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70-480: It lies 75 km from Brescia , along the strada Statale 42 del Tonale e della Mendola and is situated in Val Camonica . Nadro is a medieval town developed around the tower house of the noble Gaioni's family, dating to the 15th century. It represents the main access to the riserva naturale Incisioni rupestri di Ceto, Cimbergo e Paspardo , a large area with numerous petroghlyphs ; the "didactical museum of

140-430: A dunce . At fifteen, however, he developed a passion for poetry and wrote two sonnets of considerable merit. Upon the death of his father in 1807, he joined the freethinking household of his mother at Auteuil , and spent two years mixing with the literary set of the so-called " ideologues ", philosophers of the 18th-century school, among whom he made many friends, notably Claude Charles Fauriel . At Auteuil, he developed

210-514: A free commune around the early 12th century. Subsequently, it expanded into the nearby countryside, first at the expense of the local landholders, and later against the neighbouring communes, notably Bergamo and Cremona . Brescia defeated the latter twice at Pontoglio , then at the Grumore (mid-12th century) and in the battle of the Malamorte (Bad Death) (1192). In 1138, Brescia experienced

280-589: A senator . The death of his eldest son, Pier Luigi, on 28 April 1873, was the final blow which hastened his end. He was already weakened as he had fallen on 6 January while exiting the San Fedele church, hitting his head on the steps, and he died after 5 months of cerebral meningitis , a complication of the trauma. His funeral was celebrated in the Milan Cathedral with almost royal pomp. His remains, after they lay in state for some days, were followed to

350-489: A communal revolt against the local Bishop Manfred led by radical reformer and Canons regular Arnold of Brescia . This revolt broke out due to the city's involvement in the ecclesiastical and political conflict that resulted from the 1130 papal election . This controversial election divided the College of Cardinals and caused a schism between Pope Innocent II (who had the minority vote) and Antipope Anacletus II (who had

420-541: A grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1,200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures peoples. Others scholars attribute the founding of Brescia to the Etruscans . The Gallic Cenomani , allies of the Insubres , invaded in the 7th century BC, and used the town as their capital. The city became Roman in 225 BC, when

490-417: A lifelong interest in liberalism . He was even supposed to marry the daughter of Antoine Destutt de Tracy . There too he imbibed the anti-Catholic creed of Voltairianism . In 1806–1807, while at Auteuil, he first appeared before the public as a poet, with two works, one entitled Urania , in the classical style, of which he became later the most conspicuous adversary, the other an elegy in blank verse , on

560-478: A partnership administration based on the alliance between the major left-wing, green and independents parties. Anyway, in the 2008 local elections the center-right coalition formed by Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom party and the regionalist Lega Nord won for the first time the majority in the City Council. These elections occurred the same day Berlusconi's coalition achieved an outright majority across

630-508: A religious crisis which led him from Jansenism to an austere form of Catholicism. Manzoni's marriage proved a happy one, and he led for many years a retired domestic life, divided between literature and the picturesque husbandry of Lombardy . His intellectual energy in this period of his life was devoted to the composition of the Inni sacri , a series of sacred lyrics, and of a treatise on Catholic morality, Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica ,

700-413: A task undertaken under religious guidance, in reparation for his early lapse from faith. In 1818 he had to sell his paternal inheritance, as his money had been lost to a dishonest agent. His characteristic generosity was shown at this time in his dealings with his peasants, who were heavily indebted to him. He not only cancelled on the spot the record of all sums owed to him, but bade them keep for themselves

770-674: A volume a year; it at once raised its author to the first rank of literary fame. It is generally agreed to be his greatest work, and the paradigm of modern Italian language. The Penguin Companion to European Literature notes that 'the book's real greatness lies in its delineation of character...in the heroine, Lucia, in Padre Cristoforo, the Capuchin friar, and the saintly cardinal ( Borromeo ) of Milan, he has created three living examples of that pure and wholehearted Christianity which

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840-429: Is 149 metres (489 ft). The administrative comune covers a total area of 90.3 square kilometres (34.9 sq mi). Modern Brescia has a central area focused on residential and tertiary activities. Around the city proper, lies a vast urban agglomeration with over 600,000 inhabitants that expands mainly to the north, to the west and to the east, engulfing many communes in a continuous urban landscape. According to

