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46-472: The Nagant M1895 was chambered for a proprietary cartridge, 7.62×38mmR , and features a gas-seal system, in which the cylinder moves forward when the gun is cocked, to close the gap between the cylinder and the barrel , providing a boost to the muzzle velocity of the bullet and allowing the weapon to be suppressed . Its design would inspire the Pieper M1893 carbine and Steyr 1893 revolver . The Nagant

92-408: A muzzle report , is the loud "bang" sound of gunfire that can easily exceed 140 decibels and cause permanent hearing loss to the shooter and bystanders. The non-audible component of the blast is an infrasonic overpressure wave that can cause damage to nearby fragile objects. Accessory devices such as muzzle brakes and muzzle boosters can be used to redirect muzzle blast in order to counter

138-473: A gun's barrel life. The muzzle is the front end of a barrel from which the projectile will exit. Precise machining of the muzzle is crucial to accuracy, because it is the last point of contact between the barrel and the projectile. If inconsistent gaps exist between the muzzle and the projectile, escaping propellant gases may spread unevenly and deflect the projectile from its intended path (see transitional ballistics ). The muzzle can also be threaded on

184-416: A hollow cylinder. Bronze and brass were favoured by gunsmiths , largely because of their ease of casting and their resistance to the corrosive effects of the combustion of gunpowder or salt water when used on naval vessels. Early firearms were muzzleloaders , with the gunpowder and then the shot loaded from the front end (muzzle) of the barrel, and were capable of only a low rate of fire due to

230-464: A sound suppressor , and suppressors were sometimes fitted to it. The disadvantage of this design is that Nagant revolvers were laborious and time-consuming to reload, with the need to manually eject each of the used cartridges, and reload one cartridge at a time through a loading gate. At the time the revolver was designed, this system was obsolete. In British service the Webley Revolver used

276-470: A strong, naturally tubular stalk and is cheaper to obtain and process, as the first barrels in gunpowder projectile weapons such as fire lances . The Chinese were also the first to master cast-iron cannon barrels, and used the technology to make the earliest infantry firearms — the hand cannons . Early European guns were made of wrought iron , usually with several strengthening bands of the metal wrapped around circular wrought iron rings and then welded into

322-577: A top-break cylinder and star extractor to simultaneously eject all spent cartridges and in American service the Smith & Wesson Model 10 employed a similar system but with a swing-out cylinder. The Nagant with its side-loading gate, and ejector rod to remove spent cartridges individually in succession was for all its novelty, outdated as a military revolver in this regard. However, the Nagant design did have

368-600: Is a firearm barrel that has been shaved down to be thinner and an exterior sleeve slipped over and fused to it that improves rigidity, weight and cooling. Most common form of composite barrel are those with carbon fiber sleeves, but there are proprietary examples such as the Teludyne Tech Straitjacket. They are seldom used outside sports and competition shooting . A barrel can be fixed to the receiver using action threads or rivets. Depending on construction different gun barrels can be used: The chamber

414-403: Is located prior to firing and where it gains speed and kinetic energy during the firing process. The projectile's status of motion while travelling down the bore is referred to as its internal ballistics . Most modern firearms (except muskets , shotguns, most tank guns , and some artillery pieces ) and air guns (except some BB guns ) have helical grooves called riflings machined into

460-465: Is the breech of the whole barrel, which is sealed tight from behind by the bolt , making the front direction the path of least resistance during firing. When the cartridge's primer is struck by the firing pin , the propellant is ignited and deflagrates , generating high-pressure gas expansion within the cartridge case. However, the chamber (closed from behind by the bolt) restrains the cartridge case (or shell for shotguns) from moving, allowing

506-406: Is the cavity at the back end of a breech-loading gun 's barrel where the cartridge is inserted in position ready to be fired. In most firearms ( rifles , shotguns , machine guns and pistols ), the chamber is an integral part of the barrel, often made by simply reaming the rear bore of a barrel blank, with a single chamber within a single barrel. In revolvers , the chamber is a component of

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552-461: Is the removal of material from a cylindrical surface, usually creating rounded grooves, for the purpose of reducing weight. This is most often done to the exterior surface of a rifle barrel, though it may also be applied to the cylinder of a revolver or the bolt of a bolt-action rifle . Most flutings on rifle barrels and revolver cylinders are straight, though helical flutings can be seen on rifle bolts and occasionally also rifle barrels. While

