernmost of the four major "royal roads" that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries during and after the Spanish colonial era . In 2010, 55 sites and five existing UNESCO World Heritage Sites along the Mexican section of the route were collectively added to the World Heritage List , including historic cities, towns, bridges, haciendas and other monuments along
7519-543: The nephew of José de Gálvez, Bernardo de Gálvez , viceroy of New Spain published his "Instructions " which included three strategies for dealing with the Natives: Continuing the military pressure on hostile and unaligned tribes; Pursuing the formation of alliances with friendly tribes; and promoting economic dependency with those natives who had entered into peace treaties with the Spanish Crown. In
7622-516: The north through the exchange of products such as turquoise , obsidian , salt and feathers . By the year AD 1000, a flourishing trade network existed from Mesoamerica to the Rocky Mountains . After Tenochtitlan was subdued in 1521, Spanish conquistadors and colonists began a series of expeditions with the purpose of expanding their domains and obtaining greater wealth for the Spanish Crown . Their initial efforts led them to follow
7725-477: The north. Thus, the Rayados were related culturally and linguistically to the Quivirans but not part of the same political entity. The Wichita at this time were not unified, but rather a large number of related tribes scattered over most of Kansas and Oklahoma, so it is not implausible that the Rayados and Escanjaques spoke the same language, but were nevertheless enemies. Oñate's last major expedition went to
7828-557: The original UNESCO designation. 1351-000: Historic center of Mexico City . 1351-001: Old College of Templo de San Francisco Javier (Tepotzotlán) in Tepotzotlán . 1351-002: Aculco de Espinoza . 1351-003: Bridge of Atongo . 1351-004: Section of the Camino Real between Aculco de Espinoza and San Juan del Río . 1351-005: Templo and exconvento de San Francisco in Tepeji del Río de Ocampo and bridge. 1351-006: Section of
7931-407: The original route (at one point designated U.S. Route 85 but later superseded with US Interstate Highways 10 and 25 ) has been designated a National Scenic Byway called El Camino Real . Pedestrian, bicycle, and equestrian trails have been added to portions of the trade route corridor over the past few decades. These include the existing Paseo del Bosque Trail in Albuquerque and portions of
8034-506: The party in prayer, as he claimed all of the territory across the river for the Spanish Empire . Oñate's original terms would have made this land a separate viceroyalty to the crown in New Spain; this move failed to stand after de Zúñiga reviewed the agreement. All summer, Oñate's expedition party followed the middle Rio Grande Valley to present-day northern New Mexico , where he engaged with Pueblo Indians . Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá ,
8137-525: The prisoners useful as servants. In Onate's personal journal, he specifically refers to the punishment of the Acoma warriors as cutting off "las puntas del pie" (the points of the foot, the toes). In 1601, Oñate undertook a large expedition east to the Great Plains region of central North America. The expedition party included 130 Spanish soldiers and 12 Franciscan priests—similar to the expedition of
8240-523: The products, prices, and animals that they found on their journeys. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in February 1848, the war officially ended, with Mexico ceding most of its northern territories to the US, including parts of what are now the US states of New Mexico , Colorado , Arizona , and all of California , Nevada and Utah . The name is sometimes a source of confusion, since during
8343-532: The proposed Rio Grande Trail . Its northern terminus, Santa Fe , is also a terminus of the Old Spanish Trail and the Santa Fe Trail . Along the trail, parajes (stopovers) that have been preserved today include El Rancho de las Golondrinas . Fort Craig and Fort Selden are also located along the trail. The El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA) is a non-profit trail organization that aims to help promote, educate, and preserve
8446-480: The province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in the viceroyalty of New Spain . He led early Spanish expeditions to the Great Plains and Lower Colorado River Valley, encountering numerous indigenous tribes in their homelands there. Oñate founded settlements in the province, now in the Southwestern United States . Oñate is notorious for the 1599 Ácoma Massacre . Following a dispute that led to
