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40-452: The first element nakhon (Thai: นคร) means 'town' or 'city'. The second element pa (Thai: ป่า) means 'forest'. The third element mak (Thai: หมาก) means ' betel palm '. The name as a whole would be loosely translated as 'betel palm forest city'. Betel palms are indigenous to the area and inhabitants chew on the betel nuts which contain a natural stimulant, much like chewing tobacco . Nakhon Pa Mak primarily consists of flat lowlands in

80-620: Is a cause of oral submucous fibrosis , a premalignant lesion which frequently progresses to mouth cancer . The practice of chewing areca nuts originated in Island Southeast Asia , where the areca palm is native. The oldest known evidence of areca nut chewing was found in a burial pit in the Duyong Cave site in the Philippines (to which areca palms are native), which dates to around 4,630±250 BP . Its diffusion

120-607: Is as follows: All of the temples in Nakhon Pa Mak are of the Theravada Buddhist denomination. Betel palm Areca catechu is a species of palm native to the Philippines cultivated for areca nuts . It was carried widely through the tropics by the Austronesian migrations and trade since at least 1500 BCE due to its use in betel nut chewing . It is widespread in cultivation and

160-540: Is closely tied to the Neolithic expansion of the Austronesian peoples . It was spread to the Indo-Pacific during prehistoric times, reaching Micronesia at 3,500 to 3,000 BP , Near Oceania at 3,400 to 3,000 BP; South India and Sri Lanka by 3,500 BP; Mainland Southeast Asia by 3,000 to 2,500 BP; Northern India by 1500 BP; and Madagascar by 600 BP. From India, it was also spread westwards to Persia and

200-803: Is commonly called the betel tree because its fruit, the areca nut , which are often chewed along with the betel leaf , a leaf from a vine of the family Piperaceae . The species was first published by Carl Linnaeus in his book Species Plantarum on page 1189 in 1753. Areca catechu is a medium-sized palm tree , growing straight to 20 m (66 ft) tall, with a trunk 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter. The leaves are 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) long, pinnate, with numerous, crowded leaflets. The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaidine and arecoline , which, when chewed, are intoxicating and slightly addictive. The seed also contains condensed tannins ( procyanidins ) called arecatannins , which are carcinogenic. The antibacterial activity of

240-906: Is considered naturalized in Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , Taiwan , Madagascar , Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar , Thailand , Vietnam , southern China ( Guangxi , Hainan , Yunnan ), India , Nepal , Bangladesh , the Maldives , Sri Lanka , parts of the Pacific Islands , and also in the West Indies . Its fruits (called areca nuts or betel nuts) are chewed together with slaked lime and betel leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects. Common names in English include areca palm , areca nut palm , betel palm , betel nut palm , Indian nut , Pinang palm and catechu . This palm

280-726: Is derived from the Classical Latin India , a reference to the territories in South Asia adjacent and east to the Indus River . India itself derived successively from Hellenistic Greek India ( Ἰνδία ), ancient Greek Indos ( Ἰνδός ), Old Persian Hindush (an eastern province of the Achaemenid Empire ), and ultimately its cognate , the Sanskrit Sindhu , or "river", specifically

320-628: Is divided into 13 smaller divisions called ( muban ), which roughly correspond to the villages within Nakhon Pa Mak. There are eight villages, several of which occupy more than one muban. Nakhon Pa Mak is administered by a Tambon administrative organization (TAO). The muban in Nakhon Pa Mak are enumerated as follows: Nakhon Pa Mak has four elementary schools (Bueng Lam School, Wat Rat Samosom School , Wat Grung See Jayrin School and Wat Laemphrathat School ). Wat Rat Samoson School in Ban Sam Ruen

360-502: Is often interchangeable with "Caribbean", although the latter may also include coastal regions of Central and South American mainland nations, including Mexico , Belize , Honduras , Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , French Guiana , Guyana , and Suriname , as well as the Atlantic island nation of Bermuda , all of which are geographically distinct from the three main island groups, but culturally related. The English term Indie

400-531: Is sensitive to spider mites and occasionally mealybugs . In India, the dried fallen leaves are collected and hot-pressed into disposable palm leaf plates and bowls. In Indonesia and Malaysia there are numerous place names using the words pinang , jambi or jambe (areca in Javanese , Sundanese , Balinese , and Old Malay ). For example, the cities of Tanjung Pinang , Pangkal Pinang in Indonesia,

440-789: The British Virgin Islands and the Bahamas ) into the West Indies Federation . They hoped that the Federation would coalesce into a single, independent nation. The Federation had limited powers, numerous practical problems, and a lack of popular support; consequently, it was dissolved by the British in 1963, with nine provinces eventually becoming independent sovereign states and four becoming current British Overseas Territories . "West Indies" or "West India"

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480-845: The Caribbean Plate due to the subduction of the Atlantic seafloor of the North American and South American plates . Major islands of the Lesser Antilles likely emerged less than 20 Ma, during the Miocene . The volcanic activity that formed these islands began in the Paleogene, after a period of volcanism in the Greater Antilles ended, and continues today. The main arc of the Lesser Antilles runs north from

