Thailand Laos
58-530: Hka River or Nam Hka is a river of Shan State , Burma . It is a left hand tributary of the Salween . Historically this river separated the Wa States and the northern Shan state of Manglon from Kengtung State . The Nam Hka forms the boundary between Burma and China in its upper course when it flows roughly southwards. It bends westwards at Pangkham , located at the bend of the river, until it joins
116-523: A Burmese corruption of the name Siam which is an old name for Lower Thailand . Pyi is a Burmese word meaning country and thus Shan Pyi can be translated as Shan State. Officially, the region is called Shan State in English and Shan Pyine in Burmese but the ne in often dropped in colloquial speech. Lanjao ( Shan : လၢၼ်ႉၸဝ်ႈ) or Nanzhao is a classical name for a kingdom which included most of
174-509: A day's march of the state capital Taunggyi . The Burmese army drove the invaders east across the Salween, but much of the KMT army and their progeny have remained in the eastern Shan State under various guises to the present day. The Burmese army's heavy-handedness fueled resentment. In 1961, Shan saophas led by Sao Shwe Thaik , the first president of Burma and saopha of Yawnghwe , proposed
232-478: A new federal system of government for greater autonomy, although the Shans had the constitutional right to secede. Though Shan leaders promised not to exercise the right, the Burmese army led by Gen. Ne Win thought the proposal was secessionist. Gen. Ne Win 's coup d'état in 1962 brought an end to the Burmese experiment with democracy and with it, the call for greater autonomy for ethnic minorities. The coup fueled
290-903: A precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic, and included other ethnic minorities such as the Chin , the Kachin , the Wa , the Ta'ang , the Lisu, the Lahu, the Pa O, and the Kayah . Although Burmanised Shans founded the Ava Kingdom that ruled central Burma, other Shan states, Mohnyin in particular, constantly raided Ava territories throughout
348-691: A small minority group, they still have many of their relatives living in many countries in South East Asia, Europe and America. Some of Tai Neua escaped depredation from China during early 19th century and divided into 3 different routes as they reached Laos , Thailand and Burma . Tai Neua in Laos are found in 9 villages, including Ban Koum, Ban Patoy, Ban Nam Keoluang, Ban Siriheuang and Ban Tong Mai. There are as many as 16 villages of Tai Nuea people living in Kiang Tung (Xiang Tung) Burma. Five of
406-823: Is closely related to other Tai languages . It has its own scripts, the Tai Le or Dehong Dai script, which is used in Yunnan , China. However, the Tai Nua people of the Houaphanh Province in Laos speak a different dialect from the Tai Nua of Yunnan and Burma; the one spoken in Yunnan is a Southwestern Tai dialect, while the Laotian one has Northern Tai features. The Tai Nua people have their own culture, tradition, language and literature. Among their many festivities
464-854: Is one of the Tai ethnicities in South East Asia . They are mostly found in the Yunnan Province of China , Laos , Thailand , Burma and Vietnam and some have emigrated to the United States of America . There are however two different groups of Tai people called Tai Nua, one in China and Burma, the other in Laos. Tai Nua/Lua can be written as Tai Neua , Tai Nuea , Tai Nüa or Dai Nua and sometimes Tai Nau . They are also known as Dehong Dai, Dehong Tailurian and Chinese Shan . The word Nua ( Thai : เหนือ Dehong Dai : ᥘᥫᥴ Lə ) in
522-666: Is the New Year "Jin Leun Sam", which is normally falling on the first day of the third month of lunar calendar. The New year celebration is considered as a very important festival in the Tai Neua tradition. Those living outside of the hometown would return for the celebration with the family and friends. The festivities could go on a week long with many activities such as riding swing set "Ki Tong Ja", spinning tops and competitions "Toh Mark Khang" and tossing bean bags "Peak Gon". This
580-449: Is the time for all the kids to ask for forgiveness from their elders "Su Ma" by preparing a plate off offering with flowers, candles, incenses. The kids then kneel in front of elders and offer the plate with asking for intentional or unintentional mishaps that they may have imposed upon their elders, then the elders would give them the word of forgiveness and bless them with New Year's blessings and tie their wrists with white string to signify
