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74-499: The Supreme Court of Namibia is the highest court in the judicial system of Namibia . It is the court of last resort and the highest appellate court in the country. It is located in the city centre of Namibia's capital city, Windhoek . A Supreme Court decision is supreme in that it can only be reversed by an Act of Parliament that contradicts it, or by another ruling of the Supreme Court itself. Namibia's Supreme Court

148-658: A civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts , headed by a supreme administrative court (such as the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland , for example). A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court or other judicial or quasi-judicial body (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 ), such as Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Russia, Spain and South Africa. Within

222-531: A 54 percent to 46 percent margin. Nevada then immediately established a Nevada Court of Appeals . The new court operates under a "push down" or "deflective" model similar to Iowa, in which the intermediate appellate court handles the tedious task known as "error correction" among appellate specialists. That is, all appeals are still filed with the Supreme Court of Nevada, but are then screened to determine whether they involve truly novel issues of law or important issues of public policy, as opposed to contentions that

296-622: A draft by Hans Kelsen ) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality . This function is performed by the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof ), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ). The Supreme Court ( Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH) ), stands at

370-704: A duty of judicial review, and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution. As with France, administrative cases are ruled by the Council of State . In Japan , the Supreme Court of Japan is called 最高裁判所 (Saikō-Saibansho; called 最高裁 Saikō-Sai for short), located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and is the highest court in Japan. It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret

444-512: A federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States ), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada ), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law . However, other federations, such as Canada, may have a supreme court of general jurisdiction, able to decide any question of law. Jurisdictions with

518-713: A few years afterward). The Court divided itself into two three-justice panels which rotate membership every 12 months. The majority of cases are now heard and decided by the three-justice panels, with one panel in Carson City and one panel in Las Vegas . The Chief Justice is the administrative head of the court system, with authority to divide the work of the Supreme Court among the justices, assign district judges to assist in other judicial districts or to special functions, and assign retired judges or justices to appropriate temporary duty. The advantage of this system, of course,

592-511: A further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled – whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice – with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that

666-595: A new and different court was introduced to judge them in place of normal courts, the Justice Court of the Republic ( Cour de Justice de la République ). It has since been highly criticized and is scheduled for deletion in a constitutional amendment due for 2019. In Germany , there is no de jure single supreme court. Instead, cases are decided in the final instance by one of five federal high courts (see below), depending on their nature. Final interpretation of

740-578: A single highest court. Some federations, such as the United States, also do not have a single highest court. The highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court", for example, the High Court of Australia . On the other hand, in some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court , the supreme courts of several Canadian provinces/territories , and

814-514: A supreme court owes much to the framers of the Constitution of the United States . It was while debating the division of powers between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention established the parameters for the national judiciary. Creating a separate "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial power

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888-435: A term of six years. This was increased to five justices in 1967, and to seven justices in 1997. Despite experiencing a spectacular population boom in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, Nevada was unable for many years to establish an intermediate appellate court, like the vast majority of U.S. states. Attempts to create one all failed at the ballot box in 1972, 1980, 1992, and 2010. The result was extraordinarily severe congestion at

962-454: A uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts. The High Court of Australia

1036-440: Is Windhoek's only building erected post-independence in an African style of architecture. The building was constructed to contain two court rooms, four offices for justices, and a law library on the first floor. Erection and design of the building involved extensive geotechnical investigations because it is situated on top of a geological fault . The mandate and powers of the Supreme Court are regulated by Articles 78, 79 and 138 of

1110-530: Is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of

1184-604: Is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against treaties such as the European Convention on Human Rights . Next to the Hoge Raad, in administrative law there are also other highest courts of appeal. Which highest court has jurisdiction in this field of law depends on the subject of

1258-477: Is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to

1332-476: Is by way of the " question préjudicielle " (prejudicial question). The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the " Cour de cassation ". For administrative proceedings the highest court is the " Cour administrative " (Administrative Court). The supreme court of Macau is the Court of Final Appeal ( Portuguese : Tribunal de Última Instância ; Chinese : 澳門終審法院 ), though like Hong Kong,

