30-538: Nagabhata II (reign 795–833) was an Indian Emperor from Pratihara dynasty . He ascended the throne of Pratihara dynasty after his father Vatsraja . His mother was queen Sundari-Devi. He was designated with imperial titles - Paramabhattaraka , Maharajadhiraja , and Paramesvara after conquest of Kannauj . Nagabhata II finds a mention in the Gwalior inscription. He defeated the rulers of Sindhu, Andhra, Vidarbha, Kalinga, Matsyas, Vatsas, Malavas, Kiratas, Anartas and
60-579: A member of an Indian royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . List of Indian monarchs This article is a list of the various dynasties and monarchs that have ruled in the Indian subcontinent and it is one of several lists of incumbents . The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on Ashokan edicts written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from
90-569: A new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva. Prince of Chikiti Zamindars of Parlakhemundi Early Indian epigraphy The earliest deciphered epigraphy found in the Indian subcontinent are the Edicts of Ashoka of the 3rd century BCE, in the Brahmi script . If epigraphy of proto-writing
120-476: A small number of candidates for Brahmi epigraphy predating Ashoka. Preliminary press reports of such pre-Ashokan inscriptions have appeared over the years, such as Palani , Erode , and Adichanallur , dated to c. 500 BCE, but so far only the claimed pre-Ashokan inscriptions at Anuradhapura have been published in an internationally recognised academic journal. Since 1886 there have been systematic attempts to collect and catalogue these inscriptions, along with
150-684: A variant of Brahmi, the Kadamba alphabet , of the early centuries BCE gave rise to the Telugu-Kannada alphabet , which developed into the Kannada and Telugu scripts . Important inscriptions include the 33 inscriptions of emperor Ashoka on the Pillars of Ashoka (272 to 231 BCE), the Sohgaura copper plate inscription (earliest known example of the copper plate type and generally assigned to
180-729: A writing system. Hence, the first undisputed evidence of writing in the Indian Subcontinent are the Edicts of Ashoka from c. 250 BCE. Several inscriptions were thought to be pre-Ashokan by earlier scholars; these include the Piprahwa relic casket inscription, the Badli pillar inscription , the Bhattiprolu relic casket inscription, the Sohgaura copper plate inscription , the Mahasthangarh Brahmi inscription,
210-427: Is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain. List of monarchs of Magadha List of monarchs of Kashmir Kings of Gandhara List of Kuru kings Haiheyas Pradyota dynasty Kings of Videha Kings of Kalinga Kings of Kosala: Kings of Panchala: Kings of Anga: Kings of Kamboja: Rulers of Shakya: Later Shakya Republic
240-596: Is a record documenting a donation in the reign of king Budhagupta ( circa CE 477–88) in year 168 of the Gupta era. The date is equivalent to CE 487–88. The plate was found in Shankarpur , Sidhi District , Madhya Pradesh , India. The plate is currently stored in the Rani Durgawati Museum, Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh. The copper plate is 24 cm x 11 cm. The inscription on the plate records that in
270-692: Is included, undeciphered markings with symbol systems that may or may not contain linguistic information, there is substantially older epigraphy in the Indus script , which dates back to the mid 4th millennium BCE. Two other important archeological classes of symbols are found from the 1st millennium BCE, Megalithic graffiti symbols and symbols on punch-marked coins , though most scholars do not consider these to constitute fully linguistic scripts, and their semiotic functions are not well understood. Writing in Sanskrit (Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit, EHS) appears in
300-405: Is said to have been a devotee of Bhagavati . Nagabhatta faced a large Pala army in his early career, which had an elephant force of 50,000, led by King Dharmapala himself at Mungar , Nagabhata emerged victorious. The Chatsu Inscription of his Guhila feudatory Baladitya (813 AD) states that Shankaragana Guhila, who fought on the behalf of Vatsaraja fulfilled his vow by "defeating Bhata,
330-630: Is written on a rock in the Bactrian language and Greek script and found in 1993 at the site of Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan. The inscription relates to the rule of the Kushan emperor Kanishka and gives remarkable clues to the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty. The Halmidi inscription is the oldest known inscription in the Kannada language. The inscription is carved on a pillar, that
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#1732772705501360-555: Is yet to be conducted according to Hampi Kannada University Sociology department Head and Researcher Devara Kondareddy. Over 14,000 inscriptions belonging to the Telugu language were excavated in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. This makes Tamil and the two South Indian languages( Kannada and Telugu) the most densely inscribed languages in the country. The Bronze Age Indus script remains undeciphered and may not actually represent
390-547: The Eran coin legend, the Taxila coin legends, and the inscription on the silver coins of Sophytes . However, more recent scholars have dated them to later periods. Until the 1990s, it was generally accepted that the Brahmi script used by Ashoka spread to South India during the second half of the 3rd century BCE, assuming a local form now known as Tamil-Brahmi . Beginning in the late 1990s, archaeological excavations have produced
420-575: The Muslims in the west. Kanauj became the center of the Pratihara state, which covered much of northern India during the peak of their power (836–910). An inscription of his descendant, Mihira Bhoja describes Nagabhata II as "who, desirous of the great growth of virtuous acts, enjoined in the Veda, performed a series of religious ceremonies according to the custom of Kshatriya families." Nagabhata
450-903: The Tamil copper-plate inscriptions . The oldest known inscription in the Kannada language , referred to as the Halmidi inscription for the tiny village of Halmidi near where it was found, consists of sixteen lines carved on a sandstone pillar and dates to 450 CE. Reports indicate that the Nishadi Inscription. of Chandragiri which is in Old-Kannada is older than Halmidi by about 50 to 100 years and may belong to c. 350 CE or c. 400 CE. The Hathigumpha inscription ("Elephant Cave" inscription) from Udayagiri near Bhubaneshwar in Orissa
480-633: The dynasty , at the time. These Punch-marked coins were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history