638-501: Is traditionally divided into three sub-states: Southern Shan State (1–2), Northern Shan State (3–7), and Eastern Shan State (8–11). It is officially divided into 11 districts: An additional district, Hopang District , was formed as the 12th district of Shan State in September 2011 by combining the townships of Mongmao , Pangwaun , Namphan , and Pansang from Lashio District with Matman Township from Kengtung District, as well as
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#1732779540718696-541: The 2021 coup and the ensuing civil war , Shan State saw fierce fighting between the military junta and the alliance of ethnic armed rebel groups. In November 2023, the rebels launched an offensive which overran much of Shan State, taking multiple towns, military outposts, and border crossings with China. Most of the Shan State is a hilly plateau , the Shan Plateau, which together with the higher mountains in
754-828: The Chinese yuan and operate on Chinese Standard Time . In the general election of November 2010, 117 seats were open for Shan State Parliament (or Shan State Hluttaw ): two each for 55 townships and seven seats for different ethnic constituencies. But elections for Mongmao , Pangwaun, Pangkham, Namphan, and Mong La Township Constituencies were canceled. Fifty-four candidates from Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), 31 from Shan Nationalities Democratic Party (SNDP), six from PaO National Organization, four from Ta'ang (Palaung) National Party, three each from Inn National Development Party and Wa Democratic Party, four from three other parties, and two independent candidates were elected. Only one candidate from National Unity Party (Burma)
812-820: The Hanthawaddy Kingdom of the 13th to 16th centuries, although the founders of these kingdoms were Burmanized Shans and Monized Shans, respectively. The founding of Shan States inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the Pagan Kingdom in the Shan Hills and accelerated after 1287, when the Pagan Kingdom fell to the Mongols . The Tai people, who came south with the Mongols, stayed, and quickly came to dominate much of northern to
870-620: The Tai languages means "north", Tai Nua ( Thai : ไทเหนือ Dehong Dai : ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ therefore means "Northern Tai" and is used by Tai people to refer to other Tai groups living to the north. However, the naming of the Tai people can be confusing; some publications may also use Dai Kong, Dai Loe, Tai Mao and others, and two different groups of Tai people are called Tai Nua. Tai Neua was one of many ethnics in China who prospered during 17th and 18th century. They came from an area referred to as Muang Neua and were called Tai Muang Neua. The former kingdom of
928-566: The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) leads the Hluttaw. The Shan State High Court is the judiciary of Shan State. The national anthem of Shan State ( Shan : ၵႂၢမ်းၸိူဝ်ႉၸၢတ်ႈတႆး Kwam Jue Jaat Tai ) was composed by Dr Panyan on 7 February 1947. ၸွမ်ပိဝ်သမ်ႉၸၼ်ႇတႃႇ လိူၼ်ၶမ်းၸဝ်ႈၸၵ်ႉၵျႃႇ ၸၢတ်ႈႁဝ်းမီးတေႇၸႃႇ ၽွမ်ႉပဵင်းၸႂ်ဝႃႇၸႃႇ သူၵဝ်ႁဝ်းပဵၼ်ၽူႈမီးၸႂ်သၸ်ၸႃႇ We fly our mighty flag with grace, Adorned in three,
986-577: The 6th village of Tai Nuea in Laos. Today, most of the Tai Nua people live in China, where they are classified with related Tai peoples as the Dai people , one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . The number is estimated at be around 540,000 in China (2001 census), around 700,000 in total including other countries. The Tai Nua people are Buddhist , but mixed with animism and polytheism . The Tai Nuea language
1044-693: The British returned, while many Chinese KMT forces stayed inside Burmese Shan states. Negotiations leading to independence at the Panglong Conference in February 1947 secured a unitary Shan State, including former Wa states, but without the Karenni states. More importantly, Shan State gained the right of secession in 10 years from independence. Soon after gaining independence in January 1948,
1102-697: The Burmese feudal era, Shan states supplied much manpower in the service of Burmese kings. Without Shan manpower, the Burmans alone would not have been able to achieve their victories in Lower Burma, Siam, and elsewhere. Shans were a major part of Burmese forces in the First Anglo-Burmese War of 1824–1826, and fought valiantly—a fact that the British commanders acknowledged. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852,
