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34-611: The clan controlled Saga Domain from the late Sengoku period through the Edo period . The Nabeshima clan was a cadet branch of the Shōni clan and was descended from the Fujiwara clan . In the late 12th century, Fujiwara no Sukeyori , a descendant of Fujiwara no Hidesato in the 9th generation, received the title of Dazai Shōni (equivalent to that of vice-governor of the military government of Kyūshū) from Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo , and

68-589: A kokudaka of 357,000 koku , which remained constant throughout the Tokugawa period. The Tokugawa shogunate granted the Nabeshima the ceremonial use of the "Matsudaira" surname and one kanji from the shogun's given name to all the successive daimyō , starting with Katsushige's eldest son, Nabeshima Tadanao. The domain's location close to Korea and far from Edo , the shogunal capital, along with its trade connections, brought significant foreign influence to

102-710: The tozama daimyō Nabeshima clan . The domain was also referred to as Hizen Domain ( 肥前藩 ) after its locan in Hizen Province or Nabeshima Domain ( 鍋島藩 ) after its ruling clan. The domain played a significant role in the Meiji Restoration . Though the Dutch and Chinese trading posts in Nagasaki were overseen directly by officials of the Tokugawa shogunate , the domain was largely responsible for

136-467: The Kamakura shogunate (鎌倉幕府) in the 12th century. Tozama applied to a daimyō who was considered an "outsider" by successive Shōguns , Emperors , and shikkens (執権) that ruled over Japan at any given time. Typically, a tozama had a loose or indirect relationship with the current ruler, and this definition remained intact during the subsequent Ashikaga shogunate (足利幕府, 1336–1573, also known as

170-691: The Shimazu , the Mori , the Date , the Hachisuka , and the Uesugi , were based in western and northern Honshu and Kyushu in contrast to the Tokugawa based in the eastern city of Edo . Most, but not all, of these families had been living in roughly the same regions for centuries before the Tokugawa shogunate. Tozama daimyō heavily profited from trade in the 17th century, particularly in western Japan where most of

204-503: The Tokugawa shogunate (江戸幕府) as daimyō who became hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa after the Battle of Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い). Tozama daimyō were discriminated against by the Tokugawa and opposed to the fudai daimyō , who were allies or vassals of Tokugawa before Sekigahara. Originally, the concept of tozama daimyō emerged in Japan along with the daimyō after the rise of

238-562: The 1615 Osaka Campaign as a check against a possible rebellion or uprising by the Shimazu clan , and aided in the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. In recognition of their service, members of the clan were granted the prestigious family name Matsudaira in 1648. During the Edo period, the clan's Saga Domain became quite famous for the porcelain wares produced there; these are sometimes known as Nabeshima ware after

272-470: The Hokuriku highway, and samurai from the domain fought the shogunate at the Battle of Ueno and in other clashes. As a result, the new Meiji government which emerged afterwards featured a number of figures from Saga, including Etō Shinpei , Ōkuma Shigenobu , Ōki Takatō , and Sano Tsunetami . The feudal domains were abolished in 1871, and the Nabeshima clan given the title "marquis" ( kōshaku ) under

306-512: The Muromachi (室町幕府)), and the Sengoku period (戦国時代, 1467–1615, "Age of Warring States"). The establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1600 redefined tozama daimyō as the daimyō who submitted as vassals to the Tokugawa only after the decisive Battle of Sekigahara , including those who fought for the Tokugawa at the battle but were not official vassals. Tokugawa Ieyasu had treated

340-526: The Nabeshima grip on power. Although members of the Ryūzōji clan ofter held high positions in domain affairs, efforts by the Ryūzōji to obtain a restoration of their status as an independent domain were denied the shogunate. The area also bore a considerable Kirishitan population, which erupted in protest in the famous Shimabara Rebellion (1637–8). Because the Saga Domain was close to Nagasaki, in 1631,

374-554: The Sengoku period (1467–1603), the Nabeshima were one of a number of clans which clashed over the island. The Nabeshima sided with the Ryūzōji clan against the Ōtomo clan , though this ultimately ended in failure and the death of Ryūzōji Takanobu at the 1584 battle of Okita Nawate . Several years later, however, the Nabeshima recovered power and prominence by aiding Toyotomi Hideyoshi in his 1587 invasion of Kyūshū ; Nabeshima Naoshige

