119-662: The Nadigar Sangam (English: Actors' association ), officially known as the South Indian Artistes' Association ( Tamil : தென்னிந்திய நடிகர் சங்கம் ), is a union for film , television , and stage actors in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , based in Chennai . Formed in 1952, the group has a charitable trust fund to provide pensions to retired actors, voice support for actors caught in controversy, and have collectively protested socio-political issues. Elections in
238-660: A Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize for his performance in the action film Thayagam (1996). This was followed by Tamizh Selvan and Alexander in 1996. In 1997, he appeared in the film Dharma Chakkaram which was directed by K. S. Ravikumar . He acted in his 125th film Ulavuthurai in 1998, followed by Dharma (1998) and Veeram Vilanja Mannu in the same year. In 1999, he acted in Kallazhagar , and Periyanna , in which he acted alongside Suriya . He later starred in R. B. Choudary 's production, Kannupada Poguthaiya . In 2000, Vijayakanth played
357-519: A box office bomb . In 2002, he acted in guest appearance in Devan , co-starring with Arun Pandian . Vijayakanth collaborated with director AR Murugadoss in Ramanaa , in which he underplayed an action hero and anti-corruption crusader. The film won a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film of the year and the film became commercially successful. In 2003, he had two releases, Chokka Thangam ,
476-468: A lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached. Most Tamil affixes are suffixes . Tamil suffixes can be derivational suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or inflectional suffixes, which mark categories such as person , number , mood , tense , etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of agglutination , which can lead to long words with many suffixes, which would require several words or
595-680: A photo shoot in Rasi Studios in Madurai with the aim of acting in films, which helped him garner attention. He later gave credit to the chief photographer R. Asaithambi, indicating that the photographs eventually helped him earn a spot in the film industry. Vijayakanth traveled to Chennai to pursue his passion in acting, even though he did not have any cinematic background. He was cast in a supporting role as Rajnikanth 's younger brother in En Kelvikku Enna Bathil (1978) by
714-484: A , as with other Indic scripts . This inherent vowel is removed by adding a tittle called a puḷḷi , to the consonantal sign. For example, ன is ṉa (with the inherent a ) and ன் is ṉ (without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called virama , but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible puḷḷi to indicate a 'dead consonant' (a consonant without
833-759: A 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies. Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in Tamil Nadu , Puducherry , (in India) and in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include Karnataka , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Maharashtra , Gujarat , Delhi , Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and
952-503: A career spanning four decades. He ventured into politics in the later part of his career and founded his own party Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam . Vijayakanth acted in over 150 films in his career. Some of his popular films include Vaidehi Kathirunthal (1984), Amman Kovil Kizhakale (1986), Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran (1988), Senthoora Poove (1988), Pulan Visaranai (1990), Chinna Gounder (1992), Honest Raj (1994), Thayagam (1996) and Vaanathaippola (2000). He
1071-510: A complaint against Radha Ravi and Kaalai, who both remarked that anyone speaking out against Sarathkumar are dogs. Vishal alleged that leasing the land to construct a multiplex was money-motivated. Sarathkumar later accused Vishal of stating negative remarks about the Nadigar Sangam and that the association "will take action against him and he may also be removed from the Nadigar Sangam" which Vishal later denied and stated, "Questioning why
1190-538: A complaint against Vijayakanth at the Madras High Court for using the title "captain", arguing that the term is attached to the Indian Army , is an insult to servicemen and is illegal for common people to use it. He was listed amongst the top 20 best Tamil actors of all time by Cinemaholic in 2022. He was likened to former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran for his humanitarian work and
1309-821: A cult classic and was lauded as a film way ahead of its time. It portrayed him in a role of an aged cop and made him one of the popular actors of the time alongside Rajinikanth, and Kamal Haasan. In 1987, he co-starred with Sivaji Ganesan in Veerapandiyan , and acted in Ninaive Oru Sangeetham . He was given the epithet "Puratchi Kalaigner" by film's producer Kalaipuli S. Thanu after his performance in Cooliekkaran . On 21 October 1987, Vijayakanth had two theatrical releases as both Uzhavan Magan and Sattam Oru Vilayaattu , both of which were commercially successful. Uzhavan Magan also marked
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#17328011332591428-407: A defamation complaint to Chennai Police, resulting in the arrest of the newspaper's editor B. Lenin . Journalists, including The Hindu editor N. Ram , condemned Lenin's arrest as only being done to appease film stars and demanded his release. Lenin was later released on bail. In 2010, Sarathkumar and his wife Radhika , who were respectively the star and co-producer of the film Jaggubhai , held
1547-654: A dual role in Vaanathai Pola , a rural family drama directed by Vikraman , which won two awards; a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film of the year and National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . His acting in Vallarasu received widespread attention, in which he played a cop who took on a terrorist group. He played three different roles in his next movie Simmasanam . He acted in action films Vaanchinathan (2001) directed by Shaji Kailas and Narasimha (2001). Though
1666-514: A family drama and Thennavan , a political film. In 2004, he appeared in a comedy-drama , Engal Anna which was a commercial success. However, his next films Gajendra and Neranja Manasu , which were released in the same year, received negative reviews. Later, he did a special appearance in Suriya's film Maayavi (2005). In 2006, he acted in three action films, Sudesi , Perarasu and Dharmapuri , all of which failed to deliver at