1406-506: Is convened only when one high court intends to diverge from another high court's legal opinion. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently. The Supreme Court of Iceland ( Icelandic : Hæstiréttur Íslands , lit . Highest Court of Iceland ) was founded under Act No. 22/1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920. The Court holds

1480-549: Is divided among three judicial bodies: When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts: the Court of Arbitration ( Tribunal des conflits ), which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the Minister of Justice , is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision. The High Court ( Haute Cour ) exists only to impeach

1554-611: Is just one aspect of the sovereign authority of the Crown . It was also proposed in the Constitutional Convention that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive power to exercise a veto or to revise laws. In the end, the Framers of the Constitution compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary, vesting of federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as

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1628-683: Is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903 . It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the Judiciary Act , and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia , currently Stephen Gageler AC , and six other Justices. They are appointed by

1702-424: Is that it is easier and faster to negotiate a consensus on the key points of a majority opinion among three instead of seven justices. The disadvantages are that the two panels might inadvertently issue conflicting majority opinions; and that an appellant might be ruled against by two justices on a panel of three, who might have been a minority if the case had been heard by a full court of seven justices. Meanwhile,

1776-542: Is the court of last resort of electoral law , and also oversees general elections . The Superior Military Court ( Tribunal Superior Militar ) is the highest court in matters of federal military law . In Croatia , the supreme jurisdiction is given to the Supreme Court , which secures a uniform application of laws. The Constitutional Court exists to verify constitutionality of laws and regulations, as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies. It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between

1850-645: Is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the states, and the ability to interpret the Constitution of Australia and thereby shape the development of federalism in Australia . The High Court

1924-678: The Bundesarbeitsgericht (Federal Labour Court) for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Fiscal Court) for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court itself, but an ad-hoc body that

1998-837: The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords . Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998 , Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at

2072-604: The Court of Judicature , and the rarely cited Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales as the Senior Courts of England and Wales ). The Supreme Court was set up in 2009; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body , and the Lord Chancellor , with legislative and executive functions, was also a senior judge in the House of Lords. The Supreme Court of

2146-481: The Governor-General of Australia on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh, 1972. There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court, i.e. (a) Appellate Division and (b) High Court Division. Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise

2220-565: The High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases, with the notable exception of constitutional cases. In New Zealand , the right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act (2003). A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created, but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to

2294-546: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law , its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales ) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of

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2368-485: The Middlesex Guildhall in London with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth realm countries, admiralty cases, and certain appeals from the ecclesiastical courts and statutory private jurisdictions, such as professional and academic bodies. (The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland to

2442-582: The Namibian Constitution . It hears appeals against High Court decisions and matters referred from the Attorney General , particularly those that concern constitutional matters. It can also hear matters referred to it by parliamentary authorisation. The Supreme Court regulates its own procedures and makes Rules of Court. A Supreme Court decision can only be reversed by an Act of Parliament that contradicts it, or by another ruling of

2516-702: The President of the French Republic in case of "breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office". Since a constitutional amendment of 2007, the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament. As of 2023, it has never been convened. While the President is not , members of the French government are subject to the same laws as other French citizens. However, since 1993,

2590-599: The President of the United States and must be confirmed by the Senate . There are no specific requirements set out in the Constitution for Supreme Court nominees. Each U.S. state also has its own state supreme court , the highest authority in interpreting that state's law and administering that state's judiciary. The courts of Oklahoma and Texas have separate criminal and civil courts of last resort, while Delaware has separate courts for appellate and equity functions. The official names of state supreme courts vary, as do

2664-497: The district courts . The Supreme Court does not pursue fact-finding by conducting trials , but rather determines whether legal errors were committed in the rendering of the lower court's decision. While the Court must consider all cases filed, it has the discretion to send appeals to the Nevada Court of Appeals for final resolution, as well as the power to determine the jurisdiction of that court. There are seven Justices on