598-409: Is used to propel a projectile out of the front end ( muzzle ) at a high velocity. The hollow interior of the barrel is called the bore , and the diameter of the bore is called its caliber , usually measured in inches or millimetres . The first firearms were made at a time when metallurgy was not advanced enough to cast tubes capable of withstanding the explosive forces of early cannons , so

644-529: The State Police , along with a large variety of sidearms of all types and calibres. The Police used also Modèle 1892 revolver and Rast & Gasser M1898 revolvers as well as a number of pistol designs: Mauser M1910 , Mauser C96 , Beretta M1923 , various Browning pistols (wz. 1900, wz. 1910 and wz. 1922), Ortgies Semi-Automatic Pistol , Cebra wz. 1916 , Frommer wz. 1910 , Steyr M1912 , Roth–Steyr M1907 and Parabellum P08 . [1] In September 1927

690-690: The Tula Arsenal in Russia, and was soon producing 20,000 examples per year. It was produced in two versions: a double-action version for officers, and a cheaper single-action version for the lower ranks. Seven Nagant revolvers were used by communist revolutionaries to kill the Russian imperial family and their servants in July 1918. After the Russian Revolution, only the double-action version

736-431: The bullet (or shot / slug in shotguns) to separate cleanly from the casing and be propelled forward along the barrel to exit out of the front (muzzle) end as a flying projectile . Chambering a gun is the process of loading a cartridge into the gun's chamber, either manually as in single loading , or via operating the weapon's own action as in pump action , lever action , bolt action or self-loading actions. In

782-423: The leade , starts to taper slightly and guides the bullet towards the area where the riflingless bore transitions into fully rifled bore. Together they form the throat region, where the riflings impactfully "bite" into the moving bullet during shooting. The throat is subjected to the greatest thermomechanical stress and therefore suffers wear the fastest. Throat erosion is often the main determining factor of

828-576: The recoil -induced muzzle rise or to assist the gas operation of the gun, and suppressors (and even muzzle shrouds) can be used to reduce the blast noise intensity felt by nearby personnel. Nagant wz. 30 Rewolwer Nagant wz. 30 and wz. 32 were two Polish derivatives of the Nagant M1895 revolver . They were almost identical to the Soviet variants with only minor differences in weight, length and sights design. The Nagant M1895

874-585: The 1880s, Luxembourg purchased a total of 190 Nagant revolvers, with the standard model chambered in 7.5mm, and the Gendarmerie receiving a black powder 9.4x22mm variant which could also affix a spike bayonet. Designated the M1893, and based on the Swedish M1887. Poland designed approximately 21,000 Nagant wz. 30 revolvers for police use from 1928-1939. Purchased 12,000 7.5mm Nagants from Belgium in

920-489: The 1880s. Chambered in 7.5mm, the Swedish M1887 notably does not have the same gas-sealing feature of the Belgian or Russian Nagants. Gun barrel A gun barrel is a crucial part of gun -type weapons such as small firearms , artillery pieces , and air guns . It is the straight shooting tube, usually made of rigid high-strength metal , through which a contained rapid expansion of high-pressure gas(es)

966-540: The Police Headquarters started a poll among police officers to determine which firearm should be used as a standard sidearm throughout the police force, and the Nagant system was chosen for its durability and simplicity. As the number of Russian ex-military weapons was limited, in 1930 the state-owned Fabryka Broni works in Radom developed a slightly modified variant, designated "Nagant wz. 30". Comparing to

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1012-462: The Russian or Belgian models, the new Polish model was slightly lighter, and the barrel was slightly shorter. In 1932 the design was further modified by the relocation of the sight (and giving a new "Rewolwer wz. 32" designation). Between 1929 and 1935 the Radom works produced 7,166 revolvers of both variants. Both the original M1895 Nagant and its later clones remained the standard police weapon used by

1058-427: The advantage of requiring less machining than more modern formats. The Nagant M1895 has a heavy trigger pull (about 12 lbs for single and 20 lbs for double). 7.62mm Nagant is also known as 7.62×38mmR (Rimmed) or "Cartridge, Type R". The projectile is seated below the mouth of the cartridge, with the cartridge crimp sitting just above the bullet. When fired, the crimp expands into the forcing cone, completing

1104-524: The barrel. During firing, a bright flash of light known as a muzzle flash is often seen at the muzzle. This flash is produced by both superheated propellant gases radiating energy during expansion (primary flash), and the incompletely combusted propellant residues reacting vigorously with the fresh supply of ambient air upon escaping the barrel (secondary flash). The size of the flash depends on factors such as barrel length (shorter barrels have less time for complete combustion, hence more unburnt powder),

