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42-515: Nanai may refer to: The Nanai people of northeastern Asia Nanai language , the native language of the Nanai people Joshua Nanai (born 2002), New Zealand recording artist and record producer known professionally as Jawsh 685 Nanai, Mesopotamian goddess commonly transcribed as Nanaya Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

84-402: A bird and fly off. When an infant dies they are not buried. Instead they are wrapped in a paper made of birch bark and placed in a large tree somewhere in the forest. The soul of the child, or the bird, is then free to enter back into a woman. It is common practice in preparing a funeral rite of an infant to mark it with coal, such as drawing a bracelet around the wrist. If a child is later born to

126-520: A ceiling, and an earthen or clay floor. The house was heated by two kanovye hearths. In extreme cold, the Ulch also used large metal braziers on three legs with burning coals. A characteristic feature of the Ulch winter dwelling is the presence of a "dog table", or uycheu - a low platform on which sled dogs were fed. Summer dwellings were of two types - quadrangular made of poles with gable roofs, covered with bark (daura) and pile letniki (gengga). While fishing,

168-482: A devil's fur earmuffs were worn under such a hat. In the summer they used birch bark hats. Shoes were made of fish, deer and elk leather (rovduga), seal and sea lion leather. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai people by Ulch people. According to Sukernik et al. (2012), the mitochondrial DNA of the present-day Ulchi population belongs predominantly to haplogroup Y1a (69/160 = 43.1%), which

210-416: A great reverence for the bear ( Doonta ) and the tiger ( Amba ). They consider that the shamans have the power to expel bad spirits by means of prayers to the gods. During the centuries they have been worshippers of the spirits of the sun, the moon, the mountains, the water and the trees. According to their beliefs, the land was once flat until great serpents gouged out the river valleys. They consider that all

252-427: A special ritual must be performed to chase the evil spirit away. After death, a person's soul is put into a temporary shelter made of cloth, called a lachako. The souls of the deceased will remain in the lachako for seven days before being moved to a wooden sort of doll called a panyo , where it will remain until the final funerary ritual. The panyo is taken care of as if it is a living person; for example, it

294-592: A woman that has similar markings to those drawn on a deceased child then it is believed to be the same soul reborn. The deceased were normally buried in the ground with the exception of children who died prior to the first birthday; these are buried in tree branches as a "wind burial". Many Nanai are also Tibetan Buddhist . In Russia the Nanai live on the Sea of Okhotsk , on the Amur River , downstream from Khabarovsk , on both sides of Komsomolsk-on-Amur , as well as on

336-490: Is 84%.) However, as of 2005 teachers have recently finished compiling what is probably the first Hezhe language textbook. The 2000 Chinese census recorded 4640 Nanai in China. (Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.45% of China's Nanai population.) Ulchs The Ulch people , also known as Ulch or Ulchi , ( Russian : ульчи , obsolete ольчи; Ulch : нани , nani) are an Indigenous people of

378-420: Is given a bed to sleep in each night, with a pillow and blanket to match its miniature size. The closest family member is in charge of taking care of the deceased’s panyo . Each night this family member puts the panyo to bed and then wakes it in the morning. The panyo has a small hole carved where the mouth of a person would be, so that a pipe may occasionally be placed there and allow the deceased to smoke. If

420-435: Is shared with Nivkhs, Koryaks, Evens, and Mongolians and is estimated to have a time to most recent common ancestor of approximately 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years before present on the basis of complete genomes or approximately 1,800 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,900) years before present on the basis of synonymous positions. Another 20% of the present-day Ulchi population belongs to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D , which

462-558: Is significantly more diverse than their haplogroup Y1a mtDNA and can be resolved as follows: 12/160 = 7.5% D4o2, 4/160 = 2.5% D4h, 3/160 = 1.9% D4e4, 3/160 = 1.9% D4j, 2/160 = 1.25% D3, 2/160 = 1.25% D4c2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% D4b2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4g2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4m2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4o1, 1/160 = 0.6% D5a. Haplogroups C (20/160 = 12.5%, including 11/160 = 6.9% C5, 5/160 = 3.1% C4b, 3/160 = 1.9% C4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% C1a) and G (14/160 = 8.75%, including 12/160 = 7.5% G1b and 2/160 = 1.25% G2a1) are also well represented. The remainder of

