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75-762: The steppe borderland between Poland–Lithuania, Muscovy, various Tatar states (under influence from the Ottomans ), and the Black Sea was mostly under control of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at least since the fall of Kievan Rus' . However, control over such a huge area was never direct and far from complete. The vast, scarcely populated areas of what is now Ukraine (the name itself could be translated as Borderlands ) had been attracting all sorts of people, from adventurers to brigands, foreign merchants , landless gentry , and runaway serfs . Over time

150-846: A tabor of the local Polish nobility , who tried to escape the Nalyvaiko Uprising . In 1648, during the Bohdan Khmelnytsky rebellion, Bracław became a Cossack regimental city, part of the Ukrainian Hetman state, which was later assimilated by the Tsardom of Russia . In 1667, under the Treaty of Andrusiv , Russia returned the city to Poland. The city was ruled by the Ottoman Empire between 1672 and 1699, returning then to Poland once more. It became part of

225-474: A Muslim surname with a Polish ending: Ryzwanowicz ; other surnames adopted by more assimilated Tatars are Tatara or Tataranowicz or Taterczyński , which literally mean "son of a Tatar". The Tatars played a relatively prominent role for such a small community in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military as well as in Polish and Lithuanian political and intellectual life. In modern-day Poland, their presence

300-633: A Tatar raid commanded by Khan Devlet I Giray , after which Bratslav turned into a desert. In 1564, Bratslav was granted Magdeburg rights , and five years later, following the Union of Lublin , it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland , becoming capital of the Bratslav Voivodeship , which existed for over 200 years. During this time, Bratslav (then named Bracław in Polish ) by the authorities,

375-532: A certain common identity started to form among them, giving birth to the Cossacks . The Republic tried to strengthen control over those lands by creating the so-called Cossack registry , a small yet well-trained and well-equipped unit formed of local folk, tasked above all with policing and peace-keeping duties in the Kiev Voivodeship , and most importantly in the so-called Wild Fields . Although in

450-471: A legend and a hero of Ukrainian folklore . Tatars The Tatars ( / ˈ t ɑː t ər z / TAH -tərz ), formerly also spelled Tartars , is an umbrella term for different Turkic ethnic groups bearing the name "Tatar" across Eastern Europe and Asia. Initially, the ethnonym Tatar possibly referred to the Tatar confederation . That confederation was eventually incorporated into

525-464: A mosque that remained in use as of 2017 . Crimean Tatars are an indigenous people of Crimea. Their formation occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from Cumans that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea (Greeks, Scythians, and Goths). At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population

600-582: A name for populations of the former Golden Horde in Europe, such as those of the former Kazan , Crimean , Astrakhan , Qasim , and Siberian Khanates. The form Tartar has its origins in either Latin or French , coming to Western European languages from Turkish and the Persian language ( tātār , "mounted messenger"). From the beginning, the extra r was present in the Western forms and according to

675-600: A self-designation, others do not. The term is originally not just an exonym , since the Polovtsians of Golden Horde called themselves Tatar . It is also an endonym to a number of peoples of Siberia and Russian Far East , namely the Khakas people (тадар, tadar). Eleventh-century Kara-khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari noted that the historical Tatars were bilingual, speaking other Turkic languages besides their own. The modern Tatar language , together with

750-548: A single society formed a special people. — Carl Wilhelm Müller . "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German. — Johann Gottlieb Georgi . Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About

825-776: A substantial amount of Russian and Arabic loanwords. Before 1917, polygamy was practiced only by the wealthier classes and was a waning institution. The Astrakhan Tatars (around 80,000) are a group of Tatars, descendants of the Astrakhan Khanate 's population, who live mostly in Astrakhan Oblast . In the Russian census of 2010 most Astrakhan Tatars declared themselves simply as "Tatars" and few declared themselves as "Astrakhan Tatars". Many Volga Tatars live in Astrakhan Oblast, and differences between

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900-732: Is a medieval European city and a regional center of the Eastern Podolia region (see Bracław Voivodeship ) founded by government of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , which dramatically lost its importance during the 19th–20th centuries. Population: 4,872 (2022 estimate) In addition to the Ukrainian Брацлав ( Bratslav ), in other languages the name of the city is Polish : Bracław and Yiddish : בראַצלעוו or בראַסלעװ , Bratslev . Today also pronounced Breslev or Breslov as

