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43-485: Nakumatt was a Kenyan supermarket chain . "Nakumatt" is an abbreviation for Nakuru Mattress . As of December 2015, Nakumatt had 65 stores in the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda and Tanzania . It employed over 5,500, and had gross annual revenue in excess of US$ 450 million. At that time, it had plans to enter other African countries and to increase the number of stores in

86-439: A cell imposes upper limits on size, as the volume increases much faster than does the surface area, thus limiting the rate at which substances diffuse from the interior across the cell membrane to interstitial spaces or to other cells. Indeed, representing a cell as an idealized sphere of radius r , the volume and surface area are, respectively, V = (4/3) πr and SA = 4 πr . The resulting surface area to volume ratio

129-467: A common way to run hypermarkets. Japanese hypermarkets may contain restaurants, manga (Japanese comic) stands, Internet cafes , typical department store merchandise, a full range of groceries, beauty salons and other services all in the same store. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, giving rise to the "hyakkin plaza"— hyakkin (百均) or hyaku en (百円) means 100 yen (roughly 1 US dollar ). Until

172-927: A deal that will see the Nakumatt brand completely disappear by the end of 2019. Creditors formally voted to liquidate the company on 7 January 2020 Hypermarket Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores , typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low- margin sales . Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres (54,000 to 161,000 sq ft), they generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints , many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile. Loblaws established its Real Canadian Superstore chain in 1979. It sells mainly groceries, while also retailing clothing, electronics and housewares. Its largest competitor in Canada

215-522: A function which assigns a positive real number to a certain class of surfaces that satisfies several natural requirements. The most fundamental property of the surface area is its additivity : the area of the whole is the sum of the areas of the parts . More rigorously, if a surface S is a union of finitely many pieces S 1 , …, S r which do not overlap except at their boundaries, then Surface areas of flat polygonal shapes must agree with their geometrically defined area . Since surface area

258-590: A grocery store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking and an automobile lubrication and oil service. In 1933, men's and women's wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, and other nonfood products followed in succeeding years. In the mid 1930s, Fred Meyer opened a central bakery, a candy kitchen, an ice cream plant, and a photo-finishing plant, which supplied the company's stores in Portland and neighbouring cities with house brands such as Vita Bee bread, Hocus Pocus desserts, and Fifth Avenue candies. By

301-522: A massive fire on 28 January 2009, killing about 29 people. Nakumatt has played a significant role in the urban development of Kenya 's largest and capital city, Nairobi , through the construction of upscale malls throughout the Nairobi area, which include brand name stores, banks, theaters and international eateries. The website of Nakumatt Holdings Limited was hacked by Iranian hackers called Sole Sad & Invisible. The website as of 31 May 2014 shows

344-461: A message that the website is under construction. There is a new website www.nakumatt.net Nakumatt began experiencing serious cash-flow issues in 2016. It was unable to meet its financial obligations to landlords, suppliers, and staff. An administrator was appointed to help it re-gain financial footing. However, in December 2019 the retail chain sold the last six branches to Naivas Supermarkets in

387-452: A minimum size of 2,500 m (27,000 sq ft). Despite its success, the hypermarket business model may be under threat from online shopping and the shift towards customization according to analysts like Sanjeev Sanyal , Deutsche Bank's Global Strategist, until 2015. Sanyal has argued that some developing countries such as India may omit the hypermarket stage and directly go online. Another category of stores sometimes included in

430-700: A significant degree of growth. The first branch was opened in Tehran under the name of Iran Hyperstar through a collaboration between Carrefour and Majid Al Futtaim Group based in The United Arab Emirates. The Emirati holding is the main shareholder with about 75% of the company's shares. New branches were established after Iran Hyperstar’s first store found relative success. Now, other branches have been established in Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, Ahvaz, etc. The average Walmart Supercenter covers around 16,500 m (178,000 sq ft), with