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504-743: The 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China where they are known as "Hezhe" ( 赫哲族 ; Hèzhé Zú ). According to the last census of 2004, they numbered 4,640 in China (mostly in Heilongjiang province). Chinese Nanai speak the Hezhen dialect of Nanai . They also have a rich oral literature known as the Yimakan . The dialect does not have a written system in China and Nanai usually write in Chinese. (Second language literacy

546-724: The Amur in 1709. According to them, the native people living on the Ussuri and on the Amur above the mouth of the Dondon River (which falls into the Amur between today's Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur ) were known as Yupi Tartars, while the name of the people living on the Dondon and on the Amur below Dondon was transcribed by the Jesuits into French as Ketching . The latter name may be

588-678: The Manchu-Tungusic family . According to the 2010 census there were 12,003 Nanai in Russia. Common names for these people include Nanai ( Nanai : нанай , нани , IPA: [nanai] , lit.   ' natives, locals, people of the land/earth ' ) and Hezhen ( хэдзэни , IPA: [χədʑən] ; Chinese : 赫哲族 ; pinyin : Hèzhézú ). There are also terms formerly in use: Goldi , Golds , Goldes , and Samagir . Other self names are Qilang ( IPA: [kilən] , lit.   ' those who live by

630-594: The Oroks , it contains relics of the ancient pre-Tungusic " Amuric " vocabulary, which makes it possible to consider the ancestors of the Ulchi as one of the most ancient inhabitants of the Amur region. The traditional religion of the Ulchi, as well as of other peoples of the Amur region, is expressed by animism and shamanism . A large role in the social life of the Ulchi is their system of cults of family and ancestors ( ancestor worship ). Their religion bears similarities to

672-650: The Russian Far East , who speak a Tungusic language known as Ulch. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai , Russia . According to the 2002 census , there were 2,913 Ulchs living in Russia—;down from 3,173 recorded in the 1989 census , but up from 2,494 recorded in the 1979 census , and 2,410 recorded in the 1970 census . According to the 2010 census there were 2,765 Ulchs in Russia. The Ulch people descend from

714-515: The East Asian component of Native Americans. But there is evidence of gene flow from Central Asian and Far East populations over the past 1000 to 3000 years. 6.0% of modern Ulchi also share an ancestral component unique to a 2500-year-old Jōmon individual. The Ulch language belongs to the southern (Amur) branch of the Tungusic languages . Along with the languages of the Nanai people and

756-575: The French transcription of the reported self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, [xədʑən] , which was also applied to the closely related Ulch people. According to the Jesuits, the language of the Yupi people seemed to occupy an intermediate position between the Manchu language and that of the "Ketching" people ( Chinese : 盖青 ; pinyin : Gàiqīng ); some level of communication between

798-586: The Nanai the name "Fish-skin Tartars " ( Chinese : 鱼皮鞑子 ; pinyin : Yúpí Dázi ). This name has also been applied, more generically, to other aboriginal groups of the lower Sungari and lower Amur basins. Agriculture entered the Nanai lands only slowly. Practically the only crop grown by the Yupi villagers on the Ussuri River shores in 1709 was some tobacco . The Nanai are mainly Shamanist , with

840-529: The Tungusic peoples as their language belongs to the Tungusic languages . The first mention of the Ulchi is from the Russians and dates back to the 17th century. The Ulchi led a sedentary lifestyle in small villages of two to five houses. The villages had both winter and summer dwellings. The ancient winter dwelling, the "hagdu", was a ground frame structure made of pillars and logs with a gable roof without

882-703: The Ulchi are linked to 7,700 year old remains from Chertovy Vorota Cave ("Devil's Gate") and are also genetically similar to an East Asian genetic component within Native Americans . The Ulchi do not appear to have originally possessed the " Ancient North Eurasian " (ANE) genetic component found in low frequency in Native Americans and Central Asian , as well as in higher percentage in South Asian , and West Eurasian (European and Middle Eastern ) populations; and thus are suggested to represent