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408-580: The Shogun was one of paying tribute, military levy and guard duty obligations. The decline of the Tokugawa shogunate during the Bakumatsu period from 1853 led to lessening discrimination against tozama daimyō . In November 1864, Matsumae Takahiro , the tozama daimyō of the Matsumae clan , was appointed as rōjū , one of the highest-ranking government posts in the Tokugawa government. Tozama formed

442-493: The Shogunate ordered the domain to take turns providing troops to guard Nagasaki, exchanging on a yearly basis with Fukuoka Domain . In exchange, the domain was granted a reduction in its sankin kotai obligation, reducing the required attendance in Edo to about three months out of two years, instead of the usual two years. This was still a considerable expense, and at times the domain sought to lessen its losses by reducing

476-667: The administration's ranks. Many of the largest and wealthiest han —the personal feudal domains of the daimyō —were ruled by tozama , including the Maeda clan of the Kaga Domain with a value of 1,000,000 koku under the Kokudaka system. However, this was a deliberate Tokugawa plan to keep the tozama in check, as fudai daimyō were stationed in smaller domains in strategic locations, including along major roads and near important cities. Many notable tozama families, including

510-424: The area. The area was a center for ceramic production and techniques as a result of its connections with Korea, becoming famous for its Imari porcelain which was a significant export good to Europe. However, although the nominal kokudaka of the domain was 357,000 koku , the actual kokudaka of the daimyō was only 60,000 koku , as the Nabeshima clan had established three sub-domains headed by cadet branches of

544-436: The assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. [REDACTED] Media related to Saga Domain at Wikimedia Commons Tozama daimy%C5%8D Tozama daimyō ( 外様大名 , "outside daimyō " ) was a class of powerful magnates or daimyō (大名) considered to be outsiders by the ruler of Japan during the Edo period (江戸時代). Tozama daimyō were classified in

578-464: The attention of the shogunate, which kept a close eye on the domain. Saga refused to take a clear stance on the political situation and prohibited its samurai from interacting with samurai from other domains. However, in late 1867, the domain chose to side with Tosa , Satsuma , and Chōshū against the shogunate. In the Boshin War , Saga was assigned the vanguard of the forces advancing northward on

612-403: The clan as insurance to ensure succession: Hasunoike Domain , Ogi Domain and Kashima Domain . In additional, large hatamoto stipends were granted to four branch families of Nabeshima (Shiraishi, Kawakubo, Murata, Kubota), and four branch families of the Ryūzōji (Taku, Takeo, Isahaya, Suko). Remnants of the Ryūzōji continued to surface from time to time, however, and occasionally threatened

646-515: The country's important ports were located. The shogunate responded in Sakoku policies of isolationism , preventing the ports of western Honshu and Kyūshū from trading with foreigners and sending Japanese vessels abroad. The Tozama daimyō had higher levels of independent power and local autonomy, and conducted their judicial, administrative and military affairs in the name of the local daimyos like sovereigns. The Tozama domains' relationship to

680-483: The domain's administration and to adopt Western technology. In particular, he carried out extensive restructuring, reducing the number of officials by two-fifths, and devoted himself to protecting and nurturing farmers, as well as to developing and trading in industries such as pottery, tea, and coal, which improved the domain's finances. He also established organizations for the research of Western technologies, including steel refining, steam engines and artillery, and turned

714-578: The domain's efforts towards these pursuits, making it one of the most modern domains in this period. Saga thus began operations at the first Japanese iron refinery in 1849, and made the first use of reverberatory furnaces three years later. In 1853, Russian Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin arrived in Nagasaki harbor, and provided the first demonstration of a steam locomotive to the Japanese. Ishiguro Hirotsugu , Nakamura Kisuke , and Tanaka Hisashige were among

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748-510: The first Japanese engineers, who attempted to manufacture their own steam locomotives and steamships. When the shogunate relaxed the restrictions on the construction of large ships, an order was placed with the Dutch. Saga saw the revitalization of Japan's shipbuilding industry, and the launching of the first Japanese steamship, the Ryōfūmaru . The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was established in 1855, its first students coming from Saga. By 1866,