910-642: Is a city and comune (municipality) in the region of Lombardy , in Italy . It is situated at the foot of the Alps , a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo . With a population of more than 200,000, it is the second largest city in Lombardy and the fourth largest in northwest Italy . The urban area of Brescia extends beyond the administrative city limits and has a population of 672,822, while over 1.5 million people live in its metropolitan area . The city

980-531: Is also the setting for most of the action in Alessandro Manzoni 's 1822 play Adelchi . The province is known for being the production area of the Franciacorta sparkling wine, as well as the main source of Italian-produced caviar . Brescia with her territory was the "European Region of Gastronomy" in 2017 and the "Italian Capital of Culture" with Bergamo in 2023. Various myths relate to

1050-494: Is divided in 5 boroughs called zone . Each zona is subdivided into a different number of quartieri . Here is a list of Brescia's zone and quartieri : Historical Centre North West South East The old town of Brescia (characterized, in the northeast, by a rectangular plan, with the streets that intersect at right angles, a peculiarity handed down from Roman times) has a significant artistic and archaeological heritage, consisting of various monuments ranging from

1120-438: Is his ideal. But his psychological penetration extends also to those who fall short of this standard, whether through weakness or perversity, and the novel is rich in pictures of ordinary men and women, seen with a delightful irony and disenchantment which always stops short of cynicism, and which provides a perfect balance for the evangelical fervour of his ideal'. In 1822, Manzoni published his second tragedy, Adelchi , turning on

1190-412: Is moderately cold, but not harsh, with some snow, mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. Summer can be sultry, when humidity levels are high and peak temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F). Spring and autumn are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The relative humidity is high throughout

1260-575: Is the administrative capital of the Province of Brescia , one of the largest in Italy, with over 1,200,000 inhabitants. Founded over 3,200 years ago, Brescia (in antiquity Brixia) has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times. Its old town contains the best-preserved Roman public buildings in northern Italy and numerous monuments, among these the medieval castle, the Old and New cathedral ,

1330-451: Is worthy of note how a layman, an excellent writer and at the same time a profound and conscientious thinker, has been able to understand well and express exactly this fundamental Catholic doctrine: 'The Church does not say that morality belongs purely, in the sense of exclusively, to her; but that it belongs wholly to her. She has never maintained that outside her fold and apart from her teaching, man cannot arrive at any moral truth; she has on

1400-658: The Brescia explosion , the city was devastated when the Bastion of San Nazaro was struck by lightning . The resulting fire ignited 90,000 kg (90 t; 200,000 lb; 99 short tons) of gunpowder stored there, causing a massive explosion which destroyed one-sixth of the Brescia and killed 3,000 people. In 1799, during the French Revolutionary Wars , the fortress, occupied by French troops, fell to

1470-547: The Cimitero Monumentale in Milan by a vast cortege, including the royal princes and all the great officers of state, but his noblest monument was Giuseppe Verdi 's Requiem , written to honour his memory. In modern times, he has been honored twice with a Google Doodle. His Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica was quoted by Pope Pius XI in his encyclical on Christian Education Divini Illius Magistri : "20. It

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1540-536: The Köppen climate classification , Brescia has a mid-latitude humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Its average annual temperature is 13.7 °C (57 °F): 18.2 °C (65 °F) during the day and 9.1 °C (48 °F) at night. The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures from 27.8 to 30.3 °C (82 to 87 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures from −1.5 to 0.6 °C (29 to 33 °F). Winter

1610-671: The Renaissance Piazza della Loggia and the rationalist Piazza della Vittoria . The monumental archaeological area of the Roman forum and the monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia have become a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a group of seven inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power . Brescia is considered to be an important industrial city. Metallurgy and production of metal parts, machine tools and firearms are of particular economic significance, along with mechanical and automotive engineering. Among

1680-639: The Visconti of Milan , but not even their rule was undisputed, as Pandolfo III Malatesta took possession of the city in 1406. However, in 1416 he bartered it to Filippo Maria Visconti duke of Milan, who in 1426 sold it to the Venetians. The Milanese nobles forced Filippo to resume hostilities against the Venetians, and thus to attempt the recovery of Brescia, but he was defeated in the Battle of Maclodio (1427), near Brescia, by general Carmagnola , commander of

1750-636: The 1110s) who was condemned of heresy at the Council of Sens 1141 and went on to join the Commune of Rome in 1148, which led to his execution by Frederick Barbarossa and Pope Adrian IV in 1155. During the struggles of the 12th and 13th centuries between the Lombard cities and the Holy Roman emperors, Brescia was implicated either in league with the emperors or against them. In the Battle of Legnano