1785-519: A family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent . It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family that, alongside Tamil proper, includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups such as the Irula and Yerukula languages (see SIL Ethnologue ). The closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam ; the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. Although many of
1904-582: A hospital in November 2023 due to liver-related issues and subsequently contracted COVID-19 again while in the hospital. Vijayakanth subsequently died on 28 December 2023, at the age of 71. His death was condoled by various political leaders, and members of the film industry. The Tamil Nadu state government announced full state honours for his funeral. His body was kept in state at his residence in Saligramam , later at his party headquarters and at
2023-607: A number of apparent Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew dating to before 500 BCE, the oldest attestation of the language. Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from 300 BCE to 700 CE. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil-Brahmi . The earliest long text in Old Tamil
2142-671: A number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware urns dating from at least 696 BCE in Adichanallur . Some of these urns contained writing in Tamil Brahmi script, and some contained skeletons of Tamil origin. Between 2017 and 2018, 5,820 artifacts have been found in Keezhadi . These were sent to Beta Analytic in Miami , Florida , for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating. One sample containing Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions
2261-518: A number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Contact with European languages affected written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with
2380-460: A press conference condemning the act of giving films unauthorized distribution on the Internet, after it was discovered that an unedited full-length version of the film had been uploaded online. In 2010, the Nadigar Sangam announced the idea to demolish its existing building in T. Nagar , Chennai and construct a new one. On 6 August 2010, Radha Ravi allowed a long-term lease of the land, which
2499-591: A result of the Kaveri River water dispute . Again in 2004, shows were done in Dubai and Abu Dhabi for fundraising. Following the launch of his political party Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam , Vijayakanth opted to step down as the President of the Nadigar Sangam and called for elections. Both Sarathkumar and Napolean were expected to run for presidency, but following his loss at the 2006 state elections ,
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#17328011332592618-592: A sentence in English. To give an example, the word pōkamuṭiyātavarkaḷukkāka (போகமுடியாதவர்களுக்காக) means "for the sake of those who cannot go" and consists of the following morphemes : போக pōka go முடி muṭi accomplish Vijayakanth Vijayaraj Alagarswami (25 August 1952 – 28 December 2023), known by his stage name Vijayakanth , was an Indian actor, film director, film producer, philanthropist and politician. He primarily worked in Tamil cinema in
2737-400: A short role for his film Mazhai Pidikatha Manithan alongside Vijay Antony . The film later went ahead without Vijayakanth due to his health issues. In a film career spanning more than 30 years, he acted in 154 movies. On 14 September 2005, Vijayakanth announced the formation of Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK), a regional political party at Madurai . His party contested in all
2856-577: A single seat. In February 2016, Vijayakanth lost his position as the Leader of Opposition in the Tamil Nadu assembly after ten of his party MLAs resigned from the assembly. For the 2016 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections , he led the People's Welfare Front alliance. During the election campaign, he criticised actor Rajinikanth , which caused backlash from the supporters of Rajinikanth. He
2975-647: A small number speak the language. In Reunion where the Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by France it is now being relearnt by students and adults. Tamil is also spoken by migrants from Sri Lanka and India in Canada , the United States , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , South Africa , and Australia . Tamil is the official language of
3094-607: A strong police presence, despite a brief altercation between Vishal and Sarathkumar. Eventually, the five contestants of the Pandavar team were victorious. Vishal was victorious for the General Secretary position over Radha Ravi by 307 votes, while Nassar beat Sarathkumar to become president by 113 votes. Tamil language Sri Lanka Singapore Malaysia Canada and United States Tamil ( தமிழ் , Tamiḻ , pronounced [t̪amiɻ] )
3213-610: A subject of study in schools in the French overseas department of Réunion . In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations, Tamil became the first legally recognised Classical language of India. The recognition was announced by the contemporaneous President of India , Abdul Kalam , who
3332-463: A variety of dialects that are all collectively known as Brahmin Tamil . These dialects tend to have softer consonants (with consonant deletion also common). These dialects also tend to have many Sanskrit loanwords. Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates loan words from Portuguese , Dutch , and English. In addition to its dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on
3451-454: A vice president. On 30 November 2012, a case was filed at the Madras High Court by film actor Poochi Murugan and P. A. Kaja Mohideen against Sarathkumar and Ravi to stop the land lease to SPI Cinemas. Murugan alleged that the initial leasing of land by Ravi was done illegally and unilaterally without consulting the nine-member board of trustees or seeking approval from the rest of the association before deciding to lease. Murugan also claimed that
