Misplaced Pages

#926073

35-700: Nanda Kot ( Kumaoni -नन्दा कोट) is a mountain peak of the Himalaya range located in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state in India . It lies in the Kumaon Himalaya , just outside the ring of peaks enclosing the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Nanda Devi itself. The name Nanda Kot literally means "Nanda's Fortress" and refers to the abode of one of

70-468: A direct ascent of the south face was successfully undertaken by a British expedition led by Martin Moran in 1995. Mountaineering expeditions to Nanda Kot today typically follow the route through Loharkhet, Dhakuri Pass, Khati Village to Dwali base camp. Outlying subpeaks of Nanda Kot include: In 1965, a covert mission was launched by an Indo-American team to install a nuclear-powered surveillance device on

105-418: Is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis , or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in

140-633: Is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as a language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts. Kumaoni is written using the Devanagari script. There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni

175-732: Is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital. More specifically: Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal. Various Kumaoni text have been found from the Katyuri and Chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions. Kumaoni

210-575: Is to preclude this idea that it is asserted that these are low-born." Therefore, the Manusmriti describes them as descendants of outcast Kshatriyas. The Bhagavata Purana gives a list of various outcast tribes, the Khaśas also one of them, which have recovered salvation by adopting the religion of Viṣṇu Vaishnavism . The Mahabharata mentions the Khasas as one of the northern tribes who fought on

245-590: The Kanets of Kangra, Himachal and Garhwal , the Khasa of Jaunsar-Bawar as well as Khakha Rajputs and Bomba clans of Kashmir and different part of northern Pakistan. The original spelling for the name in Sanskrit literature is Khaśa ( Sanskrit : खश) while variants of the name also used are Khasa (खस), Khaṣa (खष) and Khaśīra (खशीर). There are various theories on how Khasas got their name : As per

280-656: The Khakhas of Jhelum Valley , the Kanets of Kangra and Garhwal , Khasa of Jaunsar-Bawar and the bulk population of Garhwal and Kumaon referred as "Khasia". The Katyuris were of the Khasha origin as agreed by most scholars. They belonged to the Khasha people that entirely dominated the inner Himalayan belt up to Nepal and they extensively populated the mountainous regions of Uttarakhand. Previously, Khashas had strongly established themselves from Afghanistan to Nepal in

315-453: The "lord of the Khasas". It also describes the chiefs of the Lohara as Khasas. The Khasa chiefs of Rajapuri freely intermarried with Kshatriya rulers of Kashmir while the Khasa chief of Lohara, Simharaja, married a daughter of Shahi Kings of Kabul . The descendants of the royal family of Rajauri later became Muslim Rajput chiefs and they retained the rulership of the territory till

350-583: The 18th century) lists the Khasas alongside other peoples found in Central Asia since antiquity, including the Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas , Tukharas , Hunas and Daradas . Irish Linguist George Abraham Grierson quoted that the Khasas that Pliny wrote about were one of the warriors "Kshatriya tribe of Aryan origin" with linguistic connections to both Sanskrit and Iranian languages, who lost claim to Vedichood due to non-observance of Vedic rules: ...in

385-805: The Attacori [ Uttarakuru ] are the nations of the Thuni and the Forcari; then come the Casiri [Khasiras] , an Indian people who look towards the Scythians and feed on human flesh." Indian sociologist R.N. Saksena explains that this imputation was due to the existing suspicion towards Khasas by the Vedic Aryans , though he regards them as the earlier wave of the same ' Aryan settler ' group. The Mongolian-Tibetan historian Sumpa Yeshe Peljor (writing in

SECTION 10

#1732780161927

420-615: The Khasa tribe occupied "the valley to the south and west of the Pir Pantsal range between the middle course of the Vitasta (modern Jhelum River ) in the west and Kastavata (modern Kishtwar ) in the east." This assertion is also corroborated by the later 12th century text Rajatarangini translated by British archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein . The Bharata Nātyaśāstra by the Indian musicologist Bharata Muni mentions that

455-579: The Khaśas.—(44) The Shukraniti mentions that People born in the Khasa region take the wife of their brother if she has lost her husband. By these acts, they do not attract atonement or restraint. खशजाताः प्रगृह्यन्ति भ्रातृभार्य्यामभर्तृकाम् । अनेन कर्मणा नैते प्रायश्चित्तदमार्हकाः ॥ ४-५-५१ ॥ Medhātithi , the 8th century CE commentator of the Manusmṛiti says "Some people might be led to think that all these races here named are found to be described as Kṣatriyas so that they must be Kṣatriyas still. And it

