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29-481: During the late eighteenth century, a family known as al-Ghul built the religious complex and shrine known as the Maqam an-Nabi Yusha' (biblical Joshua ), which included a mosque and a building for visitors, as an act of devotion. This family, also called the "servants of the shrine," numbered about fifty and were the first to settle the site. They cultivated the surrounding land, and the place subsequently evolved into

58-400: A central patio , a miniature version of an open courtyard, sometimes covered with glass or a translucent material. Central patios provide natural light to common areas and space for potted outdoor plants. In Gilgit/Baltistan, Pakistan, courtyards were traditionally used for public gatherings where village related issues were discussed. These were different from jirgahs, which are a tradition of

87-570: A courtyard can also can be used to separate a home into wings ; for example, one wing of the house may be for entertaining/dining, and the other wing may be for sleeping/family/privacy. This is exemplified by the Hooper House in Baltimore, Maryland. A courtyard apartment building type appeared in Chicago in the early 1890s and flourished into the 1920s. They are characterized primarily by

116-429: A courtyard—air, light, privacy , security, and tranquility—are properties nearly universally desired in human housing. Almost all courtyards use natural elements. Courtyards were widely used in the ancient Middle East . Middle Eastern courtyard houses reflect the nomadic influences of the region. Instead of officially designating rooms for cooking, sleeping, etc., these activities were relocated throughout

145-404: A dunam of public property. In 1944–45 the village had 640 dunams of land used for cereals, while 16 dunams was built-up (urban) area. Al-Nabi Yusha' was depopulated on May 16, in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War during Operation Yiftach led by Israeli army officer Yigal Allon who later became a key Israeli figure. An early attempt to take the village by Haganah forces during the operation ended in

174-558: A home, with only a small hole in the ceiling overhead to allow smoke to escape. Over time, these small openings were enlarged and eventually led to the development of the centralized open courtyard we know today. Courtyard homes have been designed and built throughout the world with many variations. Courtyard homes are more prevalent in temperate climates, as an open central court can be an important aid to cooling house in warm weather. However, courtyard houses have been found in harsher climates as well for centuries. The comforts offered by

203-445: A low height, a structure along three sides of a rectangular or square lot, and an open court extending perpendicular to the street. The courtyards are generally deeper than they are wide, but many finer ones are wider than they are deep. Influenced by the privacy and domesticity of a standalone house as much as by strict health codes , the architectural style provided outdoor access and ventilation unseen in earlier multi-unit housing in

232-490: A time. A courtyard surrounded by 12 houses, for example, would provide a shared park-like space for those families, who could take pride in ownership of the space. Though this might sound like a modern-day solution to an inner city problem, the grouping of houses around a shared courtyard was common practice among the Incas as far back as the 13th century . In San Francisco , the floor plans of "marina style" houses often include

261-481: A village. In 1851/1852 van de Velde noted the wali at Al-Nabi Yusha, with an old terebinth tree. In 1875 Victor Guérin arrived at the Maqam (shrine) after walking up on a very steep and difficult path from the east. He described the shrine, dedicated by the local Muslims to Nabi Yusha' , as a building surmounted with two small cupolas . In 1881, the PEF 's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) noted that

290-457: Is a place of privacy and tranquility, almost always incorporating a garden and water feature. In some cases, houses are constructed with multiple courtyards that increase in privacy as they recede from the street. Strangers would be received in the outermost courtyard, with the innermost ones being reserved for close friends and family members. In a more contemporary version of the Chinese model,

319-552: The Neolithic Yarmukian site at Sha'ar HaGolan, in the central Jordan Valley , on the northern bank of the Yarmouk River, giving the site a special significance in architectural history. Courtyards have historically been used for many purposes including cooking, sleeping, working, playing, gardening, and even places to keep animals. Before courtyards, open fires were kept burning in a central place within

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348-523: The " Metawali " from nearby Qadas came to Al-Nabi Yusha' to venerate the name of Joshua. Pottery from Rachaya Al Foukhar have been found in the village. At the end of World War I it was under French control, and the 1920 boundary agreement between Britain and French placed it in Lebanon. At the time of the census conducted by the French in 1921, the villagers were granted Lebanese citizenship. However

377-641: The Boundary Commission established by the 1920 agreement shifted the border, leaving the village in Palestine. Transfer of control to the British authorities was not complete until 1924. During the Mandate period, the British built a police station in the village. The people of al-Nabi Yusha', all of whom were Shia Muslims, held an annual mawsim (pilgrimage) and festival on the fifteenth of

406-463: The British School of Archaeology in 1994, who described it as rectangular structure formed around a courtyard , aligned north-south, which was entered through a gateway on the north end. The principal rooms were at the south end of the courtyard, with two major domed chambers, of which the west chamber was found to be the oldest in the whole shrine complex. Alternative traditional sites for

435-624: The Prophet's tomb are situated in Turkey (the shrine on Joshua's Hill , Istanbul ), Jordan (An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, a Sunni shrine near the city of Al-Salt ) and Iraq (the Nabi Yusha' shrine of Baghdad ). Maqam an-Nabi Yusha%27 Maqam an-Nabi Yusha' ( Arabic : مقام النبي يوشع) is a religious complex consisting of a mosque and the shrine containing a mausoleum believed to entomb