2738-501: The 1980s to the present, Nevada state supreme court justices have been burdened with the highest per-justice caseloads of any state supreme court in the United States. In January 1999, to bring its soaring backlog under control, the Supreme Court of Nevada adopted for the first time a measure that was frequently used by the Supreme Court of California prior to the creation of the California Courts of Appeal in 1904 (and for

2812-736: The Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence. The Supreme Court of India

2886-538: The Congress may from time to time ordain and establish". They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the Judicial Branch as a whole. In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply

2960-481: The Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). It has the power of judicial review (i.e., it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly, and administrative actions, unconstitutional). In Luxembourg , challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the Cour constitutionnelle (Constitutional Court). The most used and common procedure to present these challenges

3034-458: The Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Republic of Ireland . It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It

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3108-677: The German Constitution, the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective. In addition, it has the power to overrule decisions of all other courts, despite not being a court of appeals in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing

3182-638: The Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin . In Nauru , there is no single highest court for all types of cases. The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on constitutional matters, but any other case may be appealed further to the Appellate Court . In addition, an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to

3256-586: The High Court as the apex court, except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary .) The Supreme Court was established by

3330-521: The Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand. The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand . In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to

3404-480: The Supreme Court did not have its own building. The Supreme Court building, situated in Michael Scott Street on Eliakim Namundjebo Plaza in central Windhoek , was built between 1994 and 1996 as an "imposing and functional building" to represent "the integrity and soul of the [...] Constitution". It was designed in a north African style in order to avoid resemblance of European colonial buildings, and it

3478-700: The Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction. The Supreme Court is the highest court in Nigeria. The Supreme Court mainly regulates in disputes between states and/or the federal government. Another power of the Supreme court rests in its authority to oversee any decisions over presidential elections and term lengths. The Supreme Court has been

3552-555: The Supreme Court itself. The Chief Justice of Namibia presides over the Supreme Court. They are supported by Judges of Appeal. All Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president on recommendation by the Judicial Service Commission. The current Chief Justice is His Lordship Peter Shivute . 22°34′08″S 17°05′10″E  /  22.5689°S 17.0861°E  / -22.5689; 17.0861 Supreme court Civil law states tend not to have

3626-403: The Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan. The provinces have their own courts system, with

3700-552: The United States , established in 1789, is the highest federal court in the United States . It has final appellate powers over the federal court system , and can perform judicial review in matters involving US federal law (which applies to all the states). There are currently nine members of the US Supreme Court, however, there is no number specified in the Constitution. New members are nominated to life terms by

3774-471: The apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 (previously the Privy Council had that function). The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of constitutional law, federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence. It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised. With respect to Pakistan's autonomous territories (i.e. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan)

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3848-498: The appellate level, as all appeals must be processed through the state supreme court. The alternative would be to have no right to appeal, since the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that appeal is not a constitutional right, which until the early 2000s was the actual situation in New Hampshire and West Virginia , as well as Virginia until 2023. Nevada, however, has guaranteed its residents a right to appeal since statehood. From

3922-548: The case. The most important of these courts is the Department of Justice of the Council of State (Afdeling Bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State). In Portugal , there are several supreme courts, each with a specific jurisdiction: Until 2003, a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction, this being the Supreme Military Court ( Supremo Tribunal Militar ). Presently, in time of peace,

3996-399: The court, who are elected to six-year terms in officially nonpartisan elections and who are not subject to term limits, which were rejected by voters in 1996. The Governor appoints Justices in the case of a vacancy. The most senior justice becomes Chief Justice for a two-year term. When Nevada was admitted to the federal Union in 1864, three justices were elected to the Supreme Court for

4070-551: The former British Empire , the highest court within a colony was often called the "Supreme Court", even though appeals could be made from that court to the United Kingdom 's Privy Council (based in London). A number of Commonwealth jurisdictions retain this system, but many others have reconstituted their own highest court as a court of last resort, with the right of appeal to the Privy Council being abolished. The idea of