1160-468: The Burmese kingdom was reduced to Upper Burma alone. The Shan states—especially that east of the Salween River , were essentially autonomous entities, paying token tribute to the king. In 1875, King Mindon , to avoid certain defeat, ceded Karenni states , long part of Shan states, to the British. When the last king of Burma, Thibaw Min , ascended the throne in 1878, the rule of central government
1218-962: The CIA war. Chao La was chief of this village. His family and the families of other Mien officials and military members. Tai Neua fled from Muangsing during 1965 to settle in Nam Keung Mai with few families then when Nam Touiy was lost to communist in early 1973 all of Tai Neua in Nam Touiy fled to join the rest of Tai Nuea in Ban Namkeung Mai. Although, a few families had fled to other countries after Laos lost its war to total communist control in early 1975. Those who fled from Ban Namkeung Mai are now reside in America, France, Switzerland and Canada. Today, more than 30 of Tai Neua families still living in Ban Namkeung Mai, Laos. Ban Namkeung Mai has become
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#17327795407181276-764: The November 2010 election. According to data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the region produces the most opium in Myanmar, accounting for 82% (331 metric tons) of the country's total output (405 metric tons) in 2020. However, opium poppy cultivation has declined year-on-year since 2015. In 2020, cultivation in Shan State declined a further 12%, with reductions taking place in East, North and South Shan with respective decreases of 17%, 10% and 9% from previous levels in 2019. Following
1334-587: The SSA and the Communist Party of Burma (CPB), as well as those of the drug lords Khun Sa , and Lo Hsing Han . By the mid-1960s, CPB had begun receiving open support from China. Thailand also began a decades-long policy of support for non-communist Burmese rebels. Families of insurgent leaders were allowed to live in Thailand, where insurgent armies were free to buy arms, ammunition, and other supplies. In
1392-532: The Shan rebellion, started in 1958 by a small group called Num Hsük Han ('young warriors'), now joined by the Shan State Army (SSA). By the early-1960s, eastern Shan State festered with several insurgencies and warlords, and it emerged as a major opium-growing area, part of the so-called Golden Triangle . Narcotics trafficking became a vital source of revenue for all insurgencies. Major forces consisted of
1450-640: The Shan states were ruled by their saophas as feudatory princely states of the British Crown . The British placed Kachin Hills inside Mandalay Division and northwestern Shan areas under Sagaing Division. In October 1922, the Shan and the Karenni states were merged to create the Federated Shan States , under a commissioner who also administered the Wa States . This arrangement survived
1508-668: The Shan states, including the two strongest—Monhyin and Mogaung by 1605 and Lan Na by 1615. In the early-18th century, the rule of Burmese monarchs declined rapidly and by the 1730s, the northernmost Shan states, many of which had paid dual tribute to China and Burma, had been annexed by the Qing Dynasty of China. The annexed border states ranged from Mogaung and Bhamo in present-day Kachin State to Hsenwi and Kengtung in present-day Shan State to Sipsongpanna (Kyaingyun) in present-day Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture , Yunnan. In
1566-408: The Tai Nua people had its capital at Muang Boo; other main cities included Muang Khwan, Muang Guoen Mai. Tai Nua had many warlords of their own which they referred to as Jao Fa (Lord of Sky) There were many Jao Fa or Khun descent to as late as early 19th century. There are still many Tai Nua villages in China that are still preserving their own heritages. Although Tai Nua in China are considered as
1624-704: The blessing of the monks. Daiju (傣剧) which is classified as a form of "minority drama" (shaoshan minzu xiqu, 少数民族戏曲), is most popular in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, as well as in neighboring Baoshan, both prefectures in westernmost Yunnan province, bordering Burma's Kachin and Shan states. It combines traditional Dai music and dance with stories drawn from long narrative poems (叙事长诗) and folk tales (often from Buddhist tradition), blended with elements derived from Han Chinese theatrical traditions including Dianju (滇剧, Yunnan opera), Beijing opera, and piyingxi (皮影戏, shadow puppet plays). The genre originated in