975-933: Is a conditional territory, the possessions of which are controlled by the Nogai Horde, they were run by foremen beki: The Tatar Queen Syuyumbike , who was the daughter of the Nogai biya, also testifies to the Nogai roots of the Kazan Tatars. And this is also confirmed by the Khans of the Kazan Khanate: The large coat of arms of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible testifies that the Tatars of the Kazan Khanate and

1050-509: Is also widely known, due in part to their noticeable role in the historical novels of Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846–1916), which are universally recognized in Poland. A number of Polish intellectual figures have also been Tatars, e.g. the prominent historian Jerzy Łojek . A small community of Polish-speaking Tatars settled in Brooklyn , New York City , in the early 20th century. They established

1125-528: Is independent of Volga–Ural Tatar. The dialects are quite remote from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension . The claim that Siberian Tatar is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan and denounced by Siberian Tatars. Crimean Tatar is the indigenous language of the Crimean Tatar people . Because of its common name, Crimean Tatar

1200-610: Is sometimes mistakenly seen in Russia as a dialect of Kazan Tatar . Although these languages are related (as both are Turkic), the Kypchak languages closest to Crimean Tatar are (as mentioned above) Kumyk and Karachay-Balkar , not Kazan Tatar. Still, there exists an opinion ( E. R. Tenishev ), according to which the Kazan Tatar language is included in the same Kipchak-Cuman group as Crimean Tatar. The largest Tatar populations are

1275-651: The Bashkir language , forms the Kypchak-Volga-Ural group within the Kipchak languages (also known as Northwestern Turkic). There are two Tatar dialects—Central and Western. The Western dialect (Misher) is spoken mostly by Mishärs , the Central dialect is spoken by Kazan and Astrakhan Tatars . Both dialects have subdialects. Central Tatar furnishes the base of literary Tatar. The Siberian Tatar language

1350-873: The Golden Horde . During the reign of Meñli I Giray , Hacı's son, the army of the Great Horde that still existed then invaded Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the Great Khan and the successor of this state. Since then, the Crimean Khanate

1425-657: The Lipka Tatars (13th–14th centuries) as well as Crimean and Nogay Tatars (15th–16th centuries), all of which were notable in Polish military history, as well as Volga Tatars (16th–17th centuries). They all mostly settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Various estimates of the Tatars in the Commonwealth in the 17th century place their numbers at about 15,000 persons and 60 villages with mosques. Numerous royal privileges, as well as internal autonomy granted by

1500-644: The Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan unified the various steppe tribes. Historically, the term Tatars (or Tartars ) was applied to anyone originating from the vast Northern and Central Asian landmass then known as Tartary , a term which was also conflated with the Mongol Empire itself. More recently, however, the term has come to refer more narrowly to related ethnic groups who refer to themselves as Tatars or who speak languages that are commonly referred to as Tatar . The largest group amongst

1575-617: The Oxford English Dictionary this was most likely due to an association with Tartarus . The Persian word is first recorded in the 13th century in reference to the hordes of Genghis Khan and is of unknown origin; according to the Oxford English Dictionary it is "said to be" ultimately from tata . The Arabic word for Tatars is تتار . Tatars themselves wrote their name as تاتار or طاطار . Ochir (2016) states that Siberian Tatars and

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1650-572: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Having refused these terms, the king recalled Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski from Moldavia. In 1595 Żółkiewski and the royal army set out to end the rebellion. In response to this, Nalivaiko joined his forces with the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetman Hryhory Loboda (Polish: Hryhor Łoboda), but was forced to retreat to left-bank Ukraine , even after defeating

1725-689: The Russian Empire after the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, along with the rest of the formerly Polish Right-bank Ukraine . Under Russia, Bratslav was an uezd (district) center in the Podolia Governorate . As the city had no access to a railroad , its importance and population gradually declined. Bratslav is famous in Judaism as the place where Rabbi Nachman lived and taught between 1802 and 1810. Rabbi Nachman

1800-518: The Soviet Union . It is estimated that about 3,000 Tatars live in present-day Poland, of which about 500 declared Tatar (rather than Polish) nationality in the 2002 census. There are two Tatar villages ( Bohoniki and Kruszyniany ) in the north-east of present-day Poland, as well as urban Tatar communities in Warsaw , Gdańsk , Białystok , and Gorzów Wielkopolski . Tatars in Poland sometimes have