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924-486: The Ulchi built small cylindrical huts. Fishing is the main branch of their traditional economic complex. Their most important food source was the anadromous salmon. The needs of their catch largely determined the settlement pattern of the Ulchi - along the right bank of the main channel of the Amur , on the main routes of the salmon returning to their spawning grounds. The traditional fishing equipment consisted of gear nets, rides, hook tackle, different types of stocks and

966-501: The Ulchi mitochondrial DNA pool consists of haplogroups N9b (7/160 = 4.4%), M8a (6/160 = 3.75%), F1a (5/160 = 3.1%), M7 (4/160 = 2.5%), M9a1 (1/160 = 0.6%), Z1 (1/160 = 0.6%), and B5b2 (1/160 = 0.6%). According to a study by Balanovska et al. (2018), present-day Ulchi males belong to Y-DNA haplogroups C-M217(xM48, M407) (18/52 = 34.6%), C-M48 (18/52 = 34.6%, including 9/52 = 17.3% C-M86/F12355(xB470, F13686), 4/52 = 7.7% C-F13686, 1/52 = 1.9% C-B470, and 4/52 = 7.7% C-B93(xGG_16645386),

1008-469: The Ussuri River in 1709), the economy of the people living there (who would be classified as Nanai, or possible Udege people , today) was based on fishing. The people would live in villages along the banks of the Ussuri, and would spend their entire summers fishing, eating fresh fish in the summer (particularly appreciating the sturgeon ), and drying more fish for eating in winter. Fish would be used as fodder for those few domestic animals they had (which made

1050-632: The Yupi and the Ketching was possible. Some Han Chinese are said to have founded clan subdivisions among the Nanai, and the Nanai have absorbed Manchu and Jurchens. Nanai culture is influenced by Han Chinese and Manchu culture, and the Nanai share a myth in common with southern Chinese. The Nanais at first fought against the Nurhaci and the Manchus, led by their own Nanai Hurka chief Sosoku before surrendering to Hongtaiji in 1631. Mandatory shaving of

1092-504: The autochthonous Paleolithic population of coastal Northeast Asia and were found to be very similar to ancient samples found in this region from about 8000 years ago. The Ulch people are often classified as one of the ancient Paleosiberian peoples , which is however not an ethno-linguistic group but a term applied to various ethnic groups of Siberia which do not belong to the bigger Northeast Asian populations (such as Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic populations). Others classify them as one of

1134-799: The banks of the Ussuri and the Girin rivers (the Samagirs ). The Russians formerly called them Goldi, after a Nanai clan name. According to the 2002 census , there were 12,160 Nanai in Russia . In the Soviet Union , a written standard of the Nanai language (based on Cyrillic ) was created by Valentin Avrorin and others. It is still taught today in 13 schools in Khabarovsk . The Nanai are one of

1176-435: The body is merely an outer shell for the soul. This concept of a continuing soul was not introduced to the Nanai by Christianity, but is original to them. The Nanai believe that each person has both a soul and a spirit. On death, the soul and spirit will go different ways. A person’s spirit becomes malevolent and begins to harm their living relatives. With time, these amban may be tamed and can later be worshipped; otherwise,

1218-579: The end of the 19th century, sable was already rare on the Amur, so they went on long expeditions to Sakhalin , to the basins of the Amgun , Gorin and Tumnin  [ ru ] , on the coast of the Tatar Strait and on Hokkaido . Ungulates (elk, deer) were hunted all year round using crossbows. Hunting for sea animals also played a significant role in their economic life, and they caught seals and sea lions. The upper summer clothing for men and women

1260-447: The family member travels they will bring the panyo with them. The dead’s final funerary ritual is called kasa tavori and lasts three days, during which there is much feasting and the souls of the deceased are prepared for their journey to the underworld. The most important part of the kasa tavori is held on the third day. On this day, the dead’s souls are moved from the panyo into large human-looking wooden figures made to be about

1302-418: The flesh of a locally raised pig almost inedible by visitors with European tastes). The traditional clothing was made out of fish skins. These skins were left to dry. Once dry, they were struck repeatedly with a mallet to leave them completely smooth. Finally they were sewn together. The fish chosen to be used were those weighing more than 50 kilograms. In the past centuries, this distinct practice earned

