The Nahum Commentary or Pesher Nahum , labelled 4QpNah (Cave 4, Qumran, pesher, Nahum) or 4Q169, was among the Dead Sea Scrolls in cave 4 of Qumran that was discovered in August 1952. The editio princeps of the text is to be found in DJD V., edited by John Allegro . The text is described thus: 'one of the "continuous pesharim " from Qumran, successive verses from the biblical Book of Nahum are interpreted as reflecting historical realities of the 1st century BCE."
9-530: The most clearly historical references in the text can be found in Fragments 3-4 Column 1, which cites Nahum 2:11b, "Where the lion goes to enter, there also goes the whelp..." and provides the commentary, "[This refers to Deme]trius, king of Greece, who sought to enter Jerusalem through the counsel of the Flattery-Seekers; [but it never fell into the] power of the kings of Greece from Antiochus until
18-578: Is occupied by Agnias, King of Carthage, but the Kittim end up appointing Zepho, son of Eliphaz and grandson of Esau , as their king, with the title Janus Saturnus . The first king of Rome, Romulus , is made in this account to be a distant successor of this line. A shorter, more garbled version of this story is also found in the later Sefer haYashar . Rape of the Sabines Too Many Requests If you report this error to
27-852: The Seleucid Empire which controlled the territory of the former Assyrian Empire at that time, but his son Yigael Yadin interpreted this phrase as a veiled reference to the Romans. Answers in Genesis identifies the Greek god Cronus with Javan's son Kittim, while others (including the Worldwide Church of God ) have suggested that Kittim became the progenitor of various eastern Asian peoples. Some authors have speculated that it comes from an Akkadian word meaning "invaders". Others (following Max Müller ) have identified Kittim with
36-697: The Kittim camped in Campania and built a city called "Posomanga", while descendants of Tubal camped in neighboring Tuscany and built " Sabino ", with the Tiber river as their frontier. However, they soon went to war following the rape of the Sabines by the Kittim, who are correlated to the Romans . This war was ended when the Kittim showed the descendants of Tubal their mutual progeny. They then built cities called Porto , Albano , and Aresah. Later, their territory
45-464: The appearance of the rulers of the kittim ...." According to Larry R. Helyer (as well as to many other scholars), Demetrius in this text is Demetrius III Eucaerus (95-88 BCE), the Seleucid king who defeated Alexander Jannaeus in battle, but was forced to withdraw back to Syria. The text refers to the biblical passages from Nahum 1:3-6; 2:12-14; 3:1-5, 6-9, 10-12, 14. Kittim Kittim
54-549: The land of Hatti (Khatti), as the Hittite Empire was known. Kittim (Hebrew: כִּתִּים, alternately transliterated as Chittim or Cethim ) in the genealogy of Genesis 10 in the Hebrew Bible , is the son of Javan , Genesis 10:4, the grandson of Japheth , and Noah 's great-grandson. The mediaeval rabbinic compilation Yosippon contains a detailed account of the Kittim. As the peoples spread out, it says,
63-746: The occurrence of "Kittim" in the Book of Daniel 11:30 as Ῥωμαῖοι ("Romans"). 1 Maccabees 1:1 states that " Alexander the Great the Macedonian" had come from the "land of Kittim". In the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness from the Dead Sea Scrolls , the Kittim are referred to as being "of Asshur ". Eleazar Sukenik argued that this reference to Asshur should be understood to refer to
72-576: The seafaring W[est]". Flavius Josephus (c. 100 AD) records in his Antiquities of the Jews that The expression "isles of Kittim", found in the Book of Jeremiah 2:10 and Ezekiel 27:6, indicates that, some centuries prior to Josephus, this designation had already become a general descriptor for the Mediterranean islands. Sometimes this designation was further extended to apply to Romans, Macedonians or Seleucid Greeks. The Septuagint translates
81-694: Was a settlement in present-day Larnaca on the east coast of Cyprus , known in ancient times as Kition , or (in Latin) Citium. On this basis, the whole island became known as "Kittim" in Hebrew, including the Hebrew Bible . However the name seems to have been employed with some flexibility in Hebrew literature . It was often applied to all the Aegean islands and even to "the W[est] in general, but esp[ecially]
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