1875-535: The Starosta of Bratslav and Vinnytsia (Winnica) was Hetman Kostiantyn Ostrozky , who commanded Polish–Lithuanian army in the Battle of Orsha . Nevertheless, Ostrozky was unable to protect Bratslav and its castle from destruction in 1497, when the town was raided by Crimean Tatars . The castle was rebuilt and reinforced by order of Polish King Alexander I Jagiellon , but it was destroyed once again, in 1551, during

1950-693: The Tatar language . Accordingly, they form distinct groups such as the Mişär group and the Qasim group: A minority of Christianized Volga Tatars are known as Keräşens . The Volga Tatars used the Turkic Old Tatar language for their literature between the 15th and 19th centuries. It was written in the İske imlâ variant of the Arabic script , but actual spelling varied regionally. The older literary language included many Arabic and Persian loanwords. However,

2025-878: The Volga Tatars , native to the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region of European Russia, and the Crimean Tatars of Crimea . Smaller groups of Lipka Tatars and Astrakhan Tatars also live in Europe and the Siberian Tatars in Asia. In the 7th century AD, the Volga Bulgars settled on the territory of the Volga-Kama region, where Finno-Ugrians lived compactly at that time. Bulgars inhabited part of

2100-418: The 13th to 17th centuries various groups of Tatars settled and/or found refuge within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grand Dukes of Lithuania especially promoted the migrations because of the Tatars' reputation as skilled warriors. The Tatar settlers were all granted szlachta (nobility) status, a tradition that survived until the end of the Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Such migrants included

2175-472: The 16th century the unit was at no time stronger than 1000 men, it was nevertheless a formidable force in an area where no large settlements existed. In addition, unlike the force fielded by and loyal to the central authorities rather than local magnates —who often fielded their own armies—the Registered Cossacks were to be paid in the same manner as other Polish-Lithuanian standing army units:

2250-1008: The 1910s the Volga Tatars numbered about half a million in the Kazan Governorate in Tatarstan , their historical homeland, about 400,000 in each of the governments of Ufa , 100,000 in Samara and Simbirsk , and about 30,000 in Vyatka , Saratov , Tambov , Penza , Nizhny Novgorod , Perm and Orenburg . An additional 15,000 had migrated to Ryazan or were settled as prisoners in the 16th and 17th centuries in Lithuania ( Vilnius , Grodno and Podolia ). An additional 2,000 resided in St. Petersburg. Most Kazan Tatars practice Islam. The Kazan Tatars speak Kazan (normal) Tatar language, with

2325-740: The August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Tatars of the Kazan Kingdom of the Kipchak Horde. — "Alphabetical list of peoples living in the Russian Empire in 1895" [1] Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan — and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which

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2400-473: The Bulgarian and Cheremis land, and there were very few of them on the territory of the future Kazan Khanate. But during the events of 1438–1445, associated with the formation of the Kazan Khanate, together with Khan Uluk-Muhammad, about 40 thousand Tatars arrived here at once. Subsequently, Tatars from Astrakhan , Azov , Crimea , Akhtubinsk and other places moved to the Kazan Khanate . The Arab historian Al-Omari (Shihabuddin al-Umari) wrote that, having joined

2475-442: The Bulgars of the Volga Bulgarian land are different peoples and territories with different coats of arms. Forming The formation of the Kazan Tatars occurred only in the Golden Horde in the 14th - first half of the 15th century. from the Central Asian Turkic-Tatar tribes that arrived with the Mongols and appeared in the Lower Volga region in the 11th century. Kipchaks (Polovtsians). There were only minor groups of Kipchak tribes on

2550-412: The Cossacks. Despite initial successes, the Cossacks started to lose ground and were ultimately defeated by Polish-led levée en masse in the battle of Piątek near Zhitomir . By 1593 the rebellion was quelled and Krzysztof Kosiński killed. Nalyvaiko, who initially served in private units of Janusz Ostrogski , took an active part in the suppression of the uprising. The Sejm , or the parliament of

2625-401: The Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. In 1917, the Crimean Tatars, in an effort to recreate their statehood, announced the Crimean People's Republic —the first democratic republic in the Muslim world, where all peoples were equal in rights. The head of the republic was