1820-681: The Cenomani submitted to the Romans. During the Carthaginian Wars , 'Brixia' (as it was called then) was allied with the Romans. During a Celtic alliance against Rome the city remained faithful to the Romans. With their Roman allies the city attacked and destroyed the Insubres by surprise. Subsequently, the city and the tribe entered the Roman world peacefully as faithful allies, maintaining a certain administrative freedom. In 89 BC, Brixia

1890-561: The City Council of Brescia, which is based in Palazzo della Loggia . Voters elect directly 32 councilors and the mayor of Brescia every five years. Brescia was generally considered in the past one of the most important political bellwether in Italy. Historical stronghold of DC party, in 1994 it was the city in which was firstly experimented the newborn political center-left coalition formed by members of former PCI and DC parties against Silvio Berlusconi 's center-right coalition: that year

1960-506: The City Council. In the 2023 local elections the center-left coalition obtained again the 54% of the votes on the first round. The current mayor of Brescia is Laura Castelletti , a center-left independent , elected on 20 May 2023. She previously served as deputy mayor for 10 years between 2013 and 2023. Brescia is also the capital of its own province. The Provincial Council is seated in Palazzo Broletto . The city of Brescia

2030-502: The French armies in Italy, ordered the city to surrender; when it refused, he attacked it with around 12,000 men. The French attack took place in a pouring rain, through a field of mud; Foix ordered his men to remove their shoes for better traction. The defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the French, but were eventually overrun, suffering 8,000 – 15,000 casualties. The Gascon infantry and landsknechts then proceeded to thoroughly sack

2100-570: The Naviglio, with the Lake Iseo to the west and the Lake Garda to the east (but it has also other important lakes like Idro and Moro ). The southern area of the city is flat, while towards the north the territory becomes hilly. The city's lowest point is 104 metres (341 ft) above sea level, the highest point is Monte Maddalena at 874 metres (2,867 ft), while the centre of the town

2170-590: The Piedmontese army invaded Austrian-controlled Lombardy, the people in Brescia overthrew the hated local Austrian administration, and the Austrian military contingent, led by General Julius Jacob von Haynau , retreated to the Castle ( Castello di Brescia  [ it ] ). When the larger military operations turned against the Piedmontese, forcing them to retreat, Brescia was left to its own resources. Still,

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2240-484: The Venetian mercenary army. In 1439, Brescia was once more besieged by Francesco Sforza , captain of the Venetians, who defeated Niccolò Piccinino , Filippo's condottiero . Thenceforward Brescia and the province were a Venetian possession, only disrupted by the French conquest in 1512. Brescia has had a major role in the history of the violin . Many archive documents very clearly testify that from 1490 to 1640 Brescia

2310-806: The advancing allies of the Second Coalition (see Capture of Brescia ). In the Napoleonic era , Brescia was part of the various revolutionary republics and then of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy after Napoleon became Emperor of the French. After the end of the Napoleonic era in 1815, Brescia was annexed to the Austrian puppet state known as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . Brescia revolted in 1848 ; then again in March 1849, when

2380-453: The ancient age to contemporary. Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni ( UK : / m æ n ˈ z oʊ n i / , US : / m ɑː n ( d ) ˈ z oʊ n i / , Italian: [alesˈsandro manˈdzoːni] ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. Italian : I promessi sposi ) (1827), generally ranked among

2450-528: The capital of one of their semi-independent duchies. The first duke was Alachis, who died in 573. Later dukes included the future kings of the Lombards Rothari and Rodoald , and Alachis II, a fervent anti-Catholic, who was killed in battle at Cornate d'Adda in 688. The last king of the Lombards, Desiderius , also held the title Duke of Brescia. In 774, Charlemagne captured the city and ended

2520-471: The citizens managed to resist recapture by the Austrian army for ten days of bloody and obstinate street fighting that are now celebrated as the Ten Days of Brescia . This prompted poet Giosuè Carducci to nickname Brescia "Leonessa d'Italia" ("Italian Lioness"), since it was the only Lombard town to rally to King Charles Albert of Piedmont (and to the cause of Italian unification ) in that year. In 1859,