1682-634: The central government led by U Nu faced several armed rebellions. The most serious was the Chinese Nationalist KMT invasion of Shan State in 1950. Driven out by the Chinese Communist forces, Nationalist KMT armies planned to use the region east of the Salween River as a base from which to regain their homeland. In March 1953, the KMT forces, with US assistance, were on the verge of taking the entire Shan State and within
1740-568: The constitutional changes of 1923 and 1937. During World War II, most of the Shan states were occupied by the Japanese . Chinese Kuomintang forces who illegally entered Burmese territory came down to northeastern Shan states to face the Japanese. Thai forces, allied with the Japanese, occupied Kengtung and surrounding areas in 1942, annexing the territory to the Thai state. After the war,
1798-511: The creation of new plays such as "Lang Huatie" 《朗画帖》, "Long Gong Bao" 《龙宫保 》, and "Lang Gaohan" 《朗高罕》. During this time, the troupe invited Beijing opera and Dianju performers of Han ethnicity as visiting instructors, also sending Daiju performers to Kunming and other cities to receive further instruction in Chinese opera techniques. Upon the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Daiju
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1856-408: The east, and Thailand ( Chiang Rai , Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son Provinces ) to the south, and five administrative divisions of Myanmar in the west. The largest of the 14 administrative divisions by land area, Shan State covers 155,800 km , almost a quarter of the total area of Myanmar. The state gets its name from the Burmese name for the Tai peoples: " Shan people ". The Tai (Shan) constitute
1914-666: The eastern arc of Burma—from northwestern Sagaing Division to Kachin Hills to the present-day Shan Hills. The most powerful Shan states were Mong Yang (Mohnyin) and Mong Kawng (Mogaung) in present-day Kachin State, followed by Hsenwi (Theinni), Hsipaw (Thibaw) and Mong Mit (Momeik) in present-day northern Shan State. Smaller Shan states, such as Kale in northwestern Sagaing Division , Bhamo in Kachin State, Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe) and Kengtung (Kyaingtong) in Shan State, and Mong Pai (Mobye) in Kayah State , played
1972-505: The first Daiju play, entitled "Xiang Meng" (相勐). Around 1880, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor (光緒帝, r. 1875–1908), Dao Yingting (刀盈廷), the chief of Ganya, created the play "Mu Ying Zheng Nan" (沐英征南). . Around 1910, following his return from Japan, Dao Yingting's son Dao Anren (刀安仁), a shadow puppetry enthusiast who also served as chief of Ganya, formed the first professional Daiju troupe, which had 30 members, and supervised
2030-479: The golden moon shines, We join together, our hearts and minds, Our nation, abundant in riches have we, Forever, we are united and free." The people of Shan State can be divided into ten primary ethnic groups: the Shan (Tai), Pa-O , Intha , Lahu , Lisu , Taungyo , Danu , Palaung , Ahka , and Kachin ( Jingpo ). Tai Nua people Tai Nüa ( Dehong Dai : ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ Tai Lə; Chinese: 傣那 Dǎinà )
2088-504: The kingdom fell to the British. (The northernmost Shan states, in Yunnan, had already fallen to the Chinese Ming dynasty by the middle of the 15th century. ) The reach of the Burmese sovereign waxed and waned with the ability of each Burmese monarch. Shan states became briefly independent following the collapse of the first Toungoo dynasty, in 1599. The Restored Toungoo dynasty under King Nyaungyan and King Anaukpetlun recovered
2146-590: The land that makes up modern Shan State. Lanjao, alongside Muang Tai are often used in political and nationalist dialogue when referring to the region. Shan State is the unitary successor state to the Burmese Shan States, the princely states that were under some degree of control of the Irrawaddy valley -based Burmese kingdoms. Historical Tai-Mao states extended well beyond the Burmese Shan States, ranging from full-fledged kingdoms of Assam in
2204-548: The late Qing Dynasty, when Dai traditional artists and intellectuals worked to translate scripts from Beijing opera, Sichuan opera, and Dianju into the Dai language, creating a new form of theater for Dai people to enjoy. During the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (同治帝, r. 1861–1875), Shang He (尚贺), a resident of Yingjiang County (盈江县, then known as Ganya, 干崖), in what is today Dehong Prefecture, drew on old Dai literature to create