2700-445: The Golden Horde, the Cumans moved to the position of subjects. The Tatar-Mongols who settled on the territory of the Polovtsian steppe gradually mixed with the Polovtsians. Al-Omari concludes that after several generations, the Tatars began to look like Polovtsy: "as if from the same (with them) kind," because they began to live on their lands. Finally in the end of the 19th century; although the name Nogailars persisted in some places;

2775-413: The Grand Duchy. These Tatars first settled in Lithuania proper around Vilnius , Trakai , Hrodna and Kaunas and spread to other parts of the Grand Duchy that later became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. These areas comprise parts of present-day Lithuania , Belarus and Poland . From the very beginning of their settlement in Lithuania they were known as the Lipka Tatars. From

2850-566: The Moldavian throne. Nalyvaiko left Polish service in 1594, organized a paramilitary unit of unregistered Cossacks in the vicinity of Bratslav , and raided several Moldavian and Hungarian towns. Nalyvaiko led his men through Galicia , Volhynia , and Belarus . His Cossacks and rebel Ukrainian peasants took the cities of Bratslav , Husiatyn , Bar , Lutsk , Kaniv , Cherkasy and Slutsk , Babruisk , and Mahiliou in Belarus . The following year Nalivaiko's Cossacks were joined by many runaway Ukrainian peasants and together they captured

2925-433: The Poles at Bila Tserkva . In May 1596 the Cossack tabor was surrounded by Polish forces near the town of Lubny . After two weeks of siege, there was unrest as the Cossacks began to run out of food and water. Loboda was murdered, and on 7 July 1596 Nalyvaiko was handed over by the Cossacks to the Poles as a condition of surrender in exchange for their own lives, but the agreement was not kept, and Cossacks were attacked by

3000-402: The Poles immediately after Nalivaiko's surrender. Nalyvaiko was brought to Warsaw , where he was tortured, drawn and quartered, and put on public display (popular stories about his being crowned with a white-hot iron crown or boiled alive in a copper cauldron are not verified by factual evidence). After the rebellion all Cossack lands were taken and given to the Polish magnates . Nalyvaiko became

3075-409: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, declared all Cossacks who took part in the rebellion to be guilty of high treason , but pardoned them soon afterwards and the Cossacks were allowed to keep their boats and arms. Meanwhile, the army of the Crown of Poland , led at the time by hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski , started a new campaign in Moldavia and Transilvania in support of Ieremia Movilă 's claims to

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3150-516: The Russian army invaded Crimea, led by Münnich , devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, Bakhchisaray , and burnt the Khan's palace with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general— Peter Lacy . Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774 resulted in

3225-425: The Sejm granted coat of arms to the town: a cross in red field, with blue shield in the middle. In 1598, Polish Parliament decided to move the seat of local courts and sejmiks from Bratslav to Vinnytsia, and as a result, Winnica became a de facto capital of the voivodeship, even though it was still named after Bracław. On October 5, 1594, Zaporozhian Cossacks under Severyn Nalyvaiko murdered near Bratslav Castle

3300-480: The Tatars by far are the Volga Tatars , native to the Volga-Ural region ( Tatarstan and Bashkortostan ) of European Russia, who for this reason are often also known as "Tatars" in Russian. They compose 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Their language is known as the Tatar language . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 5.3 million ethnic Tatars in Russia. While also speaking languages belonging to different Kipchak sub-groups, genetic studies have shown that

3375-428: The Tatars living in the territories between Asia and Europe are of Turkic origin, acquired the appellation Tatar later, and do not possess ancestral connection to the Mongolic Nine Tatars , whose ethnogenesis involved Mongolic people as well as Mongolized Turks who had been ruling over them during the 6–8th centuries. Pow (2019) proposes that Turkic-speaking peoples of Cumania , as a sign of political allegiance, adopted

3450-413: The army of the Crimean Khan Devlet II Giray , finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier Baltacı Mehmet Pasha allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars. When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision, his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the Sublime Porte are entrusted to me. You do not have

3525-466: The beginning of princess (khanum) Canike's, the daughter of the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh and the wife of the founder of the Nogai Horde Edigey , reign in the peninsula. During her reign she strongly supported Hacı Giray in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania. In 1441, an embassy from

3600-409: The defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, Imperial Russia violated the treaty and annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783. Due to the oppression by the Russian administration,