1150-441: The bore wall. When shooting, a rifled bore imparts spin to the projectile about its longitudinal axis, which gyroscopically stabilizes the projectile's flight attitude and trajectory after its exit from the barrel (i.e. the external ballistics ). Any gun without riflings in the bore is called a smoothbore gun. When a firearm cartridge is chambered, its casing occupies the chamber but its bullet actually protrudes beyond

1196-408: The case of an air gun , a pellet (or slug) itself has no casing to be retained and will be entirely inserted into the chamber (often called "seating" or "loading" the pellet, rather than "chambering" it) before a mechanically pressurized gas is released behind the pellet and propels it forward, meaning that an air gun's chamber is functionally equivalent to the freebore portion of a firearm barrel. In

1242-404: The chamber into the posterior end of the bore. Even in a rifled bore, this short rear section is without rifling, and allows the bullet an initial "run-up" to build up momentum before encountering riflings during shooting. The most posterior part of this unrifled section is called a freebore , and is usually cylindrical. The portion of the unrifled bore immediately front of the freebore, called

1288-411: The context of firearms design, manufacturing and modification, the word "chambering" has a different meaning, and refers to fitting a weapon's chamber specifically to fire a particular caliber or model of cartridge. The bore is the hollow internal lumen of the barrel, and takes up a vast majority portion of the barrel length. It is the part of the barrel where the projectile (bullet, shot, or slug)

1334-480: The cumbersome loading process. The later-invented breech-loading designs provided a higher rate of fire, but early breechloaders lacked an effective way of sealing the escaping gases that leaked from the back end (breech) of the barrel, reducing the available muzzle velocity . During the 19th century, effective breechblocks were invented that sealed a breechloader against the escape of propellant gases. Early cannon barrels were very thick for their caliber . This

1380-462: The cylinder or frame. Proper fitting ammunition can be reloaded from .32-20 Winchester brass by using the Lee Nagant die set or .30" carbine dies and 9mm Luger shell-holders in the reloading press. This allows the reloaders to work up a load that fits their needs and is specific for the Nagant. While this eliminates the bulged/split/stuck cases experienced when using .32 S&W and .32 H&R,

1426-464: The gas seal and ostensibly increasing muzzle velocity by approximately 75 ft/s. Aftermarket cylinders for .32-caliber can be installed, allowing the Nagant to safely fire .32 H&R Magnum or .32 ACP . Shooting any ammunition other than the 7.62×38mmR cartridge with the original cylinder can cause bodily injury from bullet shrapnel or escaping gas, and the excessive pressures produced by some .32 ammunition could also cause catastrophic failure of

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1472-408: The gas seal that made the Nagant famous will still not fully function as the .32-20 is not long enough to protrude past the cylinder like the original Nagant ammunition. The Luxembourgish, Swedish, and Norwegian Nagants used a different cartridge, the 7.5 mm Nagant. This ammunition is dimensionally similar but not interchangeable with the 7.5mm 1882 Ordnance (aka Swiss 7.5mm revolver). They lack

1518-964: The gas-seal lock of the Belgian and Russian models. The black powder cartridge used in Nagant's original gas-sealed revolver design. Year of introduction: 1878. Bullet Diameter: 9.25 – 9.30mm (.364 - .374”). Round-nosed lead bullet with paper patch. Bullet Weight : 11.95-12.3 grams Case diameters, Neck : 9.90 – 10.20mm (.389 - .401” inch) Head : 10.75 – 10.90mm (.423 - .429” inch) Rim : 12.00 – 12.35mm (.472 - .486” inch) Berdan primer Cartridge overall length 33.30 – 34.50mm (1.311 – 1.358 inches) Cartridge weight 11.95 – 12.30gm (184.41 - 189.81 grains) Nagant M1878 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Single Action / Double Action trigger. 6-shot cylinder. Nagant M1883 Belgian Infantry Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Single Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder. Nagant M1886 Belgian Officer's Revolver [9.4mm Nagant] - Simplified Double Action Only trigger version. 6-shot cylinder. In

1564-407: The gun's cylinder and completely separate from the barrel, with a single cylinder having multiple chambers that are rotated in turns into alignment with the barrel in anticipation of being fired. Structurally, the chamber consists of the body , shoulder and neck , the contour of which closely correspond to the casing shape of the cartridge it is designed to hold. The rear opening of the chamber