2262-502: The late-1980s and 1990s, the military government signed ceasefire agreements with 17 groups, including all major players in Shan State. An uneasy truce has ensued, but all forces remain heavily armed. Today, the 20,000-strong United Wa State Army (UWSA) is the largest armed group, and is heavily involved in the narcotics trade. Under the 2008 Constitution, endorsed by the Burmese junta , certain UWSA-controlled areas were given
2320-400: The left bank of the Salween. This article related to a river in Myanmar is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Shan State Shan State ( Shan : မိူင်းတႆး , Möng Tai ; Burmese : ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် , pronounced [ʃáɰ̃ pjìnɛ̀] ) is a state of Myanmar . Shan State borders China ( Yunnan ) to the north, Laos ( Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces ) to
2378-631: The main Yangon – Mandalay Road; another road via Ywangan and Pindaya branches off from Kyaukse south of Mandalay . The railhead stops short of Taunggyi at Shwenyaung , again from Thazi junction, and nearby Heho has an airport. A severe magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck in Tarlay, Tachileik Township, the eastern part of Shan State, on 24 March 2011. It killed more than 70 and injured more than 100 people. 390 houses, 14 Buddhist monasteries, and nine government buildings were damaged. Shan State
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2436-438: The majority among several ethnic groups that inhabit the area. Shanland is largely rural, with only three cities of significant size: Lashio , Kengtung , and the capital, Taunggyi . Taunggyi is 150.7 km northeast of the nation's capital Naypyitaw . The Shan state, with many ethnic groups, is home to several armed ethnic groups. While the military government has signed ceasefire agreements with most groups, vast areas of
2494-570: The middle of the 18th century, the Burmese Konbaung dynasty 's reassertion of the easternmost boundaries of Burmese Shan states led to war with China. It made four separate invasions of Burma from 1765 to 1769, during the Sino-Burmese War. The Burmese success in repelling Chinese forces laid the foundation for the present-day boundary between Burma and China. The present-day boundary of southern Shan State vis-à-vis Thailand
2552-412: The most opium in Myanmar, though production has declined in recent years. Muang Tai ( Shan : မိူင်းတႆး ) is the native name for the region as well as a term used for the Tai-inhabited parts of Myanmar outside of Shan State. Muang (မိူင်း) means country in Tai languages and is used before the names of other countries, e.g. Muang Maan (Myanmar). Shan Pyi ( Burmese : ရှမ်းပြည် ) derives from
2610-544: The north and south forms the Shan Hills system. The gorge of the Thanlwin (Salween/Namhkong) River cuts across the state. Inle Lake where the leg-rowing Intha people live in floating villages, in the great Nyaung Shwe "plain", is the second largest natural expanse of water in Burma, shallow but 14 miles (23 km) long and 7 miles (11 km) wide. Pindaya Caves near Aungpan are vast limestone caverns which contain 6,226 Buddha images. The road to Taunggyi via Kalaw and Aungpan branches off at Thazi from
2668-406: The northwest to Lan Xang in the east, to Lan Na and Ayutthaya in the southeast, as well as several petty princely states in between, covering present-day northern Chin State , northern Sagaing Division , Kachin State , Kayah State in Myanmar as well as Laos , Thailand and the southwestern part of Yunnan , China. The definition of Burmese Shan States does not include the Ava Kingdom and
2726-405: The sacrament of the procession. It is also the time for Tai Neua people to make traditional cake such as Sesame rice cake "Khao Pook Nga"; rice ball cake "Kao Ke Mah" and people would invite friends and family to join with special meals throughout the week long until the very first day of New Year "Meu Ho Leun Sam" then the festivity will be held at the temple for the big and final celebration with
2784-406: The state, especially those east of the Salween River , remain outside the central government's control, and in recent years have come under heavy ethnic- Han Chinese economic and political influence. Other areas are under the control of military groups such as the Shan State Army . According to data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Shan State is the region that produces