3570-438: A vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not differentiate voiced and unvoiced plosives . Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of Tamil phonology . In addition to
3689-584: Is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia . It is one of the two longest-surviving classical languages in India , along with Sanskrit , attested since c. 300 BCE. The language belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian language family and shares close ties with Malayalam and Kannada . Despite external influences, Tamil has retained a sense of linguistic purism, especially in formal and literary contexts. Tamil
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3808-457: Is based on the dialect of Jaffna . After Tamil Brahmi fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called vaṭṭeḻuttu amongst others such as Grantha and Pallava . The current Tamil script consists of 12 vowels , 18 consonants and one special character, the āytam . The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 × 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel
3927-401: Is deemed unlikely by Southworth due to the contemporary use of the compound 'centamiḻ', which means refined speech in the earliest literature. The Tamil Lexicon of University of Madras defines the word "Tamil" as "sweetness". S. V. Subramanian suggests the meaning "sweet sound", from tam – "sweet" and il – "sound". Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages ,
4046-563: Is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the Tolkāppiyam . Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th-century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam , with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu , col , poruḷ , yāppu , aṇi . Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry. Tamil words consist of
4165-511: Is found in Tholkappiyam , which is dated as early as late 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription , inscribed around a similar time period (150 BCE), by Kharavela , the Jain king of Kalinga , also refers to a Tamira Samghatta ( Tamil confederacy ) The Samavayanga Sutra dated to the 3rd century BCE contains a reference to a Tamil script named 'Damili'. Southworth suggests that
4284-405: Is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic . In grammar, the most important change
4403-409: Is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of Tamil literature and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, koṭuntamiḻ has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of centamiḻ . Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example,
4522-410: Is in koṭuntamiḻ , and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of koṭuntamiḻ in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard' koṭuntamiḻ , rather than on any one dialect, but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of Thanjavur and Madurai . In Sri Lanka, the standard
4641-771: Is not always consistently applied. ISO 15919 is an international standard for the transliteration of Tamil and other Indic scripts into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants and vowels to Latin script , and thus the alphabets of various languages, including English. Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well. Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs. /f/ , /z/ , /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ are only found in loanwords and may be considered marginal phonemes, though they are traditionally not seen as fully phonemic. Tamil has two diphthongs : /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ ,
4760-480: Is predominantly spoken in Tamil Nadu , India, and the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka . It has significant speaking populations in Malaysia , Singapore , and among diaspora communities . Tamil has been recognized as a classical language by the Indian government and holds official status in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Singapore. The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrate
4879-409: Is the Tolkāppiyam , an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the late 2nd century BCE. Many literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature . These poems are usually dated to between the 1st century BCE and 5th century CE. The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil , which
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4998-793: Is used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia , along with English, Malay and Mandarin. A large community of Pakistani Tamils speakers exists in Karachi , Pakistan , which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka. There are about 100 Tamil Hindu families in Madrasi Para colony in Karachi. They speak impeccable Tamil along with Urdu, Punjabi and Sindhi. Many in Réunion , Guyana , Fiji , Suriname , and Trinidad and Tobago have Tamil origins, but only
5117-525: The 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election , his party secured just 0.43% of the total votes polled. He continued to serve as the general secretary of DMDK till his death in December 2023. He was often known for his "open and bold stance" during his political career. During his film career, Vijayakanth accepted deferred remuneration for certain films to help struggling film producers and also preached for food equality on film sets, demanding that all
5236-641: The Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project and the abuse of Tamils in the state of Karnataka . In September 2008, Sarathkumar called for a one-day hunger strike, protesting the deaths of several Tamils in Sri Lanka and the ongoing Sri Lankan Civil War . It was among the first of a series of protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War that occurred the following year across the world. Sarathkumar
5355-667: The Island Grounds for the public to pay their tributes. On the evening of 29 December 2023, his body was taken on a public procession and his last rites were performed. He was buried with state honours in a sandalwood casket at the campus of the DMDK headquarters at Koyambedu in Chennai. On 3 January 2024, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi wrote a tribute to Vijayakanth on his website. Vijayakanth won two Filmfare Awards South , three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and