464-522: The United States. More and more, architects are investigating ways that courtyards can play a role in the development of today's homes and cities. In densely populated areas, a courtyard in a home can provide privacy for a family, a break from the frantic pace of everyday life, and a safe place for children to play. With space at a premium, architects are experimenting with courtyards as a way to provide outdoor space for small communities of people at

493-418: The border between Al-Nabi Yusha' and the lands of Mallaha . The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992 as: "The site has been fenced in with barbed wire and is buried under rubble, making access difficult. However, some evidence of the village remains: fragments of houses, tombs in the village's cemetery, and the shrine of al-Nabi Yusha'. The two domes and arched entrance of

522-484: The complex. The shrine is surrounded by fig trees and species of cactus growing around it. Courtyard A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky. Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary architects as a typical and traditional building feature. Such spaces in inns and public buildings were often

551-408: The courtyards in the houses. Such structures afforded protection, and could even be made defensible. The traditional Chinese courtyard house, (e.g. siheyuan ), is an arrangement of several individual houses around a square. Each house belongs to a different family member, and additional houses are created behind this arrangement to accommodate additional family members as needed. The Chinese courtyard

580-450: The deaths of 22 Haganah fighters, who had their corpses reportedly decapitated by the Arab forces. Most of its residents ended up in refugee camps in Lebanon and Syria. In 1998, the descendants of al-Nabi Yusha' refugees were estimated at 499. The Israeli moshav Ramot Naftali was established in 1945 south of the village, and since 1948 includes Al-Nabi Yusha' land. It is located close to

609-466: The entrance and from the central atrium. The hearth, which used to inhabit the centre of the home, was relocated, and the Roman atrium most often contained a central pool used to collect rainwater, called an impluvium . These homes frequently incorporated a second open-air area, the garden, which would be surrounded by Greek-style colonnades , forming a peristyle . This created a colonnaded walkway around

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638-404: The ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs. The central uncovered area in a Roman domus was referred to as an atrium . Today, we generally use the term courtyard to refer to such an area, reserving the word atrium to describe a glass-covered courtyard. Roman atrium houses were built side by side along the street. They were one-storey homes without windows that took in light from

667-412: The main part of the shrine are still intact, but the thick stone walls of the rooms attached to it are broken and the entire complex of buildings is neglected; weeds sprouts from the roof. The village site is surrounded by fig trees and cactuses. The flat lands around the site are planted by Israeli farmers with apple trees, while the sloping parts are wooded or used as pasture." The shrine was surveyed by

696-540: The month Sha'aban (the eighth month of the Islamic calendar ). The mawsim was similar to that of the Nabi Rubin festival in southern coast of Palestine. In the 1931 census of Palestine , the village was home to 52 residents that year (12 households), growing to 70 in the 1945 statistics , and 81 (18 households) by 1948 when it was depopulated. The village occupied an area of 3,617 dunams, all private except for

725-462: The perimeter of the courtyard, which influenced monastic structures centuries later. The medieval European farmhouse embodies what we think of today as one of the most archetypal examples of a courtyard house—four buildings arranged around a square courtyard with a steep roof covered by thatch. The central courtyard was used for working, gathering, and sometimes keeping small livestock. An elevated walkway frequently ran around two or three sides of

754-589: The primary meeting places for some purposes, leading to the other meanings of court . Both of the words court and yard derive from the same root, meaning an enclosed space. See yard and garden for the relation of this set of words. In universities courtyards are often known as quadrangles . Courtyards—private open spaces surrounded by walls or buildings—have been in use in residential architecture for almost as long as people have lived in constructed dwellings. The courtyard house makes its first appearance c.  6400 –6000 BC (calibrated), in

783-586: The remains of the biblical Joshua . It is located in the abandoned village of Al-Nabi Yusha' in Safed , Mandatory Palestine . The structure, one of the historic maqams in the Middle East , is now in a ruined state. [REDACTED] The religious complex was founded in the 18th century by the aristocratic Alghul family. During the Mandate period, the residents of Al-Nabi Yusha' (who were mostly Shi'ites ) celebrated an annual mawsim festival at

812-405: The site dedicated to the entombed prophet. In 2018, the site was vandalized by unknown perpetrators, who sprayed Talmudic graffiti on its walls. [REDACTED] The Maqam an-Nabi Yusha' is a rectangular structure formed around a courtyard aligned north–south with an arched entrance on the north end while the two domed chambers, including the shrine-mausoleum, were located on the south end of

841-635: The year as appropriate to accommodate the changes in temperature and the position of the sun. Often the flat rooftops of these structures were used for sleeping in warm weather. In some Islamic cultures, private courtyards provided the only outdoor space for women to relax unobserved. Convective cooling through transition spaces between multiple-courtyard buildings in the Middle East has also been observed. In c. 2000 BC Ur , two-storey houses were constructed around an open square were built of fired brick. Kitchen , working, and public spaces were located on

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