3675-435: The endonym Tatar of their Mongol conquerors, before ultimately subsuming the latter culturally and linguistically. Some Turkic peoples living within the Russian Empire were named Tatar , although not all Turkic peoples of Russian Empire were referred to as Tatars (for instance, this name was never used in relation to the Yakuts , Chuvashes , Sarts and some others). Some of these populations used and keep using Tatar as

3750-415: The inter-war boundaries of Poland (1920–1939), and a Tatar cavalry unit had fought for the country's independence. The Tatars had preserved their cultural identity and sustained a number of Tatar organisations, including Tatar archives and a museum in Vilnius. The Tatars suffered serious losses during World War II and furthermore, after the border change in 1945 , a large part of them found themselves in

3825-416: The local voivodes and castellans were to distribute salaries to them once a year. However, the salaries were being paid irregularly and the basic source of income for the armed Cossacks remained pillaging raids on Zaporizhian Sich , Crimea , Moldavia , and other lands under Ottoman control. The international situation of the Cossacks and Polish-Lithuanian control over the vast areas of Kiev Voivodeship

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3900-399: The majority identified themselves simply as the Muslims ) and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to Sunni Islam ( c. 14th century). As the Golden Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became the territory of the Kazan khanate, which Russia ultimately conquered in the 16th century. Some Volga Tatars speak different dialects of

3975-418: The modern literary language (generally written using a Cyrillic alphabet ), often has Russian- and other European-derived words instead. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak Russian as their first language (in cities such as Moscow, Saint Petersburg , Nizhniy Novgorod , Tashkent , Almaty , and in cities of the Ural region and western Siberia) and other languages in a worldwide diaspora. In

4050-432: The modern territory of Tatarstan, Udmurtia , Ulyanovsk region , Samara region and Chuvashia . After the invasion of Batu Khan in 1223–1236, the Golden Horde annexed Volga Bulgaria. Most of the population of the Bulgars survived and crossed to the right bank of the Volga, displacing the mountain Mari ( cheremis ) from the inhabited territories to the meadow side. Sources of Russian chronicles report: "Tatares took

4125-427: The monarchs, allowed the Tatars to preserve their religion, traditions, and culture over the centuries. The Tatars were allowed to intermarry with Christians,a practice uncommon in Europe at the time. The May Constitution of 1791 gave the Tatars representation in the Polish Sejm (parliament). Although by the 18th century the Tatars had adopted the local language, the Islamic religion and many Tatar traditions (e.g.

4200-417: The name of a Hasidic group, which originated from this town. The first written mention of Bratslav dates back to 1362. City status was granted Magdeburg Rights in 1564. Bratslav belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the Lublin Union of 1569, when it became a voivodeship center in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In the early 16th century,

4275-423: The peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. — 1799. page 8 Also in Kazan there is a famous " Kaban Lake " similar to the name of the " Kuban River ", which translates from Nogai as "overflowing". The main now central Bauman Street that leads to the Kremlin is one of the oldest streets in Kazan. In the era of the Kazan Khanate, it was called the Nogai district. Nogai daruga

4350-433: The representatives of several strongest clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and Barın and the Cumanic clan—Kıpçak, went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the Giray dynasty , which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783. Hacı I Giray was a Jochid descendant of Genghis Khan and of his grandson Batu Khan of

4425-429: The right to interfere in them." Treaty of the Pruth was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan Qaplan I Giray was summoned by the Turkish Sultan Ahmed III to Persia . Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in 1736

4500-432: The sacrifice of bulls in their mosques during the main religious festivals) survived. This led to the formation of a distinctive Muslim culture , in which the elements of Muslim orthodoxy mixed with religious tolerance formed a relatively liberal society. For instance, the women in Lipka Tatar society traditionally had the same rights and status as men, and could attend non-segregated schools. About 5,500 Tatars lived within

4575-399: The three main groups of Tatars (Volga, Crimean , Siberian ) do not have common ancestors and, thus, their formation occurred independently of one another. However, it is possible that all Tatar groups have at least partially the same origin, mainly from the times of the Golden Horde . Many noble families in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire had Tatar origins. Tatar became

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4650-450: The town of Lutsk , where his men massacred Polish nobility , Catholic clergy, and local Greek-Catholics . From Volhynia Nalivaiko's Cossacks moved into Belarus , where they pillaged Mogilev . Nalivaiko eventually offered peace to Polish king Sigismund III Vasa , conditioned that the Poles cede the lands between Southern Buh and Dniester rivers south of Bratslav to the Cossacks in exchange for their military service and loyalty to