5474-502: The Nadigar Sangam Charitable Trust was registered, with founders of the trust being R. S. Manohar , N. S. Krishnan , and Radha Ravi . The trust was established to provide educational, medical and other forms of monetary assistance to needy members of the Nadigar Sangam. During the late 1990s, pressure began to grow on incumbent leader Radharavi after allegations of financial wrongdoing. In October 1997,
5593-465: The Pandiyan Kings for the organization of long-termed Tamil Sangams , which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these Tamil Sangams is mentioned as Tamil, the period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name
5712-599: The University of Madras , was one of the earliest dictionaries published in Indian languages. A strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties . This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain. According to
5831-676: The villain in Om Shakti (1982), which was his last antagonist part in a film. His subsequent commercial films included Dowry Kalyanam (1983), Nooravathu Naal (1984) and Vaidhegi Kaathirunthaal (1984), which became successes. He became lead actor to appear in the most films in 1984. He acted in Annai Bhoomi 3D (1985), the first 3D film made in the Tamil film industry, alongside Radha Ravi and Tiger Prabhakar . He co-starred with Vishnuvardhan in Eetti (1985) and acted in
5950-491: The 11th century, retain many features of the Vaishnava paribasai , a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values. Several castes have their own sociolects which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech. For example, Tamil Brahmins tend to speak
6069-514: The 234 seats in As per the results, the party secured higher number of votes than the winning margins of candidates in about 25 constituencies. The party contested without an alliance in the 2009 Indian general elections and secured about 10.28% of the votes in Tamil Nadu. In the 2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly elections , the party contested as a part of the AIADMK -led alliance. Vijayakanth led
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#17328011332596188-540: The General Secretary, while Napolean , Radharavi and S. S. Chandran were made Vice Presidents. Vijayakanth organized "Star Night" stage shows in Malaysia and Singapore to fundraise for the Nadigar Sangam's accumulated debt, which was at approximately ₹ 4.5 crore . Later on in the year, the Sangam staged a 5000 people-strong an anti-Karnataka demonstration in Neyveli, demanding stoppage of power supply to that state, as
6307-481: The Indian state of Haryana , purportedly as a rebuff to Punjab , though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by Punjabi , in 2010. In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in Tamil as the medium of instruction . The establishment of Tamil-medium schools has been in process in Myanmar to provide education completely in Tamil language by
6426-474: The Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India . It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore . Tamil is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, along with Sinhala . It was once given nominal official status in
6545-484: The Nadigar Sangam's construction of a new building, comprising a preview theatre, a gym and an office space. Subsequently, upon opening of the Sankardas Swamigal auditorium, Sivaji Ganesan became its president and Major Sunderrajan, its secretary. By generating income through the building, Sivaji administered regular payment to poor artistes in the organization. On 5 May 1987, a public charitable trust called
6664-411: The Nadigar Sangam, which is made up of over 3000 members, are held once every three years to determine the president of the group. R. Sarathkumar , who had been elected unopposed three times since 2006 when former president Vijayakanth stepped down, was ousted after an election on 18 October 2015 by Nassar . The elections held in 2019 is under the scrutiny of the court and a special officer appointed by
6783-443: The Pandavar team), although both teams had supporters of all age groups. Actors Sivakumar , Khushbu , Prakash Raj , Kamal Haasan , Vadivelu , Sathyaraj , and Jayam Ravi openly expressed their support to the Pandavar team while Cheran , S. J. Suryah , S. Thanu , Shaam , Mumtaj , and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar were among the group of actors supporting Sarathkumar. Silambarasan labelled Vishal as "someone new coming in and breaking
6902-590: The Tamil language, Kannada still preserves a lot from its roots. As part of the southern family of Indian languages and situated relatively close to the northern parts of India, Kannada also shares some Sanskrit words, similar to Malayalam. Many of the formerly used words in Tamil have been preserved with little change in Kannada. This shows a relative parallel to Tamil, even as Tamil has undergone some changes in modern ways of speaking. According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification form Tamil Thāi (Mother Tamil)
7021-696: The Tamils who settled there 200 years ago. Tamil language is available as a course in some local school boards and major universities in Canada and the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" by the Parliament of Canada . Tamil enjoys a special status of protection under Article 6(b), Chapter 1 of the Constitution of South Africa and is taught as a subject in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province. Recently, it has been rolled out as
7140-442: The ancient language ( sankattamiḻ ), a modern literary and formal style ( centamiḻ ), and a modern colloquial form ( koṭuntamiḻ ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write centamiḻ with a vocabulary drawn from caṅkattamiḻ , or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking koṭuntamiḻ . In modern times, centamiḻ
7259-538: The box office and received negative reviews from critics. The following year, he starred in Sabari (2007) and his 150th film was Arasangam (2008), which was about a police officer who discovers and unravels the mystery behind a terrorist plot. He acted in the drama Mariyadhai (2009), in his second colloboration with director Vikraman, followed by the action film Engal Aasan (2009), in which he co-starred with Vikranth . In 2010, Vijayakanth acted and directed