510-404: The 1st to 4th centuries CE. Indian epigraphy becomes more widespread over the 1st millennium, engraved on the faces of cliffs, on pillars, on tablets of stone, drawn in caves and on rocks, some gouged into the bedrock. Later they were also inscribed on palm leaves, coins, Indian copper plate inscriptions , and on temple walls. Many of the inscriptions are couched in extravagant language, but when
540-538: The 4th century BCE and the 3rd century CE. Epigraphic attestation of Tamil begins with rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE, written in Tamil-Brahmi , an adapted form of the Brahmi script . The earliest extant literary text is the Tolkāppiyam , a work on poetics and grammar which describes the language of the classical period, dated variously between the 5th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. The plate
570-789: The Arabs. He had defeated Saindhava ruler Ranaka I and conquered the western Saurashtra (now in Gujarat ). He also defeated Chakrayudh at Kannauj . He was later defeated by the Rashtrakuta Emperor Govinda III (793–814) and lost Malwa and Gujarat. However, he recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas , conquered Kanauj and the Indo-Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas , and again checked
600-623: The Gauda ruler, in battle, and presented the earth at his master’s(Vatsaraja) feet”. Nagabhata II was succeeded by Ramabhadra . Some earlier historians identified Nagabhata with Āma , who according to the Jain accounts, died in 832-833 CE (see Āma#Identification with Nagabhata II ). Based on this identification, Nagabhata's reign is theorized to have ended around 833 CE. Historian Shyam Manohar Mishra, who disagrees with this identification, places Nagabhata's death around 825 CE. This biography of
630-948: The Mauryan period, though the exact date is uncertain), the Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela (2nd century BCE), the Besnagar pillar inscription of Heliodorus , the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman I (150 CE), the Nasik cave inscriptions, the Rabatak inscription , the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta , the Aihole inscription of Pulakesi II (634 CE), the Kannada Halmidi inscription , and
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#1732772705501660-661: The information gained from inscriptions can be corroborated with information from other sources such as still existing monuments or ruins, inscriptions provide insight into India's dynastic history that otherwise lacks contemporary historical records. Of the c. 100,000 inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India , about 60,000 were in Tamil Nadu ;. Over 25,000 Kannada inscriptions were unearthed in Karnataka, though an in depth study of many of these
690-411: The literary sources like Sanskrit literature , Jain literature and Buddhist literature in context of literary sources . Archaeological sources include archeological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other. Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least
720-533: The members of the various South Indian royal dynasties. The grants range in date from the 10th century CE to the mid-19th century CE. A large number of them belong to the Cholas and the Vijayanagara kings. These plates are valuable epigraphically as they give us an insight into the social conditions of medieval South India and help fill chronological gaps to connect the history of the ruling dynasties. Unlike
750-837: The neighbouring states where early inscriptions were written in Sanskrit and Prakrit, the early inscriptions in Tamil Nadu used Tamil along with some Prakrit. Tamil has the extant literature amongst the Dravidian languages , but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India were preserved either in palm leaf manuscripts (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible. External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that extant works were probably compiled sometime between
780-459: The reign of Budhagupta, a ruler named mahārāja Gītavarman, grandson of mahārāja Vijayavarman and mahārāja Harivarman son of Rānī Svaminī and mahārāja Harivarman, donated a village named Citrapalli to a Gosvāmi brāhmaṇa. The text was written by Dūtaka Rūparāja(?), son of Nāgaśarma. The inscription was published by B. C. Jain in 1977. It was subsequently listed by Madan Mohan Upadhyaya in his book Inscriptions of Mahakoshal . The inscription
810-581: The translation and publication of documents. Inscriptions may be in the Brahmi or Tamil-Brahmi script. Royal inscriptions were also engraved on copper-plates as were the Indian copper plate inscriptions. The Edicts of Ashoka contain Brahmi script and its regional variant, Tamil-Brahmi, was an early script used in the inscriptions in cave walls of Tamil Nadu and later evolved into the Tamil Vatteluttu alphabet . The Bhattiprolu alphabet , as well as
840-1368: Was conquered by Virudhaka of Kosala . During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals. Ancient Chera kings Kongu Cheras (c. 400–844 CE) Makotai Cheras Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas) (c. 1090–1530 CE): Major dynasties of Velir are- Banavasi branch rulers- Triparvatha branch rulers- List of rulers of Banavasi List of rulers of Denduluru Satavahana kings List of Manipuri kings The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is: List of Indo-Greek Kings List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers List of Kushan emperors List of Indo-Parthian kings List of Indo-Sasanian kings List of Alchon Hun Kings Kings of Banavasi List of Nagvanshi chiefs Kings of Padmavati Prince of Samatata Prince of Khoh Vakataka family tree List of monarchs of Malwa (Aulikara dynasty) Kings of Kamarupa Prince of Talakad Kings of Kalinga (Eastern Gangas) According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded
870-574: Was discovered in the village of Halmidi , a few miles from the famous temple town of Belur in the Hassan district of Karnataka , and is dated 450 CE. The original inscription has now been deposited in an archaeological museum in Bangalore while a fibreglass replica has been installed at Halmidi. Tamil copper-plate inscriptions are mostly records of grants of villages or plots of cultivable lands to private individuals or public institutions by
900-594: Was written by Kharavela , the king of Kalinga in India during the 2nd century BCE. The Hathigumpha inscription consists of seventeen lines incised in deep cut Brahmi letters on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern called Hathigumpha on the southern side of the Udayagiri hill near Bhubaneswar in Orissa. It faces straight toward the rock Edicts of Asoka at Dhauli located about six miles away. The Rabatak inscription
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