4725-471: The two groups have been disappearing. The Lipka Tatars are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of the 14th century. The first settlers tried to preserve their shamanistic religion and sought asylum amongst the non-Christian Lithuanians. Towards the end of the 14th century Grand Duke Vytautas the Great of Lithuania (ruled 1392–1430) invited another wave of Tatars—Muslims, this time—into

4800-401: The viceroy of God on earth. At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth paid annual tribute to the khan (until 1700 and 1699 , respectively). In 1711, when Peter I of Russia went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by

4875-434: The whole Bulgarian land captive and killed part of it" After a while, Tatars from all the outskirts of the Golden Horde began to arrive in the Kazan Khanate , and consisted mainly of Kipchak peoples: Nogais and Crimean Tatars . Kazan was built by the Perekop fugitives from Taurida during the reign of Vasily Vasilyevich in Moscow . Vasily Ivanovich forced her to take tsars from him for herself. And then, when she

4950-416: The young politician Noman Çelebicihan . However, a few months later the Bolsheviks captured Crimea, and Çelebicihan was killed without trial and thrown into the Black Sea. Soon in Crimea, Soviet power was established. Bratslav Bratslav ( Ukrainian : Брацлав ; Yiddish: בראַסלעװ) is a rural settlement in Ukraine , located in Tulchyn Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast , by the Southern Bug river. It

5025-409: Was already composed of a Turkic people —Cumans, became a part of the Golden Horde . The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since

5100-405: Was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century. The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire , with great autonomy after 1580, because of being a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate just could not be separate from the Ottoman caliphate, and therefore the Crimean khans had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact,

5175-517: Was designed to exhaust all prisoners: work in masonry, without days off, from dawn till dusk, with a 30-minute lunch break. On September 23, 1942, all elderly and children were shot in a neighboring forest. The executions continued regularly after that date. In April 1943, Todt-Dorman camp was closed, and the prisoners were transferred to Horst und Jessen. Bratslav was part of Transnistria Governorate in Kingdom of Romania till its liberation on 17 March 1944 by Red Army . Until 26 January 2024, Bratslav

5250-431: Was further complicated by the fact that the rulers of Muscovy and Austria ( Feodor I and Rudolf II , respectively) wanted to win the support of Cossacks in their struggle against the Turks. In 1591 the so-called Kosiński Uprising started. What started as a private quarrel between one disgruntled Polish noble and some local Ruthenian magnates soon turned into a full-scale civil war between local Ruthenian nobility and

5325-452: Was indignant, he embarrassed her with the hardships of a dangerous war, but he did not conquer her. But in 7061 ( 1552 ), his son Ivan IV took the city of Kazan after a six-month siege together with the Cheremis . However, in the form of a reward for the offense, he subdued neighboring Bulgaria , which he could not stand for frequent rebellions. — The journey to Muscovy of Baron Augustine Mayerberg and Horace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of

5400-729: Was occupied by German and Romanian armies on July 22, 1941, and was made into a ghetto for Jews of Bratslav and its vicinities. According to Romanian reports, there were 747 Jews in Bratslav in the end of December 1941. On January 1, 1942, most Jews were transferred to an extermination camp, and 50 people were drowned in the South Bug river. Two labor camps for German construction companies Todt-Dorman and Horst und Jessen were opened in August 1942. They hosted about 1,200 Jews deported from Romania, as well as about 300 Ukrainian Jews. The labor schedule

5475-511: Was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especially Nogai Tatars , who all through their union into

5550-682: Was property of Polish kings, and was ruled by the starostas. In 1570, a special commission of the Polish Sejm marked boundaries of the Bratslav Voivodeship. In the west, it reached the Dniestr and the Murachwa rivers, in the north it went along the so-called Black Tatar Trail. With top-quality soil, the so-called chernozem , Bracław Voivodeship was the most fertile region of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1589 in Warsaw ,

5625-451: Was the founder of one of the major branches of Hasidism , Breslover Hasidism , and an author of Jewish mystical works. After the 1917 revolution Judaism had been strongly persecuted. The history of this persecution is well illustrated by the life of Bratslav rabbi Moishe Yankel Rabinovich who served as a rabbi from 1919 to 1968. In 1926 Bratslav had a population of 7,842 (Source=Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer). During World War II, Bratslav

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