4144-405: The former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales and Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland , which are all subordinate to higher courts of appeal. Some countries have multiple "supreme courts" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. Some countries with a federal system of government may have both

4218-442: The high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic . The Superior Court of Justice ( Superior Tribunal de Justiça ) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Court ( Tribunal Superior do Trabalho ) reviews cases involving labour law . The Superior Electoral Court ( Tribunal Superior Eleitoral )

4292-413: The highest judicial power in Iceland. The court system was transformed from a two level system to a three level system in 2018 with the establishment of Landsréttur. Israel 's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel . It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem . The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court

4366-401: The importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order " trial de novo " (a retrial). Italy has different supreme courts. The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the Supreme Court of Cassation . There is also a separate constitutional court, the Constitutional Court , which has

4440-424: The interpretation of the constitution (for example, it can overturn a law passed by Congress if it deems it unconstitutional). According to the Armenian constitution the Court of Cassation of Armenia is the highest court in Armenia , except in the sphere of constitutional justice, in which the Constitutional Court of Armenia maintains authority. In Austria , the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on

4514-481: The law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at

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4588-458: The legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג"ץ), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under

4662-462: The legislative, executive and judicial branches. In Denmark , all ordinary courts have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases, including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature. As a result, there exists no special constitutional court, and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court ( Højesteret ) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III . In France , supreme appellate jurisdiction

4736-463: The posts of Justice, Judge, and Justices of the Peace are members of successively lower levels of courts. The Roman law and the Corpus Juris Civilis are generally held to be the historical model for civil law. From the late 18th century onwards, civil law jurisdictions began to codify their laws, most of all in civil codes . The Supreme Court functions as a last resort tribunal. Its rulings cannot be appealed. It also decides on cases dealing with

4810-461: The power and authority to outlaw political parties, should their manifests or activism prove unconstitutional. When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht (Federal Social Court) for matters of social security,

4884-444: The power to interpret the Basic Law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing, without retroactive effect. The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ( Spanish : Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación ) is the highest court in Mexico. In the Netherlands , the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court

4958-445: The powers of a court of the first instance. Whereas, the High Court Division is a Court of the first instance in writ/judicial review, company, and admiralty matters. In Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong ) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with

5032-440: The state supreme court continued to lobby the people and the legislature of the state of Nevada to create an intermediate appellate court. The Legislature eventually authorized the latest attempt to appear on the November 2, 2010 ballot. Question 2, however, was narrowly rejected by 53% of the 670,126 votes cast. The same issue appeared again as Question 1 on the November 4, 2014 ballot, which was narrowly approved by Nevada voters by

5106-401: The supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice, which now includes four military judges. Supreme Court of Nevada The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada , and the head of the Nevada Judiciary . The main constitutional function of the Supreme Court is to review appeals made directly from the decisions of

5180-400: The titles of its members, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions. Alternative names for supreme courts includes Court of Appeals , Supreme Court of Appeals and Supreme Judicial Court . However the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division is a lower court, not a supreme court. The titles for judicial officeholders can cause confusion, even within the same jurisdiction. In Texas ,

5254-552: The top of Austria's system of " ordinary courts " ( ordentliche Gerichte ) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law . In Brazil , the Supreme Federal Court ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state, members of

5328-415: The trial court erred by failing to apply existing precedent. Based on historical data, about one third of future Nevada appeals are expected to fall into the latter category and will be reassigned to the Court of Appeals, thereby enabling the state supreme court to focus on deciding hard questions in the remaining cases. In turn, appeals from the decisions of the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court will be at

5402-467: Was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution . Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India while article 142 vests the court with the inherent power to pass any decree or order to ensure 'complete justice'. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret

5476-489: Was founded on 21 March 1990, the day of Namibian Independence. Although it has the Supreme Court of South West Africa as its predecessor, the latter was not a supreme court in the sense that appeals against its rulings would be allowed; the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa would hear those, and they would be prosecuted by the Supreme Court of South-West Africa. At its inception in 1990,

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