2590-699: The city was conquered by the Italian troops and Brescia was included in the newly founded Kingdom of Italy . The city was awarded a gold medal for its resistance against Fascism in World War II . On 28 May 1974, it was the seat of the bloody Piazza della Loggia bombing . Brescia is located in the northwestern section of the Po Valley , at the foot of the Brescian Prealps , between the Mella and

2660-400: The city, massacring thousands of civilians over the next five days. Following this, the city of Bergamo paid some 60,000 ducats to the French to avoid a similar fate. The French occupied Brescia until 1520, when Venetian rule resumed. Thereafter, Brescia shared the fortunes of the Venetian republic until the latter fell at the hands of French general Napoleon Bonaparte . In 1769, in

2730-479: The contingent from Brescia was second in size to that of Milan . The Peace of Constance (1183) that ended the war with Frederick Barbarossa confirmed officially the free status of the comune . In 1201 the podestà Rambertino Buvalelli made peace and established a league with Cremona, Bergamo, and Mantua . Memorable also was the siege laid by the Emperor Frederick II in 1238 on account of

2800-633: The contrary more than once condemned this opinion because it has appeared under more forms than one. She does however say, has said, and will ever say, that because of her institution by Jesus Christ, because of the Holy Ghost sent her in His name by the Father, she alone possesses what she has had immediately from God and can never lose, the whole of moral truth, omnem veritatem, in which all individual moral truths are included, as well those which man may learn by

2870-467: The country. However, in the 2013 elections the Democratic Party achieved an outright majority across the city and the center-left coalition became again the major force in the City Council. In the 2018 local elections the center-left coalition obtained even the 54% of the votes on the first round and the Democratic Party , which obtained nearly the 35% of the votes, gained 15 seats out of 32 in

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2940-412: The death of Count Carlo Imbonati, from whom, through his mother, he inherited considerable property, including the villa of Brusuglio, thenceforth his principal residence. In 1808, Manzoni married Henriette Blondel, daughter of a Genevese banker. She came from a Calvinist family, but in 1810 she became a Roman Catholic . Her conversion profoundly influenced her husband. That same year he experienced

3010-795: The economic treatises and essays he was reading. His understanding of economics came to surface in his grand historical novel The Betrothed , particularly in Chapter 12, where he deals with the famine in Lombardy . Economist and President of the Italian Republic Luigi Einaudi praised the chapter and the whole of The Betrothed as "one of the best treatises on political economy ever written". Economic historian Deirdre N. McCloskey likewise described it as "a lecture in Economics 101". The death of Manzoni's wife in 1833

3080-744: The enemy was forced to retreat as far as Verona . In 402, the city was ravaged by the Visigoths of Alaric I . During the 452 invasion of the Huns under Attila , the city was besieged and sacked. Forty years later, it was one of the first conquests by the Gothic general Theoderic the Great in his war against Odoacer . In 568 (or 569), Brescia was taken from the Byzantines by the Lombards , who made it

3150-603: The foreign-born residents represented 12% of the total population. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations (mostly Romania , Ukraine , Moldova and Albania ), the others from South Asia (mostly India and Pakistan ) and North Africa. The city is predominantly Roman Catholic , but due to immigration now has some Orthodox Christian , Sikh and Muslim followers. In 2006 there were about 1,000 people of Pakistani origins living in Brescia. Foreign residents as of 2018 Since local government political reorganization in 1993, Brescia has been governed by

3220-548: The founding of Brescia: one assigns it to Hercules , while another attributes its foundation as Altilia ("the other Ilium") by a fugitive from the siege of Troy . According to another myth, the founder was the king of the Ligures , Cidnus , who had invaded the Padan Plain in the late Bronze Age . Colle Cidneo (Cidnus's Hill) was named after that version, and it is the site of the medieval castle. This myth seems to have

3290-433: The growth of the commune and the local nobility. The revolt began around 1135 and was manageable at first, but by 1138 Manfred was forced to seek papal support and left for Rome. Arnold is believed to have joined the revolt around this time, as contemporary historian John of Salisbury records that Arnold only 'so swayed the minds of the citizens that they would scarcely open their gates to the bishop on his return.' Manfred

3360-468: The hands of Ezzelino da Romano . In 1311 Emperor Henry VII laid siege to Brescia for six months, losing three-fourths of his army. Later the Scaliger of Verona, aided by the exiled Ghibellines, sought to place Brescia under subjugation. The citizens of Brescia then had recourse to John of Luxemburg , but Mastino II della Scala expelled the governor appointed by him. His mastery was soon contested by