490-549: The Mahabharata, they are mentioned with other northwestern tribes such as Daradas, Tanganas, Lampakas and Kulindas. The Vaishnava text Harivamsa describes that the Khasas were defeated by the King Sagara . The Markandeya Purana states that the Khasa is a country against the mountain. The Markandeya Purana , Vayu Purana and Kalki Purana describe that Khasas together with Sakas and other tribes have penetrated to

525-518: The ancient period and as per internal evidence, they managed the village-level theocratic republics like Gram-Rajya and Mandals under various local clans and identities. Katyuri was one of the ruling houses of Joshimath that claimed sovereignty over other Gram Rajyas of the entire territory. The Katyuris ruled from Joshimath in the Alaknanda Valley and later they shifted their capital to Baijnath . Khasas are thought to be connected to

560-495: The ethnical frontier of the mountains of Hindu Kush and gives customs and practices of Khasiya race in full force at the present day which distinguished them thousands of years ago." Irish linguist Sir G.A. Grierson asserted that "..the great mass of the Aryan speaking population of the lower Himalaya from Kashmir to Darjeeling is inhabited by tribes descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata ." The Khasa peoples are

595-699: The extreme northwest of India, on the Hindu Kush and mountainous tracts to the south, and in Western Punjab, there was a group of tribes, one of which was called Khasa , which were looked upon as Kshatriyas of Aryan origin. These spoke a language closely allied with Sanskrit , but with a vocabulary partly agreeing with that of the Eranian Avesta . They were considered to have lost their claim to considerations as Aryans and to have become Mlechhas , or barbarians, owing to their non-observance of

630-772: The forest. E.T. Atkinson speculated that Pliny referred to the terms, Cesi and Catriboni in the above quotations to Khasa and Kshatriya . Irish linguist Sir George Abraham Grierson in his work Linguistic Survey of India (Volume 9 Part 4) mentions the remarks by the Roman Geographer Pliny on the Khasa (referred as 'Casiri') tribe with the imputations of cannabalism. Pliny further stated them as "an Indian people": Latin Source (Gabriel Brotier edition): Ab Attacoris gentes Phruri, et Tochari: et jam Indorum Casiri, introrsus ad Scythas versi, humanis corporibus vescuntur. English Translation: "Next to

665-453: The fourteenth century. The Khasas (identified with Khasa Mallas ) are also mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE. The 954 AD Khajuraho Inscription of Dhaṇga states Khasa kingdom equivalent to Gauda of Bengal and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. The Nalanda inscription of Devapala and Bhagalpur; a copper plate of Narayanapala also mentions Khasas. The three copper plates from Pandukeshavara explain

700-543: The influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas , the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach , as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri . In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami , I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle * rcchitas , gone, for in these languages it

735-572: The medieval Khasa Malla kingdom and the modern Khas people of Nepal . The modern Khas people of Nepal have also been connected with the ancient Khasas, although their period of migration in Nepal remains ambiguous. In Nepal the Khas people first settled around present-day Humla and Jumla . The Khasa kings of Nepal formed the famous Malla Kingdom, which ruled Humla from the eleventh century before collapsing and splintering into local chiefdoms during

SECTION 20

#1732780161927

770-520: The mother tongue language of Khaśas was Bāhliki language in the phrase "Bāhlikabhāśodhīchyanāṃ Khaśāṇāṃ ca svadeśajā." (Translation : The Bahliki language is the native tongue of the Northerners and Khasas.) The Kavyamimamsa of Rajashekhara mentions the Kuluta king with the title Khasadhipati . The inscription of Dadda II (also known as Praśāntarāga) mentions about the Khasas in

805-842: The next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration . Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno , but Hindi sikhna , to learn; Kumauni yeso , plural yasa , of this kind. Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni. मैं main लेखनू lekhnu मैं लेखनू main lekhnu I write हम hum लेखनु lekhnu हम लेखनु hum lekhnu we write तू tu लेख lekh छे chhe तू लेख छे tu lekh chhe you write तुम tum लेख lekh छो chho तुम लेख छो tum lekh chho you write उ U लिखनो likhno उ लिखनो U likhno he writes ऊँ Khasas People of this tribe include Khas people of medieval Western Nepal , medieval Indian regions of Garhwal and Kumaon ,

840-522: The northwest of India. The Skanda Purana mentions the region of Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon - Garhwal as Kedare-Khasa-Mandale. The Brihat Samhita authored by Indian polymath Varāhamihira grouped Khasas with Kulutas, Kashmiras , Tanganas, and Kunatas. The Mudrarakshasa of Indian poet Vishakhadatta mentions that Khasas and Magadhas were Ganas (troops) in the army of Rakshasa and Malayaketu . According to an ancient Kashmiri text Nilamata Purana compiled by Indian scholar Ved Kumari Ghai ,