473-477: A surface area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft), and was later converted into a regular supermarket. The substantially larger store that opened a week later in Auderghem , Brussels, covering 9,100 m (98,000 sq ft), is regarded as a more proper hypermarket that brought the concept to fruition. It was Belgian market development engineer Maurice Cauwe  [ fr ] , who adopted

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516-516: Is Walmart . These are the two major Canadian hypermarkets. The Belgian retailer Grand Bazar opened three hypermarkets in a short span in 1961 under the name SuperBazar after Belgian law restricting the size of department stores was abolished in January 1961. The first SuperBazar , opened in Bruges on 9 September 1961, initially designed to become a non-food department store, however only covered

559-451: Is a geometric notion, areas of congruent surfaces must be the same and the area must depend only on the shape of the surface, but not on its position and orientation in space. This means that surface area is invariant under the group of Euclidean motions . These properties uniquely characterize surface area for a wide class of geometric surfaces called piecewise smooth . Such surfaces consist of finitely many pieces that can be represented in

602-437: Is an accepted version of this page The surface area (symbol A ) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with flat polygonal faces ), for which

645-410: Is credited to Archimedes . Surface area is important in chemical kinetics . Increasing the surface area of a substance generally increases the rate of a chemical reaction . For example, iron in a fine powder will combust , while in solid blocks it is stable enough to use in structures. For different applications a minimal or maximal surface area may be desired. The surface area of an organism

688-635: Is important in several considerations, such as regulation of body temperature and digestion . Animals use their teeth to grind food down into smaller particles, increasing the surface area available for digestion. The epithelial tissue lining the digestive tract contains microvilli , greatly increasing the area available for absorption. Elephants have large ears , allowing them to regulate their own body temperature. In other instances, animals will need to minimize surface area; for example, people will fold their arms over their chest when cold to minimize heat loss. The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) of

731-481: Is that surface area cannot be defined simply as the limit of areas of polyhedral shapes approximating a given smooth surface. It was demonstrated by Hermann Schwarz that already for the cylinder, different choices of approximating flat surfaces can lead to different limiting values of the area; this example is known as the Schwarz lantern . Various approaches to a general definition of surface area were developed in

774-664: The NCR Corporation 's marketing campaign. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers ( French : centre commercial or centre d'achats ) outside cities, though some are present in the city center. They are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc. After the successes of super- and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores would be forced out of business, France enacted laws that made it more difficult to build hypermarkets and also restricted

817-479: The parametric form with a continuously differentiable function r → . {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}.} The area of an individual piece is defined by the formula Thus the area of S D is obtained by integrating the length of the normal vector r → u × r → v {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{u}\times {\vec {r}}_{v}} to

860-579: The 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were 4,200 to 6,500 m (45,000 to 70,000 sq ft), and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets. The Midwest (then grocery) chain Meijer , which today operates about 235 stores in six US states, coined the term "super center", and opened the first of its hypermarket format store in Grand Rapids, Michigan , in June 1961, under

903-451: The 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didn't generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, representing an estimated 14 billion US gallons (53 billion litres) sold each year. In Australia, hypermarkets were at their peak during the 1980s. This

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946-715: The 1980s, large stores combining food and non-food items were unusual in the United States, although early predecessors existed since the first half of the 20th century. The term "hypermarket" itself is still rarely used in the US. The Pacific Northwest chain Fred Meyer , now a division of the Kroger supermarket company, opened the first suburban one-stop shopping center in 1931 in the Hollywood District of Portland, Oregon . The store's innovations included

989-465: The Shah family would still remain the largest shareholders in the company. The chain has a poor safety record and has faced strong criticism mainly regarding shoppers' and employees' safety. Main case in point is the 2009 Nakumatt fire in which over 29 people lost their lives. However, the management has taken steps to ensure that such accidents do not happen again. A Nakumatt store in Nairobi suffered