3430-482: The last secretary of DC and former minister, Mino Martinazzoli , run as mayor with the support of the leftist PDS and won the election defeating the Forza Italia - Lega Nord bloc candidate, endorsed by Berlusconi. This experience is considered even today one of the bases of Romano Prodi 's The Olive Tree political coalition. Since then to 2008 the center-left coalition held the largest number of seats with

3500-402: The major companies based in the Brescia metro area there are utility company A2A , automotive manufacturer OMR, steel producers Lucchini and Alfa Acciai, machine tools producers Camozzi and Lonati, firearms manufacturers Fausti, Beretta and Perazzi , gas equipment manufacturers Sabaf and Cavagna, etc. Brescia is home to the prestigious Mille Miglia classic car race that starts and ends in

3570-454: The majority vote). During the early 1130s, when Anacletus had power over Brescia, he appointed Bishop Villanus to the diocese, but in 1132 Innocent regained control and installed Manfred. Despite Manfred supporting the reformed clergy, which Brescia had historical supported with its proximity to Milan and the Pataria reform movement in the 11th century, Manfred was cast out as he clashed with

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3640-638: The masterpieces of world literature . The novel is also a symbol of the Italian Risorgimento , both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language . Manzoni also contributed to the stabilization of the modern Italian language and helped to ensure linguistic unity throughout Italy. He was an influential proponent of Liberal Catholicism in Italy. His work and thinking has often been contrasted with that of his younger contemporary Giacomo Leopardi by critics. Manzoni

3710-424: The most popular lyrics in the Italian language. The political events of that year, and the imprisonment of many of his friends, weighed much on Manzoni's mind, and the historical studies in which he sought distraction during his subsequent retirement at Brusuglio suggested his great work. Manzoni started work on the novel in 1821, but he began the actual composition of Fermo e Lucia on 24 April 1821, after reading

3780-561: The novel. He also wrote a small treatise on the Italian language. Manzoni favored the Italian unification and was even a member of the Italian Senate . Before and after his embracing an austere Catholicism upon marrying Henriett Blondel, Manzoni's politics can be broadly described as liberal. Since his French trip, Manzoni's liberalism included a profound understanding of economics. He was well acquainted with authors such as Jean-Baptiste Say and Adam Smith and left numerous notes on

3850-525: The novels of Walter Scott, mainly in French translations. Round the episode of the Innominato, historically identified with Bernardino Visconti, the first manuscript of the novel The Betrothed (in Italian I promessi sposi ) began to grow into shape, and was completed in September 1823. The work was published, after being deeply reshaped by the author and revised by friends in 1825–1827, at the rate of

3920-485: The overthrow by Charlemagne of the Lombard domination in Italy, and containing many veiled allusions to the existing Austrian rule. With these works Manzoni's literary career was practically closed. But he laboriously revised The Betrothed in Tuscan-Italian, and in 1840 republished it in that form, with a historical essay, Storia della colonna infame , on details of the 17th-century plague in Milan so important in

3990-582: The part taken by Brescia in the Battle of Cortenova (1237). Brescia came through this assault victorious. After the fall of the Hohenstaufen , republican institutions declined in Brescia as in the other free cities and the leadership was contested between powerful families, chief among them the Maggi and the Brusati, the latter of the (pro-imperial, anti-papal) Ghibelline party. In 1258 the city fell into

4060-454: The population compared to pensioners who number 24.6%. This compares with the Italian average of 16.5% (minors) and 22% (pensioners). In the four years between 2011 and 2015, the population of Brescia grew by 3.9%, while Italy as a whole grew by 2.1%. The current birth rate of Brescia is 7.9 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 8 births. Brescia is one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural cities in Italy. In 2018,

4130-536: The presence of the Lombard kingdom in northern Italy. Notingus was the first (prince-)bishop (in 844) who bore the title of count (see Bishopric of Brescia ). From 855 to 875, under Louis II the Younger , Brescia became de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire . Later the power of the bishop as imperial representative was gradually opposed by the local citizens and nobles, resulting in Brescia becoming

