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37-740: The Namtu Bawdwin Mines were the world's largest source of lead , and one of the world's largest sources of silver before the Second World War . Before the British arrived in the 1880s, the Saopha of Tawngpeng controlled the mines at Namtu, although the mining work was undertaken not by the Palaung but by the Chinese from Yunnan Province across the border. The mines fell into disuse when

74-579: A Chinese colony, with a population of 20,000. During these early mining activities, only silver was extracted and the lead was left behind. The mine was operated by the Chinese until 1868, when it was abandoned as a result of the Mohammedan rebellion in Yunnan . Their exploitation in the mine's depths was not significantly pursued until British and American engineers began work in the twentieth century. In

111-417: A ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in

148-791: A ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam . The decision came after Henry Kissinger , the National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C. , from Paris, France , with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam . By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord . After Iraq

185-636: A globally significant zinc producer. Updated resource estimates on 8 August 2019 returned indicated and Inferred Mineral Resource estimate rises to 100.6Mt at 4.0% Pb, 3.1 Oz/t (97 g/t) Ag, 1.9% Zn and 0.2% Cu. The Shan State Army (SSA-North)'s Third Brigade has been active in Mongmit, Kyaukme, Hsipaw, Namtu and Lashio. It reached a cease-fire agreement with the Burmese military government (SLORC) in 1989, and its activities have been severely curtailed. The Palaung State Liberation Organization, also active in

222-499: A third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter . The immediate goal of

259-652: Is no peace treaty. On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division , 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho . The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon , causing more casualties. On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered

296-734: The UN 's acceptance of India 's proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the UN Command on the one side and the Korean People's Army (KPA) and the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north . These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President Syngman Rhee , who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to

333-864: The lode was followed to the ground water level. They were revived by the British and the largest mines were operated by the Burma Corporation at the beginning of the 20th century. Today the Namtu mines are under state control, known as No 1 Mining Enterprise and run by the Ministry of Mines. Lead, zinc and nickel are also produced by the mines. Zinc was bought mainly by Japan , and the other minerals sent to Namtu for smelting before being marketed abroad. In February 1998, 3,000 workers went on strike for better working conditions and increase in wages for underground miners . A Chinese company won

370-506: The Bawdwin mine. PFS done in 2019 resulted in Phase 1 of mining operations at Bawdwin, a 13 year Starter Pit, will set Bawdwin up to be a world leading producer of lead and silver as well as a significant zinc producer. In steady state production, Bawdwin’s Starter Pit would be the 3rd largest-producing lead mine in the world, the 10th largest-producing silver mine in the world, as well as being

407-579: The British Empire before World War II . It was first mined by the Chinese in the 15th century. The Bawdwin Mine, known locally as Bawdwingyi, is situated nearby Lashio in the northern Shan State's Namtu Township , in Myanmar (formerly Upper Burma ). Chinese miners have been extracting minerals from the deposit as early as 1412 A.D. Within 40 miles of the Chinese border, Bawdwin was formerly

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444-463: The UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war. The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of

481-684: The US during Operation Desert Strike . The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein 's regime from power. A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan , on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of

518-596: The United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic . On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days. The 2024 Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire

555-527: The Western Front. One account described the development in the following words: It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities. There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce , and

592-460: The abandoned copper-lead mine was in the enormous lead left behind in the surface slag . The mines had been worked by the Chinese from 1400 until 1850, mainly for silver. However, after separating the silver via cupellation , the lead was left behind. The Chinese left "hundreds of dumps and tunnels, extending over nearly three miles." One open was a thousand feet long, five hundred feet wide, and three hundred feet deep. Lead production began in 1908,

629-437: The adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict. Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs . Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when

666-414: The ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause Gaza fighting , allow for

703-741: The ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018. The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict. An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined

740-635: The ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the United States , North Korea and China to participate in continued peace talks, the principal belligerents of the war established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint Republic of Korea Army , US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still

777-548: The conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented. The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. peacekeeping ). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about

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814-514: The contract in 2002 for the construction of a zinc oxide plant at Namtu, processing 50,000 tonnes of zinc slag annually and the zinc oxide to be exported to a smelter in Yunnan. The Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) captured the town from the State Administration Council (SAC) on 28 December 2023 following a fight that lasted 4 days. In 1904, Herbert Hoover , representing Bewick, Moreing and Company, visited

851-621: The dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite , a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor

888-509: The domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment. By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020. Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God' . During World War I , on December 24, 1914, there

925-511: The early 1900s, Herbert Hoover of the Burma Corporation managed the site as a mining consultant. In 1906, an operational company under the British-owned Burma Corporation, Burma Mines Ltd. , acquired the controlling interests in the mine. One of Myanmar's richest natural resources, the polymetallic mine yields silver, lead, zinc, copper and other metals. One of the largest high-grade silver-lead-zinc ore bodies in

962-481: The mines upon the urging of A.C. Martin. Martin was building the railway from Mandalay to Lashio and owned the lease. Hoover arranged capital to develop the mines and agreed to invest some of his own savings in what he called "the largest chance of my life." The capital was also used to link the mines via rail to the main line and erect a smelter in Mandalay to melt the slags. The initial promise of financial return from

999-466: The princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up

1036-483: The region and another one of the cease-fire groups, announced a ban on the cultivation of the opium poppy in the area under their control. They had alleged that the Burmese military was levying a tax on the poppy farmers. Bawdwin Mine Bawdwin Mine ( Burmese : ဘော်တွင်းသတ္တုတွင်း ) is a historical mine in northeast Myanmar (formerly Burma ) which was one of the largest mines controlled by

1073-524: The release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners. Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War . Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2023, Donald Trump told

1110-401: The same year Hoover became managing director of Burma Mines. The "Chinaman Tunnel" was completed in 1910. Hoover became chairman of the board in 1914. The two mile long "Tiger Tunnel" gained access to "one of the largest and richest lead-zinc-silver ore bodies ever discovered." Production of that ore started in 1916 after the construction of mills and hydroelectric plants. In 1911, the smelter

1147-557: The war resumed after a few days. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 . On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War . With

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1184-520: The war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait; Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones , US President Bill Clinton 's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox , and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by

1221-648: The world called the "Chinaman Lode" was discovered on the site in 1913. At the Bawdwin Mine, there were two separate sections: the Shan part to the north and the "Chinaman," which contained the Chinaman lode. In 1945, the Bawdwin Mine was captured by Chinese troops under the American command of Lieutenant General Daniel Isom Sultan . The site was rebuilt in 1951 following its destruction during World War II, and it

1258-582: Was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France , the United Kingdom , and Germany observed Christmas . There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees , it quickly spread up and down

1295-537: Was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm , Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War ,

1332-632: Was moved to Namtu and monthly lead production was 1000 tons and 22,000 ounces of silver. Total production from 1909 through Oct. 1915 was 66,000 tons of lead and 1,432,000 ounces of silver from 158,000 tons of slag and 35,000 tons of ore. In 2018, ASX listed Myanmar Metals bought out a majority 51% participating interest in the Bawdwin Project in joint venture with its two local project partners, Win Myint Mo Industries Co. Ltd. (WMM) and EAP Global Co. Ltd. (EAP) who each hold 25% of

1369-400: Was nationalized in 1963. 23°06′36″N 97°17′49″E  /  23.110°N 97.297°E  / 23.110; 97.297 Cease-fire A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice ), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by

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