2842-425: The status of an autonomous region. In recent decades, Chinese state and ethnic Chinese involvement in Shan State has deepened. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from China have come to work in Upper Burma since the 1990s. Chinese investment in the state has funded everything from hydro power and mining projects to rubber plantations, logging, and wildlife trade. Wa and Kokang regions, led by local leaders, use
2900-483: The status of governorships, but the Saophas were permitted to retain their royal regalia and their feudal rights over their own subjects. Bayinnaung introduced Burmese customary law and prohibited all human and animal sacrifices. He also required the sons of Saophas to reside in the Burmese king's palace, essentially hostages, in order to ensure the good conduct of their fathers and to receive training in Burmese court life. Burmese kings continued this policy until 1885 when
2958-411: The townships and subtownships of Hopang , Panlong , and Namtit from Kunlong District. The Shan State Government is the cabinet of Shan State in Myanmar . The legislature of Shan State in Burma, called Hluttaw was established on 8 February 2016. It is a unicameral body, consisting of 137 members—103 elected members and 34 military representatives. As of February 2016, Sai Long Hseng of
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#17327795407183016-438: The villages located right inside the town of Xiang Tung such as: Xao Paed, Bo Heua, Nong Kham, Pa Laeng and Suan Luang. Since Laos civil war in the middle of 1960, some Tai Neua had fled Muang Sing to escape newly communist control in Muang Sing to Bokeo province and settled in 25 km to the North of Ban Houeisai called Ban Namkeung Mai. This little slope area along the Mekong river is first settle by Yao or Mien ethnic during
3074-455: The years. A Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States finally conquered Ava in 1527. In 1555, King Bayinnaung dislodged Shan king Sithu Kyawhtin from Ava. By 1557 he went on to conquer all of what would become known as the Burmese Shan states under his rule, from the Assamese border in the northwest to those in Kachin Hills and Shan Hills , including the two most powerful Shan states, Mohnyin and Mogaung. The Shan states were reduced to
3132-430: Was developed further, and the first county- and prefecture-level state troupes were organized in the early 1960s, during which decade many new plays were created and arranged. Following the Cultural Revolution, Daiju performances resumed in 1980. In 1987, a Daiju troupe performed outside China for the first time; each of the performances in Burma drew 10,000 people, an unprecedented occurrence. The genre has been described as
3190-415: Was elected for Shan State Hluttaw (2011), although it was the second largest party in term of numbers of candidates. In 2011, Aung Myat (aka Sao Aung Myat), a former military officer of the Myanmar Army and a USDP candidate of Pindaya constituencies, was named as Chief Minister of Shan State Government. Two candidates from SNDP were named for the first Shan State Government. Sai Ai Pao (aka Sai Aik Paung)
3248-522: Was formed shortly thereafter. Burma lost southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) in 1776 and northern Lan Na ( Chiang Saen ) in 1786 to a resurgent Bangkok-based Siam, ending more than two centuries of Burmese suzerainty over the region. It retained only Kengtung on the Burmese side. The southern border of Shan State remained contested in the following years. Siam invaded Kengtung in 1803–1804 and 1852–1854 , and Burma invaded Lan Na in 1797 and 1804. Siam occupied Kengtung during World War II (1942–1945). Throughout
3306-422: Was named for Industry and Mining Minister and Sai Naw Kham (aka Tun Tun Aung) was named for Construction Minister. In the Shan State cabinets (2011), one was from the Myanmar Army and six were from the Union Soldiery and Development Party (USDP). Sai Mauk Kham (aka Maung Ohn), one of the two vice presidents of Myanmar (2011–2015), was elected from Shan State No. 3 Constituency as a National Assembly candidate in
3364-442: Was so weak that Thibaw had to send thousands of troops to tame a rebellion in the Shan state of Mongnai and other eastern Shan states for the remainder of his six-year reign. On 28 November 1885, the British captured Mandalay , officially ending the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 11 days. But it took until 1890 for the British to subdue all of the various Shan states. Under the British colonial administration, established in 1887,
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