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#17328011332597378-538: The commercially successful romantic comedy Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri (1985). He went on to act in Amman Kovil Kizhakale (1986), which earned him a Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil ; the film ran for 150 days in theatres. In 1986, he appeared in Manakanakku , the only film in which he worked alongside Kamal Haasan . Vijayakanth's next film was Oomai Vizhigal (1986), which became
7497-400: The construction of the building hasn't started yet is not wrong according to me, and I will continue to do that. I just want all younger actors to join this good cause, and that too, I had clearly said, 'under the leadership of Sarathkumar only'." In June 2015, Vishal announced his intention to contest in the upcoming elections with a team against Sarathkumar if the lease agreement to SPI Cinemas
7616-467: The construction of the new building, Sarathkumar promised increased pension from the state government, houses for those with over 20 year memberships, and workshops for aspiring actors. Vishal and the Pandavar team advocated for change in administration and democracy in the association. Their campaigns eventually came to be noted in the media as a battle between older generation actors (referring to Sarathkumar's team) and younger generation actors (referring to
7735-409: The crew members must be given the same quality meals that he was served. After founding his own party in 2005, he served as a Member of Legislative Assembly for two terms from 2006 to 2016, representing the constituencies of Virudhachalam and Rishivandiyam respectively. He led his party to win the second-most seats in the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election and served as the leader of
7854-436: The crew members must be given the same quality meals that he was served. He was involved in philanthropic work and offered food and meals through his office. He had also assisted several actors by offering consultancy and required financial help. In 2000, Vijayakanth was elected as the president of South Indian Film Artistes' Association and served till 2006. He is credited with bringing the association out of debt. He led
7973-689: The culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India, but it has also been related to the Harappan civilization . Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods: Old Tamil (300 BCE–700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present). About of the approximately 100,000 inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil Nadu. Of them, most are in Tamil, with only about 5 percent in other languages. In 2004,
8092-952: The dialect of Madurai , and iṅkaṭe in some northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear " akkaṭṭa " meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India, and use many other words slightly differently. Tamil dialects include Central Tamil dialect , Kongu Tamil , Madras Bashai , Madurai Tamil , Nellai Tamil , Kumari Tamil in India ; Batticaloa Tamil dialect , Jaffna Tamil dialect , Negombo Tamil dialect in Sri Lanka; and Malaysian Tamil in Malaysia. Sankethi dialect in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by Kannada . The dialect of
8211-399: The differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic divergence of the western dialect, the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century. Additionally Kannada is also relatively close to the Tamil language and shares the format of the formal ancient Tamil language. While there are some variations from
8330-478: The director P. Madhavan , for which he received an advance of ₹ 100 (equivalent to ₹ 2,700 or US$ 33 in 2023). However, he was later replaced by Ceylon Manohar after the director was unimpressed with Vijayakanth's acting. He claimed to have lost several film opportunities during the early stages of his acting career largely due to his darker complexion. In 1979, Vijayakanth made his first film appearance in M. A. Kaja's Inikkum Ilamai (1979), when he
8449-522: The district of Palakkad in Kerala has many Malayalam loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax, and has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from Kanyakumari district is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. Hebbar and Mandyam dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil Vaishnavites who migrated to Karnataka in
8568-514: The early 1990s. He also assisted Vijayakanth in choosing the film scripts. Rowther and Vijayakanth combined for many of the films including Pulan Visaranai (1990), Captain Prabhakaran (1991), Bharathan (1992), Rajadurai (1993), Sakkarai Devan (1993), En Aasai Machan (1994), Gandhi Pirantha Mann (1995), Karuppu Nila (1995), Ulavuthurai (1998), Dharma (1998) and Simmasanam (2000). Pulan Visaranai , which
8687-498: The election was issued an interim stay by the Madras High Court and pushed to 18 October 2015 after members of the Pandavar team requested that the election venue should be held at a private location with a former chief of justice observing the election process. Between June and October 2015, both teams campaigned vehemently against each other across Tamil Nadu and encouraged actors to vote. While both teams vowed to commence
8806-502: The establishment of a charitable trust that paid pension to low-income members of the film industry. In 2001, Vijayakanth founded Shri Andal Alagar College of Engineering . He launched a television channel Captain TV on 14 April 2010. He later launched a news channel Captain News on 29 August 2012. Since the mid-2010s, Vijayakanth faced health issues, as his speech slurred and he
8925-547: The film fraternity." Following Haasan's support to the Pandavar team, Sarathkumar accused him of being ungrateful after he had helped Haasan during the release controversy of Uttama Villain (2015). During a campaign speech on 17 October 2015, Sarathkumar mocked Haasan and berated Sivakumar, which led to negative criticism of Sarathkumar over social media. The election took place at St. Ebbas Girls' Higher Secondary School in Mylapore , Chennai on 18 October 2015 peacefully amid
9044-492: The film industry had a protest against the leadership. Vijayakanth was elected unopposed as the President of the Nadigar Sangam in August 2000, while R. Sarathkumar was appointed as the General Secretary. Although members had called for a new committee to replace the existing group, several experienced members stayed on in roles. Vijayakanth's initial task was to clear up debt totalling over ₹ 2 crore. Soon after gaining power,