520-1363: The European world power to which they belong. In the East Indies , there were the Spanish East Indies and the Dutch East Indies . In the West Indies, the Spanish West Indies , the Dutch West Indies , the French West Indies , the British West Indies , and the Danish West Indies . The term was used to name the Spanish Council of the Indies , the British East India Company , the Dutch East India and West India companies,

560-645: The French East India Company , and the Danish East India Company . Many cultures were indigenous to these islands, with evidence dating some of them back to the mid-6th millennium BCE. In the late 16th century, French, English and Dutch merchants and privateers began operations in the Caribbean Sea , attacking Spanish and Portuguese shipping and coastal areas. They often took refuge and refitted their ships in

600-570: The Indus River and its well-settled southern basin. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi ( Ἰνδοί ), which translates as "The people of the Indus". In 1492, Christopher Columbus and his Spanish fleet left Spain seeking a western sea passage to the Eastern world , hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade emanating from Hindustan , Indochina , and Insulindia ,

640-548: The Mediterranean . It was also previously present in the Lapita culture , based on archaeological remains dated from 3,600 to 2,500 BP, but it was not carried into Polynesia . The areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species. It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels. It will not fruit or reach full size if grown in this way. Indoors, it is a slow-growing, low-water, high-light plant that

680-671: The Miskito Kingdom of modern-day Nicaragua and Honduras and then began logging on the coast of modern-day Belize . These interconnected commercial and diplomatic relations comprised the Western Caribbean Zone in place in the early-18th century. In the Miskito Kingdom, the rise to power of the Miskito-Zambos , who originated in the survivors of a rebellion aboard a slave ship in the 1640s and

720-580: The Nan Basin , which is part of the Chao Phraya Watershed . The Wang Thong River flows through Nakhon Pa Mak at the villages of Ban Sam Ruen and Bang Kranoi. Nakhon Pa Mak borders Tha Tan to the north-west, Mae Raka of Wang Thong District to the north-east, Wat Ta Yom to the east, Phai Lom to the south, and Bang Krathum to the west. Originally named Sam Ruean (สามเรือน), it was renamed to Nakhon Pa Mak in 1939. The subdistrict

760-831: The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch West Indies), and the Spanish West Indies . In 1916, Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to the United States for US$ 25 million in gold, per the Treaty of the Danish West Indies . The Danish West Indies became an insular area of the U.S., called the United States Virgin Islands . Between 1958 and 1962, the United Kingdom re-organised all their West Indies island territories (except

800-772: The North American Plate (older than 539 million years), Jurassic aged limestone (201.3-145 million years ago), as well as island arc deposits and oceanic crust from the Cretaceous (145-66 million years ago). The Greater Antilles originated near the Isthmian region of present-day Central America in the Late Cretaceous (commonly referred to as the Proto-Antilles), then drifted eastward arriving in their current location when colliding with

840-779: The North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , which comprises 13 independent island countries and 19 dependencies in three archipelagos : the Greater Antilles , the Lesser Antilles , and the Lucayan Archipelago . The subregion includes all the islands in the Antilles , in addition to The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , which are in the North Atlantic Ocean . The term

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880-786: The Bahama Platform of the North American Plate ca. 56 million years ago in the late Paleocene . This collision caused subduction and volcanism in the Proto-Antillean area and likely resulted in continental uplift of the Bahama Platform and changes in sea level. The Greater Antilles have continuously been exposed since the start of the Paleocene or at least since the Middle Eocene (66-40 million years ago), but which areas were above sea level throughout

920-451: The Bahamas and Turks and Caicos likely formed from accumulated deposits of wind-blown sediments during Pleistocene glacial periods of lower sea level. N.B.: Territories in italics are parts of transregional sovereign states or non-sovereign dependencies. These three Dutch Caribbean territories form the BES islands . Physiographically , these are continental islands not part of

960-695: The Indonesian province of Jambi and Penang Island ( Pulau Pinang ) off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Fua Mulaku in the Maldives, Guwahati in Assam , Supari(সুপারি) in West Bengal and coastal areas of Kerala and Karnataka in India, are also some of the places named after a local name for areca nut. West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America , surrounded by

1000-701: The areas the Spanish could not conquer, including the islands of the Lesser Antilles, the northern coast of South America, including the mouth of the Orinoco , and the Atlantic Coast of Central America. In the Lesser Antilles, they managed to establish a foothold following the colonisation of Saint Kitts in 1624 and Barbados in 1626, and when the Sugar Revolution took off in the mid-17th century, they brought in thousands of enslaved Africans to work

1040-652: The coast of The Guianas (which fell to the French, English and Dutch) and the Orinoco valley, which fell to the Spanish. The Dutch, allied with the Caribs of the Orinoco, would eventually carry the struggles deep into South America, first along the Orinoco and then along the northern reaches of the Amazon . Since no European country had occupied much of Central America, gradually, the English of Jamaica established alliances with