1032-652: The amount of economic leverage that hypermarket chains can impose upon their suppliers (the Loi Galland ). The predecessor to Ito Yokado was founded in 1920 selling western goods, went public in 1957, and switched to that name in 1965. Seibu Department Stores was founded in 1956, and opened up its grocery chain Seiyu Group in 1963. Isao Nakauchi founded the first Daiei in Kobe in 1957, selling clothing, electronics, furniture and groceries all in one store. Jusco

1075-606: The brand name "Thrifty Acres". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart , Kmart and Target – started developing similar format chains. Wal-Mart (as it was known before its late-2000s rebranding as Walmart) introduced Hypermart USA in 1987, followed by Wal-Mart Supercenter in 1988; The same year, French chains Carrefour and Auchan opened hypermarkets in Philadelphia and Greater Houston , respectively. Kmart opened its first Super Kmart Center in 1991; and Target came with

1118-587: The capital city. In November 2010, Nakumatt expanded its footprint in Kampala by acquiring Payless Supermarket, a Ugandan supermarket chain with two stores in the Kampala suburbs of Bugoloobi and Bukoto , bringing the number of stores in Uganda to three. The initial investment in the store in Kololo was approximately US$ 3 million. The two Payless Supermarket stores cost an estimated US$ 650,000. Nakumatt plans to expand

1161-519: The concept from his frequent trips to the United States, particularly inspired from the Grand Union 's "Grand Way" center in Paramus, New Jersey . Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in 1963, at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois , France , The co-founders were influenced by the teachings of Colombian-born American marketing executive Bernardo Trujillo , who taught executive education as part of

1204-654: The cone r → u {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{u}} = partial derivative of r → {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}} with respect to u {\displaystyle u} , r → v {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{v}} = partial derivative of r → {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}} with respect to v {\displaystyle v} , D {\displaystyle D} = shadow region The below given formulas can be used to show that

1247-560: The countries where it already had a presence. In October 2017 the company ran out of funds and did not pay rents or wages. 60 stores were closed. As of March 2021, the chain had only one store in operation. On 23 August 2008, Nakumatt opened its first store outside Kenya in the Union Trade Center, in Kigali , Rwanda. In June 2009, the first Nakumatt store in Uganda opened on Yusuf Lule Road on Kololo Hill , in central Kampala ,

1290-468: The first Target Greatland stores in 1990, followed by the larger SuperTarget stores in 1995. Most Greatland stores have since been converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances (one example of this is the Antioch, California location). In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel. The idea was first introduced in

1333-830: The hypermarket category are the membership-based wholesale warehouse clubs that are popular in North America , pioneered by Fedco and today including Sam's Club , a division of Walmart; Costco , in which Carrefour owned some shares from 1985 to 1996; BJ's Wholesale Club on the East Coast; and Clubes City Club in Mexico. In Europe, Makro (owned by METRO AG ) leads the market. However, warehouse clubs differ from hypermarkets in that they have sparse interior decor and require paid membership. In addition, warehouse clubs usually sell bigger packages and have fewer choices in each category of items. Surface area This

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1376-463: The largest ones covering 24,000 m (260,000 sq ft). A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft), while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of 3,000 to 5,000 m (32,000 to 54,000 sq ft). In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets ( French : hypermarché/s ) as non-specialized markets with

1419-410: The late nineteenth and the early twentieth century by Henri Lebesgue and Hermann Minkowski . While for piecewise smooth surfaces there is a unique natural notion of surface area, if a surface is very irregular, or rough, then it may not be possible to assign an area to it at all. A typical example is given by a surface with spikes spread throughout in a dense fashion. Many surfaces of this type occur in

1462-527: The new stores at a later date. In February 2016, the retail chain announced plans to open five new stores outside Kenya during the first half of the year. As of December 2019 the supermarket chain had five stores in Kenya , including at the following locations: one in Nakuru and four stores in Nairobi . Prestige, Lavington, Embakasi, Mega. The Mega branch on Uhuru Highway now takes a smaller space adjacent to