9163-641: The film, Virudhagiri , a remake of the French film Taken . After a hiatus of five years, he made a cameo appearance in his son Shanmuga Pandian's first film Sagaptham in 2015. In November 2015, he started acting in Arun Ponnambalam's Thamizhan Endru Sol , alongside his son. The film was later suspended due to Vijayakanth's political commitments and his deteriorating health. In 2022, director Vijay Milton attempted to rope in Vijayakanth in
9282-495: The first collaboration between Vijayakanth and his longtime friend Ibrahim Rowther , who produced the film. In 1988, he worked in films such as Therkathi Kallan , Nallavan and Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran . He won a Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for his performance in Senthoora Poove . In 1989, he starred in the commercially successful films Paattukku Oru Thalaivan , and Ponmana Selvan . This
9401-661: The government is now looking into the administrative roles of the sangam. Film director K. Subrahmanyam , who had helped Sri Sathyamurthy start the South Indian Film Chamber of Commerce , was approached by actors R. M. Somasundaram, T. N. Sivathanu, N. N. Kannappa and Sattampillai Venkatraman to create a representative organization in Tamil Nadu for professional actors from South Indian cinema , since many filming studios of Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada cinema industries were also based in Madras (now Chennai ) at
9520-444: The group's leaders met Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi , and later asked their members not to work on films which may hurt the feelings of politicians, citing Iruvar (1997) and Desiya Geetham (1998) as examples. The remark was widely criticised for restricting freedom of expression. Vijayakanth retained presidency of the Nadigar Sangam after defeating Devi by 972 to 124 votes in December 2002. Sarathkumar continued as
9639-408: The highest grossing films in 1991 and ran for over 500 days in theaters. He got the sobriquet "captain" after the success of the film. Vijayakanth acted in the movies Maanagara Kaaval and Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum in the same year. In 1992, he appeared in the role of a village chief in the film Chinna Gounder (1992), which turned out to be an experimental film and a cult classic in
9758-699: The hill country . Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century CE. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern Andhra Pradesh districts of Chittoor and Nellore until the 12th century CE. Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as Kolar , Mysore , Mandya and Bengaluru . There are currently sizeable Tamil-speaking populations descended from colonial-era migrants in Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines , Mauritius , South Africa , Indonesia, Thailand, Burma , and Vietnam . Tamil
9877-432: The introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiran Vanakkam , thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published. The Tamil Lexicon , published by
9996-466: The land rent set for SPI Cinemas was far less than market value and alleged that both Sarathkumar and Ravi were involved in a conflict of interest due to the fact that the two were brothers-in-law, accusing them of trying to take full control of the trust. In 2013, a few members including Vishal and Nassar questioned the intent behind demolishing the building and leasing the land to a private company. Sarathkumar justified his acts claiming that leasing
10115-457: The land would generate income for the association, which would be used to assist members in need. Vishal insisted that the lease to SPI Cinemas be cancelled and that the association should construct its own building. Comedy actor Kumarimuthu was expelled from the Nadigar Sangam over allegations of speaking negatively about the association, after he questioned the intent behind the land lease and building demolition. In November 2014, Vishal submitted
10234-505: The later failed at the box office, Vijayakanth was praised for his action, and the film became a unique component in Tamil pop culture. Narasimha was considered as a spiritual sequel to Vallarasu . He made a cameo appearance in Viswanathan Ramamoorthy and appeared in a dual role in the village drama Thavasi (2001). His next film Raajjiyam (2002) failed to deliver in the box office and it turned out to be
10353-869: The later years. The song "Antha Vaanatha Pola" from the movie became popular, and eventually became a popular meme in the later years. He later appeared in films such as Koyil Kaalai (1993), Ezhai Jaathi (1993), Sakkarai Devan (1993), Rajadurai (1993) and Enga Muthalali (1993). He co-starred with Vijay in Senthoorapandi (1993), where he plays the role of elder brother. He played an extended cameo role in this film for which he did not take any remuneration. In 1994, he appeared in Sethupathi IPS , Honest Raj , Pathavi Pramanam , En Aasai Machan and Periya Marudhu . His later films included Karuppu Nila (1995), Thirumoorthy (1995) and Gandhi Pirantha Mann (1995). He won
10472-461: The latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil employs agglutinative grammar, where suffixes are used to mark noun class , number , and case , verb tense and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard metalinguistic terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the Sanskrit that is standard for most Indo-Aryan languages . Much of Tamil grammar
10591-455: The latter pulled out. Prabhu and Nassar had also considered running for the presidential post, but opted against doing so. Eventually, Sarathkumar was elected unopposed, while Radharavi was elected as General Secretary and Manorama and Vijayakumar as vice-presidents. In May 2008, the group organized a one-day hunger strike opposing the Karnataka government's controversial plan of
10710-423: The name comes from tam-miḻ > tam-iḻ "self-speak", or "our own speech". Kamil Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iḻ , with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and " -iḻ " having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of tamiḻ < tam-iḻ < * tav-iḻ < * tak-iḻ , meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)". However, this