1080-491: The coast of Venezuela to the Anegada Passage , a strait separating them from the Greater Antilles, and includes 19 active volcanoes. The Lucayan Archipelago includes The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , a chain of barrier reefs and low islands atop the Bahama Platform. The Bahama Platform is a carbonate block formed of marine sediments and fixed to the North American Plate. The emergent islands of

1120-450: The fields and mills as labourers. These enslaved Africans wrought a demographic revolution, replacing or joining with either the indigenous Caribs or the European settlers who were there as indentured servants . The struggle between the northern Europeans and the Spanish spread southward in the mid to late seventeenth century, as English, Dutch, French and Spanish colonists, and in many cases, enslaved Africans first entered and then occupied

1160-402: The history of the islands remains unresolved. The oldest rocks in the Greater Antilles are located in Cuba. They consist of metamorphosed graywacke , argillite , tuff , mafic igneous extrusive flows, and carbonate rock . It is estimated that nearly 70% of Cuba consists of karst limestone . The Blue Mountains of Jamaica are a granite outcrop rising over 2,000 meters (6000'), while

1200-411: The introduction of enslaved Africans by British settlers within the Miskito area and in Belize, also transformed this area into one with a high percentage of persons of African descent as was found in most of the rest of the Caribbean. From the 17th through the 19th century, the European colonial territories of the West Indies were the French West Indies , British West Indies , the Danish West Indies ,

1240-407: The known Indies of the Eastern Hemisphere and the newly discovered Indies of the Western Hemisphere , the Spanish named the territories in the East Indias Orientales (East Indies) and the territories in the West Indias Occidentales (West Indies) . Originally, the term West Indies applied to all of the Americas . The Indies from both regions were further distinguished depending on

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1280-473: The nations in the West Indian islands. The West Indies are a geologically complex island system consisting of 7,000 islands and islets stretching over 3,000 km (2000 miles) from the Florida peninsula of North America south-southeast to the northern coast of Venezuela . These islands include active volcanoes , low-lying atolls , raised limestone islands, and large fragments of continental crust containing tall mountains and insular rivers. Each of

1320-444: The regions currently found within the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia , which were first simply referred to by Spanish and Portuguese explorers as the Indias (Indies) . Thinking he had landed on the easternmost part of the Indies in the Eastern world when he came upon the New World , Columbus used the term Indias to refer to the Americas , calling its native people Indios (Indians) . To avoid confusion between

1360-413: The rest of the island to the west consists mainly of karst limestone. Much of Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands were formed by the collision of the Caribbean Plate with the North American Plate and consist of 12 island arc terranes . These terranes consist of oceanic crust , volcanic and plutonic rock . The Lesser Antilles is a volcanic island arc rising along the leading edge of

1400-444: The seed has been studied. Areca catechu is grown for its commercially important seed crop, the areca nut , which is the main component of the practice of betel nut chewing . It is popular throughout Southeast Asia , South Asia , Taiwan , Papua New Guinea and some nearby islands, parts of southern China , Madagascar , and the Maldives . The nut itself can be addictive and has direct link to oral cancers . Chewing areca nut

1440-507: The three archipelagos of the West Indies has a unique origin and geologic composition. The Greater Antilles is geologically the oldest of the three archipelagos and includes both the largest islands ( Cuba , Jamaica , Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico ) and the tallest mountains ( Pico Duarte , Blue Mountain , Pic la Selle , Pico Turquino ) in the Caribbean. The islands of the Greater Antilles are composed of strata of different geological ages including Precambrian fragmented remains of

1480-609: The villages of Nakhon Pa Mak are: Ban Grong Greng (pop. 1881), Ban Sam Ruen (pop. 1340), Ban Bueng Lam (pop. 1050), Ban Dongphayom (pop. 678), Bang Kranoi (pop. 567), Ban Laemphrathat (pop. 565), Ban Gao (pop. 299) and Ban Laemkrok (pop. 209). From greatest land area to least, the villages rank as follows: Ban Grong Greng (20.9 km), Ban Laemphrathat (10.4 km), Ban Dongphayom (6.2 km), Ban Bueng Lam (5.9 km), Ban Sam Ruen (5.4 km), Ban Bang Kranoi (4.4 km), Ban Gao (2.8 km) and Ban Laemkrok (1.8 km). A complete list of active temples in Nakhon Pa Mak

1520-457: The volcanic Windward Islands arc. Based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically. Disputed territories administered by Colombia . The United Nations geoscheme includes Mexico in Central America . These three form the SSS islands that with the ABC islands comprise the Dutch Caribbean , of which the BES islands are not direct Kingdom constituents but subsumed with

1560-423: Was a part of the names of several companies of the 17th and 18th centuries, including the Danish West India Company , the Dutch West India Company , the French West India Company , and the Swedish West India Company . West Indian is the official term used by the U.S. government to refer to people of the West Indies. The term survives today mainly through the West Indies cricket team , representing all of

1600-423: Was strictly an elementary school until around 1990, when an additional high school building was added. Prior to 1990, Nakhon Pa Mak children who wished to attend high school were required to utilize private transportation to the nearest high school in Ban Bang Krathum . There are no other high schools and no colleges or universities in Nakhon Pa Mak. There is also no school bus service. From most populated to least,

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