1505-1060: The only hypermarket or Big-Box Store operational in Australia are Costco Wholesale Warehouses with currently thirteen stores in Australia - four stores in Melbourne , three stores in Sydney , two stores in Brisbane and one store each in Newcastle , Canberra , Adelaide and Perth , with construction underway on the fourteenth store on Queensland's Gold Coast. There were plans for German hypermarket company Kaufland to open stores in Australia announced in 2019; these plans were cancelled in 2020. Hypermarkets did not exist in Iran until 2009 (1388 ه.ش.). Before that, there were some local hypermarkets, but international branches were nonexistent. Despite their late arrival, hypermarkets in Iran have achieved

1548-500: The proposed Carrefour Mega. Turnover in 2006 was over US$ 200 million, up 120% on the previous year. In 2013, turnover (annual gross revenue) was estimated at US$ 650 million. Nakumatt was a wholly Kenyan , privately held company, owned by the Atul Shah family. In July 2013, Kenyan print media indicated that the chain planned to sell a 25% stake to yet an unidentified investor and use the funds for regional expansion. After that sale,

1591-460: The study of fractals . Extensions of the notion of area which partially fulfill its function and may be defined even for very badly irregular surfaces are studied in geometric measure theory . A specific example of such an extension is the Minkowski content of the surface. r = Internal radius, h = height s = slant height of the cone, r = radius of the circular base, h = height of

1634-408: The surface area is the sum of the areas of its faces. Smooth surfaces, such as a sphere , are assigned surface area using their representation as parametric surfaces . This definition of surface area is based on methods of infinitesimal calculus and involves partial derivatives and double integration . A general definition of surface area was sought by Henri Lebesgue and Hermann Minkowski at

1677-865: The surface area of a sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 2 : 3 , as follows. Let the radius be r and the height be h (which is 2 r for the sphere). Sphere surface area = 4 π r 2 = ( 2 π r 2 ) × 2 Cylinder surface area = 2 π r ( h + r ) = 2 π r ( 2 r + r ) = ( 2 π r 2 ) × 3 {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rlll}{\text{Sphere surface area}}&=4\pi r^{2}&&=(2\pi r^{2})\times 2\\{\text{Cylinder surface area}}&=2\pi r(h+r)&=2\pi r(2r+r)&=(2\pi r^{2})\times 3\end{array}}} The discovery of this ratio

1720-449: The surface over the appropriate region D in the parametric uv plane. The area of the whole surface is then obtained by adding together the areas of the pieces, using additivity of surface area. The main formula can be specialized to different classes of surfaces, giving, in particular, formulas for areas of graphs z = f ( x , y ) and surfaces of revolution . One of the subtleties of surface area, as compared to arc length of curves,

1763-418: The turn of the twentieth century. Their work led to the development of geometric measure theory , which studies various notions of surface area for irregular objects of any dimension. An important example is the Minkowski content of a surface. While the areas of many simple surfaces have been known since antiquity, a rigorous mathematical definition of area requires a great deal of care. This should provide

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1806-590: Was created in 1970, and eventually became known as ÆON . In Japanese, hypermarkets are known as 総合スーパー (Sougou Suupaa, General Merchandise Stores). There is a distinction in Japanese between スーパー (Supers) and デパート (Departs) with the former being discounters, but the latter selling luxury brand clothing and quite often high-end groceries as well. Hypermarkets may be found in urban areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as mutual investment by financial stocks are

1849-603: Was especially prevalent during the era of South African owned Pick n Pay Stores and a now discontinued format of Kmart Australia Stores known as Super Kmart. This trend in the Australian market soon lost its appeal into the 1990s. Super Kmart stores were discontinued and Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Stores opened in the former location. Pick n Pay continued to operate in Australia until the 2000s when their locations at Aspley and Sunnybank Hills were converted into Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Department Stores. As of 2022,

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