8549-598: The remainder of his life. 2014 marked the 400th anniversary of Juan de Oñate's exile from New Mexico. Despite his atrocities, Oñate is still celebrated today at the Española Valley Fiestas. In 1997 the City of El Paso hired the sculptor John Sherrill Houser to create an equestrian statue of the conquistador. In reaction to protests, two city council members retracted their support for the project. The $ 2,000,000 statue took nearly nine years to build and
8652-414: The right foot be chopped off of all surviving 24 Acoma warriors. Males between the ages of 12 and 25 were also enslaved for 20 years, along with all of the females above the age of 12. When King Phillip of Spain heard the news from Acoma, Oñate was brought up on 30 charges of mismanagement and excessive cruelty. He was found guilty of cruelty, immorality, and false reporting and was exiled to Spain to live out
8755-475: The road being a World Heritage Site. Five of them ( Mexico City , Querétaro , Guanajuato , San Miguel de Allende and Zacatecas ) had been separately recognized in the past. The original historical route does not exactly match the route identified by UNESCO, since UNESCO's declaration omitted several sections such as the portion that ran north of Valle de Allende in Chihuahua and the portion that ran through
8858-467: The road's northern terminus is located at Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico. Long before Europeans arrived, the various indigenous tribes and kingdoms that had arisen throughout the northern central steppe of Mexico had established the route that would later become the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro as a major thoroughfare for hunting and trading. The route connected the peoples of the Valley of Mexico with those of
8961-399: The route. In 1765, the population of El Paso del Norte was estimated to be 2,635 inhabitants, which created what was then the largest urban center on the northern border of New Spain. El Paso del Norte became an important center of agriculture and rancheria, known for its wines, brandy, vinegar, and raisins. In the 18th century, the Spanish Crown authorized the establishment of fairs along
9064-580: The sand a map of the only safe passage to the river. The group arrived at the Río del Norte just south of present-day El Paso and Ciudad Juárez in late April, where they celebrated the Catholic Feast of the Ascension on April 30, before crossing the river. They then mapped and extended the route to what is now Española , where Oñate would establish the capital of the new province. This trail became
9167-466: The settlement of the Rayados seemed typical of those seen by Coronado in Quivira in the 1540s. The homesteads were dispersed; the houses round, thatched with grass, large enough to sleep ten persons each, and surrounded by large granaries to store the corn, beans, and squash they grew in their fields." With difficulty Oñate restrained the Escanjaques from looting the town and sent them home. The next day
9270-637: The soldiers provided an estimate of the population of several cities along the Camino, including: Algodones, New Mexico , with 1,000 inhabitants; Bernalillo with 500; Sandía Pueblo with 300 to 400, Albuquerque without an estimated number but extant for seven or eight miles along the Rio Grande ; Rancho de los Placeres with 200 or 300; Tomé with 2,000; Socorro , described as a "considerable city"; Paso del Norte with 5,000 to 6,000, and Carrizal, Chihuahua , with 400 inhabitants. The soldiers even kept notes of
9373-529: The terms of the original agreement, signed before the previous Viceroy had left office. In March 1598, Oñate's expedition moved out and forded the Rio Grande (Río del Norte) south of present-day El Paso and Ciudad Juárez in late April. On the Catholic calendar day of Ascension , April 30, 1598, the exploration party assembled on the south bank of the Rio Grande. In an Ascension Day ceremony, Oñate led
9476-404: The then Marqués de Rubí ) gives a description of the frontier of New Spain in his " Viaje a los presidios internos de la América septentrional" , the product of an expedition that took place between 1766 and 1768. This expedition was part of a larger commission on the defensive issues and military capabilities entrusted by the Spanish Crown to the Marquis of Rubí, to assess the tactical placement of