4200-481: The reserve" ( Museo didattico della riserva ) is there. This article on a location in the Province of Brescia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Brescia Brescia ( Italian: [ˈbreʃʃa] , locally Italian: [ˈbreːʃa] ; Lombard : Brèsa , Lombard: [ˈbrɛsɑ, ˈbrɛhɑ, ˈbrɛsa, ˈbrɛha] ; Latin : Brixia ; Venetian : Bressa )

4270-406: The town. In the arts, it was nicknamed Leonessa d'Italia ("The Lioness of Italy") by Gabriele d'Annunzio , who selected Gardone Riviera (nearby on the shores of Garda Lake ) as his final residence. The estate he built (largely thanks to state-sponsored funding), il Vittoriale , is now a public institution devoted to the arts; a museum dedicated to him is hosted in his former residence. Brescia

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4340-486: The whole of the coming maize harvest. In 1819, Manzoni published his first tragedy, Il Conte di Carmagnola , which, boldly violating all classical conventions, excited a lively controversy. It was severely criticized in a Quarterly Review article to which Goethe replied in its defence, "one genius," as Count de Gubernatis remarks, "having divined the other." The death of Napoleon in 1821 inspired Manzoni's powerful stanzas Il Cinque maggio ( The Fifth of May ), one of

4410-681: The word violin appeared in Brescian documents and spread in later decades throughout north of Italy, reaching Venezia and Cremona. Early in the 16th century, Brescia was one of the wealthiest cities of Lombardy, but it never recovered from its sack by the French in 1512. The "Sack of Brescia" took place on 18 February 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai . The city of Brescia had revolted against French control, garrisoning itself with Venetian troops. Gaston de Foix , recently arrived to command

4480-525: The year, especially in winter when it causes fog, mainly from dusk until late morning, although the phenomenon has become increasingly less frequent in recent years. Precipitation is spread evenly throughout the year. The driest month is December, with precipitation of 54.6 mm (2.15 in), while the wettest month is May, with 104.9 mm (4.13 in) of rain. In 2015, there were 196,480 people residing in Brescia, of whom 47.1% were male and 52.9% were female. Minors (children aged 0–17) totalled 16% of

4550-703: Was born in Milan , Italy, on 7 March 1785. Pietro, his father, aged about fifty, belonged to an old family of Lecco , originally feudal lords of Barzio , in the Valsassina . However, his biological father was likely the illuminist Alessandro Verri , brother of the influential writer Pietro Verri . The poet's maternal grandfather, Cesare Beccaria , was a well-known author and philosopher, and his mother Giulia had literary talent as well. The young Alessandro spent his first two years in cascina Costa in Galbiate and he

4620-406: Was preceded and followed by those of several of his children, and of his mother. In the mid-1830s he attended the "Salotto Maffei", a salon in Milan hosted by Clara Maffei , and in 1837 he married again, to Teresa Borri, widow of Count Stampa. Teresa also died before him, while of nine children born to him in his two marriages all but two pre-deceased him. In 1860 King Victor Emmanuel II named him

4690-489: Was recognized as civitas ("city"), and in 41 BC, 58 years later, its inhabitants finally received Roman citizenship. Augustus founded a civil (not military) colony there in 27 BC, and he and Tiberius constructed an aqueduct to supply it. Roman Brixia had at least three temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, a forum with another temple built under Vespasianus , and some baths. When Constantine advanced against Maxentius in AD 312, an engagement took place at Brixia in which

4760-422: Was the cradle of a magnificent school of string players and makers, all styled "maestro", of all the different kinds of stringed instruments of the Renaissance: viola da gamba (viols); violone ; lyra ; lyrone ; violetta ; and viola da brazzo . So you can find from 1495 "maestro delle viole" or "maestro delle lire" and later, at least from 1558, "maestro di far violini" that is master of violin making. From 1530

4830-439: Was therefore forced to return to Rome and was likely witness to the Second Council of the Lateran in 1139, after which he obtained Pope Innocent's support and had Arnold exiled from Italy. Arnold's home was Brescia, but he would never return to the city; instead he developed his reform ideology while in exile and continued to dissent against the Church. He worked with intellectual Peter Abelard (who he potentially studied under in

4900-408: Was wet-nursed by Caterina Panzeri, as attested by a memorial tablet affixed in the place. In 1792 his parents broke their marriage and his mother began a relationship with the writer Carlo Imbonati , moving to England and later to Paris. For this reason, Alessandro was brought up in several religious institutions. Manzoni was a slow developer, and at the various colleges he attended he was considered

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