782-458: The great tozama amicably, but his grandson Tokugawa Iemitsu was less tolerant of them during his rule between 1623 and 1626. Tozama and their descendants were distrusted and the Tokugawa shogunate discriminated against them in favor of the fudai daimyō . Tozama were largely excluded from the shogunate government, the Bakufu , and their numbers were limited compared to the fudai who filled

816-552: The incorporation of British Armstrong Whitworth cannon made the ships at Nagasaki into the first Japanese Western-style ("modern") navy. The defense batteries at Shinagawa were also supplied by cannon from Saga. The domain also exhibited at the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris. Largely responsible for Japan's technological and military advancement, and holding much of the fruits of those labors, Saga attracted

850-534: The military defense of the city and the port. The Nabeshima clan were originally vassals of the Ryūzōji clan who controlled northern Kyushu in the Muromachi period . However, Ryūzōji Takanobu was killed in the Battle of Okitanawate with the Shimazu and Arima clans in 1584, and Nabeshima Naoshige became the guardian of Takanobu's young heir, Ryūzōji Takafusa . Six years later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi granted approval for Nabeshima to overthrow Ryūzōji and seize

884-482: The name of the clan, or as Imari ware after the port town of Imari from where they were exported. Saga Domain Saga Domain ( 佐賀藩 , Saga-han ) was a Japanese domain of the Edo period Tokugawa Shogunate . In encompassed most of what are now Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures and was ruled from Saga Castle in what is now the urban center of the city of Saga . It was ruled through its history by

918-587: The new kazoku peerage system. The territory of the domain was split between Saga and Nagasaki Prefectures . Disgruntled former samurai of the domain, disillusioned with the Meiji government over the disputes over invading Korea and their loss of status and stipends, launched the Saga Rebellion in 1874, which was quickly suppressed. As with most domains in the han system , Saga Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide

952-597: The nucleus of the growing anti-Tokugawa movement, with the Satsuma and Chōshū (Shimazu and Mori clans respectively) primarily responsible for the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration . Rallying other tozama and even fudai to their cause in support of the Imperial Court , they fought against the shogunate, Aizu Domain , and the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei during the Boshin War of 1868 to 1869. Many people from Satsuma and Chōshū dominated politics of

986-520: The number of samurai it sent to defend the port. In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars , the Phaeton incident occurred, in which a British frigate invaded Nagasaki and demanded the handover of the Dutch trading post. However, as Saga Domain had reduced its security personnel without permission (only 100 Saga samurai were present to deal with the situation, rather than the obligatory one thousand),

1020-509: The shogunate was forced to submit to the demands of the British ship, and scolded Saga harshly for its failure to fulfill its obligations. The situation surrounding the domain worsened with the death toll of the Siebold typhoon in 1828, which killed nearly 10,000 people, and the domain's finances on the brink of collapse. The 10th daimyō , Nabeshima Naomasa (Kansō), made efforts to reform

1054-483: The territory for his own lineage. Nabeshima supported Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea in the 1590s , and fought in the Western Army, against the Tokugawa clan in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. During this battle, however, he turned against and captured Western Army general Tachibana Muneshige , earning some degree of favor from Tokugawa Ieyasu and being allowed to keep his fief. The Nabeshima were allotted

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1088-467: The title became the family name. The clan played an important role in the region as early as the Muromachi period , when it helped suppress opposition to the Ashikaga shogunate 's control of Kyūshū. It did not take the name Nabeshima, however, until the late 15th century, when Shōni Shigenao established himself at Nabeshima in Hizen Province (today part of Saga City , Saga Prefecture ). Later, in

1122-509: Was granted the region of Saga as his fief, as a reward for his efforts. Naoshige also contributed to Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea in the 1590s. The clan initially aided Ishida Mitsunari against Tokugawa Ieyasu in the Sekigahara Campaign in 1600. However, they switched sides to support the Tokugawa, who were ultimately victorious, before the campaign had ended, battling and occupying the forces of Tachibana Muneshige , who

1156-508: Was thus prevented from contributing directly to the battle of Sekigahara. Though regarded as tozama daimyō ("outside" lords), and assigned particularly heavy corvée duties, the Nabeshima were allowed to keep their territory in Saga, and in fact had their kokudaka increased. The clan's forces served the new Tokugawa shogunate loyally in the years which followed; they remained in Kyūshū during

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