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1344-454: The front of all male heads was imposed on Amur peoples conquered by the Qing including the Nanai people. The Amur peoples already wore the queue on the back of their heads but did not shave the front until the Qing subjected them and ordered them to shave. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai by Ulch people. As described by early visitors (e.g., Jesuit cartographers on

1386-422: The last of which is a deeply divergent branch belonging to C-M48(xM86)), O-M175 (8/52 = 15.4%, including 6/52 = 11.5% O-M122(xP201) , 1/52 = 1.9% O-M119 , and 1/52 = 1.9% O-P31 ), Q-M242(xM120) (3/52 = 5.8%), N-M231 (3/52 = 5.8%, including 1/52 = 1.9% N-M231(xM128, P43, M178), 1/52 = 1.9% N-M2118, and 1/52 = 1.9% N-B479), I-P37 (1/52 = 1.9%), and J–M267(xP58) (1/52 = 1.9%). The population genetics of

1428-539: The like. Each of them was used, depending on the season, weather conditions, water level in the river, fishing objects, and many other characteristics. Fish were caught both for daily consumption and for storage. The main method of preserving the catch was to make yukola - fish dried in the wind and sun in the form of thin long plates. Hunting was of secondary importance, mostly fur animals, since furs were in great demand among traders. They mostly hunted Siberian rabbit, squirrel, otter, fox, and most importantly, sable. At

1470-434: The presence of a fire. Nanai shamans, like other Tungusic peoples of the region, had characteristic clothing, consisting of a skirt and jacket; a leather belt with conical metal pendants; mittens with figures of serpents, lizards or frogs; and hats with branching horns or bear, wolf, or fox fur attached to it. Bits of Chinese mirrors were also sometimes incorporated into the costume. When a person dies their soul lives on, as

1512-415: The river ' ; Chinese: 奇楞 ), [nanio] and [nabəi] . [na] means 'land, earth, ground, country' or, in this context, 'native, local'; [nio] , [bəi] , or [nai] means 'people' in different dialects. The Russian linguist L. I. Sem gives the name Hezhe nai ( хэǯэ най ) or Hezheni ( хэǯэны , [xədʑən] ) and explains it as

1554-522: The self-name of the Nanai of the lower Amur, meaning 'people who live along the lower course of the river'. It is the source of the Chinese name for the Nanai, Hezhe ( 赫哲 ), formerly Heijin ( 黑斤 ) and Hezhehala ( 赫哲哈喇 ). Some of the earliest first-hand accounts of the Nanai people in the European languages belong to the French Jesuit geographers travelling on the Ussuri and

1596-484: The shaman leads the dog sleds on the dangerous journey to Buni , from where she must leave before sunset or else she will die. After kasa tavori , it has previously been practiced that the living relatives could no longer visit the graves of the deceased, or even talk about them. The souls of Nanai infants do not behave in the same manner as an adult’s. For the Nanai, children under a year old are not yet people, but are birds. When an infant dies, its soul will turn into

1638-441: The size of the deceased, called mugdeh. These mugdeh are moved into a dog sled that will be used to transport them to the underworld, Buni . Before leaving for Buni , the shaman communicates any last wills of the deceased to the gathered family. For example, in the anthropologist Gaer’s account of this ritual, one soul asked his family to repay a debt to a neighbor that the deceased was never able to repay. After this ceremony,

1680-407: The things of the universe possess their own spirit and that these spirits wander independently throughout the world. In the Nanai religion, inanimate objects were often personified. Fire, for example, was personified as an elderly woman whom the Nanai referred to as Fadzya Mama. Young children were not allowed to run up to the fire, since they might startle Fadzya Mama, and men always were courteous in

1722-473: The title Nanai . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanai&oldid=1195801115 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nanai people The Nanai language belongs to

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1764-400: Was kimono-cut cloth capchum robes with a left hem that was fastened on the right side. Ornaments on men's clothing were rare. Winter clothing was insulated (quilted on cotton wool). In winter, fur coats were also worn, cut like a robe and covered on top with cotton or silk fabric. Winter hats looked like a hood with a top made of white dog kamuses and a fox trim around the face. In severe frosts,

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