10829-523: The next few years, Vijayakanth often portrayed the character of an angry young man in films with revolutionary story lines such as Sivappu Malli (1981) and Jadhikkoru Needhi (1981). He became a popular commercial hero after his role in Sattam Oru Iruttarai (1981), directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar , with whom he collaborated in numerous films thereafter. The film became a hit and was remade in several other Indian languages. He played
10948-537: The old aspect and time markers. The Nannūl remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – instead, negation is expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows
11067-834: The opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 2011 to 2016. He remained as the leader of his party until his death in 2023. He was known for his "open and bold stance" during his political career. In January 2024, he was posthumously awarded India's third-highest civilian honour, the Padma Bhushan , by the Government of India . Vijayakanth was born as Vijayaraj Alagarswami in Madurai on 25 August 1952. His parents were K. N. Alagarswami Naidu and Aandal. Vijayakanth grew up idolising M. G. Ramachandran and displayed passion towards community and societal issues. During his young age, his father
11186-509: The party's campaign for the elections despite opposition from other party leaders such as S. Ramadoss , the founder of Pattali Makkal Katchi , who expressed his dissatisfaction with people from the film industry entering politics. During the runup to the elections, Vijayakanth developed a feud with actor Vadivelu , Vijayakanth's co-star in a number of his films. This led to attack of Vadivelu's residence by men, whom Vadivelu claimed were from Vijayakanth's party and subsequent legal cases. This
11305-636: The president of the Nadigar Sangam (actors association) from 2000 to 2006. He is credited with bringing the association out of debt and establishing a charitable trust that paid pension to low-income members of the film industry. He was likened to former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. G. Ramachandran for his humanitarian work and for his role in supporting impoverished personnel from the Tamil film industry. He accepted deferred remuneration for certain films to help struggling film producers and also preached for food equality on film sets, demanding that all
11424-470: The standard characters, six characters taken from the Grantha script , which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, Prakrit , and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but
11543-565: The time. Subsequently, in August 1952, they launched the Junior Actors Association (Thunai Nadigar Sangam) for junior artistes. Thereafter, M. G. Ramachandran expressed his desire to join this group and insisted that there should be no difference amongst actors on the basis of seniority, and hence, it came to be called the Nadigar Sangam. As films from all the four southern languages were shot in Madras during that period, it
11662-558: The way for the introduction of bus services to the Kodambakkam studios, through the bus, 12B (Santhome to Kodambakkam) in 1955. A fund-raiser for cyclone relief was organized in December 1955 and at the event, plays and light music performances were organized. The team purchased over 2,000 square feet (190 m) of land on Habibulla Road in T Nagar , an affluent neighborhood in Madras (now Chennai ). Upon Ramachandran's appointment as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1977, he approved
11781-526: The word for "here"— iṅku in Centamil (the classic variety)—has evolved into iṅkū in the Kongu dialect of Coimbatore , inga in the dialects of Thanjavur and Palakkad , and iṅkai in some dialects of Sri Lanka . Old Tamil's iṅkaṇ (where kaṇ means place) is the source of iṅkane in the dialect of Tirunelveli , Old Tamil iṅkiṭṭu is the source of iṅkuṭṭu in
11900-534: Was a Tamilian himself, in a joint sitting of both houses of the Indian Parliament on 6 June 2004. The socio-linguistic situation of Tamil is characterised by diglossia : there are two separate registers varying by socioeconomic status , a high register and a low one. Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example,
12019-496: Was also criticised for making obscene gestures in public, often towards journalists. This led to several memes targeting him in the social media. He lost the election from Ulundurpet to R. Kumaraguru of the AIADMK and his party-led alliance failed to win any seats in the assembly. Despite being part of the winning alliance, his party fared poorly and failed to win any seat in the subsequent 2019 Indian general elections . In
12138-545: Was appointed as the treasurer. The first member on its rolls, as of 1955, was N. N. Kannappa, and the next was M. R. Santhanam . In November 1955, a magazine, Nadigan Kural (The Voice of the Artiste) was started by MGR, who served as its first editor. Over the following years, the society began to function and in February 1954, the first elections were held. The Sanga, organized railway concessions for drama artistes and paved
12257-696: Was approximately 18 grounds and worth ₹ 150 crore at the time, to R. Sarathkumar . A 29-year, 11-month land lease agreement was signed by Sarathkumar on 25 November 2010 to Sathyam Cinemas (now known as SPI Cinemas), who planned commercial developments, including a multiplex and office space. Demolition of the building began in March 2011. Sarathkumar was elected unopposed for a third consecutive term in June 2012. Radharavi, Vijayakumar and Vagai Chandrasekhar continued as General Secretary, Vice President and Treasurer respectively, while K. N. Kaalai replaced Manorama as
12376-469: Was awarded the Kalaimamani title in 2001. In January 2024, he was posthumously awarded India's third-highest civilian honour, the Padma Bhushan , by the Government of India . Vijayakanth was credited as "Puratchi Kalaignar" (revolutionary artist) and "Captain" in the film titles as he often appeared in roles as a law enforcer, vigilante, or a village head . In 2014, an ex-serviceman lodged