875-869: The omission of the sacred rites, and also by their neglect of Brāhmaṇas, the following Kṣatriya castes have gradually sunk to the position of the low-born.—(43) पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः । पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥ ४४ ॥ The Puṇḍrakas, the Coḍas, the Draviḍas, the Kāmbojas, the Yavanas, the Śākas, the Pāradas, the Pahlavas, the Cīnas, the Kirātas, the Daradas and

910-692: The phrase "...Yascopamiyate - sat - kataka - samunnata vidhyadharavasa taya Himachale na Khasa parivarataya." Greek Geographer Ptolemy contended that the country of Khasas (referred to as 'Khasia') was located near the Trans-Himalayan range of Northwest India . Roman Geographer Pliny noted that The mountain races between the Indus and the Jomanes are the Cesi , the Catriboni who dwell in

945-573: The research conducted by political scientist Sudama Misra, the Khasa Janapada was a late Janapada (around 1100–500 BCE) under the broad division of Parvata-spraying Āryāvarta ( Himalayan Āryāvarta) of the ancient Indian Iron Age. The Manusmṛiti mentions the Khaśa as Kṣatriya-s formerly, due to omission of the sacred-rites and neglect of Brāhmaṇā-s. शनकैस्तु क्रियालोपादिमाः क्षत्रियजातयः । वृषलत्वं गता लोके ब्राह्मणादर्शनेन च ॥ ४३ ॥ But by

980-551: The rules for drinking and eating by Sanskritic peoples of India. Khasas were a warlike tribe and were well known to classical writers, who noted, as their special home, the Indian Caucasus of Pliny . According to E.T. Atkinson, the Jaunsar-Bawar is the representative Khasiya tract and it "..forms a very important link between the almost Hinduized Khasiyas of Kumaon and their brethren converts to Islam on

1015-684: The sacred forms of the Hindu Goddess Parvati who in legend has made her sanctuary amongst the ring of lofty mountains in the region. Nanda Kot is connected to the Sanctuary wall by a high pass known as the Pindari Kanda, 5,269 m (17,287 ft). This pass, Nanda Kot itself, and the ridge proceeding south from the peak together form the divide between the Pindar and Ghori Ganga River valleys, with Dana Dhura Pass connecting

1050-669: The side of the Kaurava against Satyaki . In the Karna Parva of Mahabharata, Khasas are mentioned living in the Panjab region between Āraṭṭa and Vasāti: prasthalā Madra - Gandhāra Āraṭṭa nāmatah Khaśāh Vasāti Sindhu - sauvīrā In the Sabhaparvan of the Mahabharata, they are mentioned between Meru and Mandara along with Kulindas and Tanganas, who brought presents of Piplika gold to Yudhisthira . In Dronaparvan of

1085-530: The territories of Khasas. The 12th-century text Rajatarangini translated by British archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein links the Khasas with northwestern affiliations. It describes at No such difficulity arises as regards the Khaśas so frequently mentioned in the Kashmir Chronicles. It can be shown from from a careful examinationof all the passages that their seat was to comparatively limited region, which may be roughly described as comprising

Nanda Kot - Misplaced Pages Continue

1120-843: The top of Nanda Devi mountain to monitor Chinese activity in Tibet. The device was lost in a storm; in 1967, a similar device was place just below the summit of Nanda Kot. Survey of India Kumaoni language Kumaoni ( Kumaoni-Devanagari : कुमाऊँनी , pronounced [kuːmɑːʊni] ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India and parts of Doti region in Western Nepal . As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011. Kumaoni

1155-486: The two sides. The Kaphni (or Kafani), Pindar, Lawan, and Shalang Glaciers drain the south, west, north, and east sides of the peak respectively. The first attempt to climb Nanda Kot was made in 1905 by T.G. Longstaff , who proceeded by way of the Lawan Valley, and Lawan Glacier. The first successful ascent of the summit came in 1936 by a Japanese team led by Yaichi Hotta  [ ja ] . A new route involving

1190-402: The valleys lying immediately to the S. and W. of Pir Panjal range, between the middle course of Vitastā in the W. and Kāṣṭavāṭa in the E. Finally we have evidence of the latter’s settlements in the valley of Khaśālaya, it is certainly the valley of khaiśāl, which leads from Marbal Pass in S.E. corner of Kaśmir down to Kishtwar Rajatarangini describes the rulers of Rajapuri (modern Rajauri ) as

1225-619: Was also the official language of the Kumaon Kingdom . Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages like Dotyali , Nepali , Hindi , Rajasthani , Kashmiri and Gujarati . It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali . The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to

#926073