9579-412: The town of Noria de San Pantaleón . 1351-033: Sierra de Órganos . 1351-034: Architectural set of the town of Chalchihuites . 1351-035: Section of the Camino Real between Ojocaliente and Zacatecas . 1351-036: Cave of Ávalos . 1351-037: Historic center of Zacatecas . 1351-038: Sanctuary of Plateros . 1351-039: Historic center of San Luis Potosí . 1351-040: Chapel of San Antonio of
9682-410: The town of San José de Avino . 1351-047: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Inmaculada Concepción of Palmitos de Arriba . 1351-048: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Palmitos de Abajo . 1351-049: Architectural set of Nazas . 1351-050: Town of San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-051: Architectural set of the town of Mapimí . 1351-052: Town of Indé . 1351-053: Chapel of San Mateo of
9785-452: The trails established by the natives who exchanged goods between the north and the south. In April 1598, a group of military scouts led by Juan de Oñate , the newly appointed colonial governor of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , became lost in the desert south of Paso del Norte while seeking the best route to the Río del Norte . A local Indian they had captured named Mompil drew in
9888-467: The villas of Durango and Santa Fe came to be known as "the Chihuahua Trail". The villa of San Felipe el Real (today city of Chihuahua ), established in 1709 to support the surrounding mines, became the most important commercial center and financial area along this segment. The villa of San Felipe Neri de Alburquerque (present-day Albuquerque, New Mexico ) was founded in 1706 and it also became an important terminal. Because of its defensive position on
9991-535: The way. Many were the uncertainties that the conducta and other travelers faced. River floods could force weeks of waiting on the banks until the caravan could wade across. At other times, prolonged droughts in the area could make water scarce and difficult to find. The most feared section of the journey was the crossing of the Jornada del Muerto beyond El Paso del Norte: nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) of expansive, barren desert without any water sources to hydrate
10094-779: The west, from New Mexico to the lower valley of the Colorado River . The party of about three dozen men set out from the Rio Grande valley in October 1604. They traveled by way of Zuñi , the Hopi pueblos , and the Bill Williams River to the Colorado River, and descended that river to its mouth in the Gulf of California in January 1605, before returning along the same route to New Mexico. The evident purpose of
10197-402: Was alternatively called "La Puerta de Tierra Adentro" ("The Door of Tierra Adentro"). There have historically been several designated "Caminos Reales de Tierra Adentro" throughout New Spain, perhaps the second most important one after the road to Santa Fe being the one that led out of Saltillo, Coahuila, to the Province of Texas . The section of the road that runs through Mexico was nominated to
10300-429: Was her paternal grandfather, the royal physician Doctor Guadalupe de Salazar. Other family members became Christians in the 1390s, around 160 years before Oñate's birth. Her father was Gonzalo de Salazar , leader of several councils that governed New Spain while Hernán Cortés was traveling to Honduras in 1525–26. Juan de Oñate married Isabel de Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma , who was the granddaughter of Hernán Cortés ,
10403-410: Was kept in the sculptor's Mexico City warehouse. The statue was completed in early 2006, transported in pieces on flatbed trailers to El Paso during the summer, and installed in October. The controversy over the statue prior to its installation was the subject of the documentary film The Last Conquistador , presented in 2008 as part of PBS 's P.O.V. television series. The City of El Paso unveiled
10506-419: Was pioneered by Franciscan missionaries in 1581 and may be the oldest highway in the United States. 22°36′29″N 102°22′45″W / 22.60806°N 102.37917°W / 22.60806; -102.37917 Juan de O%C3%B1ate Juan de Oñate y Salazar ( Spanish: [ˈxwan de oˈɲate] ; 1550–1626) was a Spanish conquistador from New Spain , explorer, and viceroy of
10609-493: Was recalled to Mexico City for a hearing regarding his conduct. After finishing plans for the founding of the town of Santa Fe , he resigned his post and was tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists. He was banished from New Mexico for life and exiled from Mexico City for five years. Eventually Oñate went to Spain, where the king appointed him head of all mining inspectors in Spain. He died in Spain in 1626. He
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