12495-544: Was claimed to be dated to around 580 BCE. John Guy states that Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders from India. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka and on trade goods in Thailand and Egypt. In November 2007, an excavation at Quseir-al-Qadim revealed Egyptian pottery dating back to first century BCE with ancient Tamil Brahmi inscriptions. There are
12614-449: Was concerned about Vijayakanth as he showed less interest towards studies and was more interested in cinema. His father ran a rice mill at Keeraithurai where Vijayakanth went on to work and surprised him with his administrative skills. Vijayakanth married Premalatha on 31 January 1990 and had two sons. His son Shanmuga Pandian starred in the Tamil films Sagaptham (2015) and Madura Veeran (2018). In 1978, Vijayakanth engaged in
12733-540: Was created by Lord Shiva . Murugan , revered as the Tamil God, along with sage Agastya , brought it to the people. Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from the Proto-Dravidian language , which was most likely spoken around the third millennium BCE, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of
12852-406: Was directed by R. K. Selvamani and featured R. Sarathkumar as the antagonist, became one of the most popular crime thrillers of the time. He later starred as an honest cop in the hit flick Sathriyan , produced by Mani Ratnam . After the success of Pulan Visaranai , he collaborated with Selvamani for Captain Prabhakaran (1991), which was Vijayakanth's 100th film. The film became one of
12971-668: Was elected as the Leader of Opposition in the Tamil Nadu assembly. Over the next two years, rifts developed between Vijayakanth and then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and leader of AIADMK Jayalalithaa , which resulted in separation between the two alliance partners. For the 2014 Indian general elections , Vijayakanth entered into the National Democratic Alliance led by the Bharatiya Janata Party . His party contested 14 seats but did not win
13090-524: Was elected unopposed in June 2009, with Vagai Chandrasekhar joining the incumbent team as a treasurer. On 7 October 2009, the Nadigar Sangam launched a rally against the Tamil Nadu -based newspaper Dina Malar for publishing a news article claiming Indian pornographic actress Bhuvaneshwari had alleged several Tamil actresses involved in illegal sex-work. The actresses listed in the article were Namitha , Seetha, Nalini, Anju, Shakeela , Manjula Vijayakumar and Sripriya . General secretary Radha Ravi filed
13209-512: Was first credited with his screen name "Vijayakanth". The film was a critical and commercial failure. Though his subsequent films Agal Vilakku (1979), Neerottam (1980) and Saamanthippoo (1980) also did not perform well at the box office , his film Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam was screened at the International Film Festival of India . The later film was lauded by viewers and became a turning point in his career. In
13328-445: Was followed by the crime thriller Rajanadai and devotional film Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal . In the 1990s, Vijayakanth established himself as an action icon with a consistent box-office appeal. He was best known for low-budget films that often featured gravity-defying stunts in which he would single-handedly dispatch his enemies. Rowther produced many of his films and played an instrumental role in Vijayakanth's rise as an actor in
13447-475: Was later renamed Thenn Indhiya Nadigar Sangam (South Indian Artistes Association). On 15 November 1952, it was registered as a society with rules and bylaws in place. K. Subrahmanyam and MGR donated money to help run this association, and began recruiting members. The founder-president was T. V. Sundaram, while the vice-presidents were MGR, S. D. Subbulakshmi , S. D. Sundaram and K. Vembu. The secretaries were T. N. Sivathanu and R. M. Somasundaram, while R. S. Manohar
13566-400: Was nicknamed "Captain" following his role in the film Captain Prabhakaran (1991). He was also credited as "Puratchi Kalaignar" (revolutionary artist) in the film titles as he often appeared in roles as a law enforcer, vigilante, or a village head . He won two Filmfare Awards South , three Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and was awarded the Kalaimamani title in 2001. Vijayakanth served as
13685-649: Was not retracted. Sarathkumar was backed by Radha Ravi, who was seeking another term for secretary. Along with the two were S. S. R. Kannan who contested for treasurer, while Silambarasan and Vijayakumar ran for vice presidents. Their opposition, collectively named the Pandavar team after the Pandava from the Mahabharata , was led by Vishal running for secretary, Nassar running for president, Karthi running for treasurer, and both Karunas and Ponvannan running for vice presidents. Originally set for 15 June 2015,
13804-516: Was refuted by Vijayakanth. Vadivelu subsequently campaigned against Vijayakanth in the elections. DMDK won 29 seats and emerged as the second largest party in the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. Vijayakanth won from Rishivandiyam , after securing 53.2% of the votes polled. Following its performance in the 2011 assembly elections, DMDK was officially recognised as a state party by the Election Commission of India and Vijayakanth
13923-504: Was the lingua franca for early maritime traders, with inscriptions found in places like Sri Lanka , Thailand , and Egypt . The language has a well-documented history with literary works like Sangam literature , consisting of over 2,000 poems. Tamil script evolved from Tamil Brahmi, and later, the vatteluttu script was used until the current script was standardized. The language has a distinct grammatical structure, with agglutinative morphology that allows for complex word formations. Tamil
14042-451: Was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb kil ( கில் ), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ṉ ( ன் ). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – kiṉṟa ( கின்ற ) – which combined
14161-404: Was unsteady during some political rallies and speeches. In 2017, he remarked that thyroid problems affected his vocal cord . In 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19 , after which he had limited public appearance, often sporting a face mask. In 2022, he underwent surgery to amputate three of his toes due to complications from diabetes , which confined him to a wheelchair . He was admitted to
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