1610-434: The hammer is cocked, first turns the cylinder and then moves it forward, closing the gap between the cylinder and the barrel. The cartridge, also unique, plays an important part in sealing the gun to prevent the escape of propellant gases. The bullet is deeply seated, entirely within the cartridge case, and the case is slightly reduced in diameter at its mouth. The barrel features a short conical section at its rear; this accepts

1656-426: The main purpose of fluting is just to reduce weight and improve portability, when adequately done it can retain the structural strength and rigidity and increase the overall specific strength . Fluting will also increase the surface-to-volume ratio and make the barrel more efficient to cool after firing, though the reduced material mass also means the barrel will heat up easily during firing. A composite barrel

1702-464: The mouth of the cartridge, completing the gas seal. By sealing the gap, the velocity of the bullet is increased by 15 to 45 m/s (50 to 150 ft/s.) This feature also eliminates the possibility of injury from gases escaping through the gap, which can injure a finger if the user holds the gun with a finger positioned beside the gap. The Nagant's sealed firing system meant that the Nagant revolver, unlike most other revolvers, could make effective use of

1748-462: The outside rim of the muzzle to avoid accidental damage from collision with the surrounding environment. In smooth bore barrels firing multiple sub-projectiles (such as shotgun shot), the bore at the muzzle end might have a tapered constriction called choke to shape the scatter pattern for better range and accuracy. Chokes are implemented as either interchangeable screw-in chokes for particular applications, or as fixed permanent chokes integral to

1794-399: The outside to allow the attachment of different accessory devices. In rifled barrels, the contour of a muzzle is designed to keep the rifling safe from damage by intruding foreign objects, so the front ends of the rifling grooves are commonly protected behind a recessed crown , which also serves to modulate the even expansion of the propellant gases. The crown itself is often recessed from

1840-476: The pipe (often built from staves of metal) needed to be braced periodically along its length for structural reinforcement, producing an appearance somewhat reminiscent of storage barrels being stacked together, hence the English name. Gun barrels are usually made of some type of metal or metal alloy . However, during the late Tang dynasty , Chinese inventors discovered gunpowder , and used bamboo , which has

1886-518: The projectile as it is being pushed out. If the barrel material cannot cope with the pressure within the bore, the barrel itself might suffer catastrophic failure and explode, which will not only destroy the gun but also present a life-threatening danger to people nearby. Modern small arms barrels are made of carbon steel or stainless steel materials known and tested to withstand the pressures involved. Artillery pieces are made by various techniques providing reliably sufficient strength. Fluting

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1932-454: The type (fast- vs. slow-burning) and amount of propellant (higher total amount means likely more unburnt residues) loaded in the cartridge. Flash suppressors or muzzle shrouds can be attached to the muzzle of the weapon to either diminish or conceal the flash. The rapid expansion of propellant gases at the muzzle during firing also produce a powerful shockwave known as a muzzle blast . The audible component of this blast, also known as

1978-413: Was because manufacturing defects such as air bubbles trapped in the metal were common at that time, and played key factors in many gun explosions; these defects made the barrel too weak to withstand the pressures of firing, causing it to fail and fragment explosively. A gun barrel must be able to hold in the expanding gas produced by the propellants to ensure that optimum muzzle velocity is attained by

2024-648: Was designed by Léon Nagant, whose brother Émile had also taken part in designing the Mosin–Nagant rifle. The Nagant M1895 was adopted as the standard issue sidearm for the Imperial Russian Army and police officers, where it replaced earlier Smith & Wesson models such as the Model 3 . Production began in Liège , Belgium; however Russia purchased the manufacturing rights in 1898, and moved production to

2070-617: Was made. Nagant revolvers were used by the NKVD and Red Army units until the end of World War II, with a total of 2,000,000 produced. The Nagant began to be replaced by the Tokarev semi-automatic pistol in 1933, and was formally replaced by the Makarov in 1952, though Nagant revolvers continued to see limited use in the Korean War and Vietnam War . The M1895 has a mechanism which, as

2116-744: Was mass-produced in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union as a standard side-arm of officers and NCOs. After Poland regained independence in 1918, the Polish Army inherited some captured revolvers and pressed them into Polish service as the rewolwer wz. 1895 Nagant - Mark 1895 revolver. After the Polish-Bolshevik War the army decided to focus on the 7.92 mm calibre and the Nagant revolvers were withdrawn from active service. The Nagant revolver remained in service with

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