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41-529: The carrack ( Spanish : nao ) was built at a Basque shipyard in Ondarroa . Along with the four other ships, she was given to Magellan by King Charles I of Spain (later Emperor Charles   V of the Holy Roman Empire ). Victoria was an 85-tonel ship with an initial crew of about 42. The expedition's flagship and Magellan's own command was the carrack Trinidad . The other ships were

82-408: A Portuguese man who had sided with Magellan in facing the mutiny, and João Serrão were elected leaders of the expedition. On 1 May 1521, they were invited by Rajah Humabon of Cebu to a banquet ashore to receive a gift for the king of Spain. At the banquet, most of the crew were killed or poisoned, including Duarte Barbosa and João Serrão, whom the natives wanted to exchange for Western weapons, but

123-634: A car" or Greek καρκαρίς "load of timber") or the Arabic القُرْقُورُ ( al-qurqoor ) and from thence to the Greek κέρκουρος ( kerkouros ) meaning approximately "lighter" (barge) literally, "shorn tail", a possible reference to the ship's flat stern). Its attestation in Greek literature is distributed in two closely related lobes. The first distribution lobe, or area, associates it with certain light and fast merchantmen found near Cyprus and Corfu . The second

164-467: A cumbersome individual, to an old vessel, or to a vehicle in a very bad condition. The Portuguese form of "carrack", nau , is used as its unique unit in the Civilization V and Civilization VI strategy game. Marooning Marooning is the intentional act of abandoning someone in an uninhabited area, such as a desert island , or more generally (usually in passive voice ) to be marooned

205-590: A log book with the ship's positional data for every day of sailing. Antonio Pigafetta wrote a detailed first-person account of the voyage. His work, which he began compiling in 1522, was partially published in France around 1525 under the title "Le voyage et nauigation". The long circumnavigation began in Seville in 1519 and returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 6 September 1522, after sailing 68,000 kilometres (42,000 mi), 35,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) of which

246-521: A long period the vessel was thought to have been constructed in Zarautz , next to Elcano's home town Getaria . However, research conducted by local historians has revealed that the nao Victoria was built at the shipyards of Ondarroa in Biscay . It was originally called Santa Maria , owned by Domingo Apallua, a ship pilot , and his son, Pedro Arismendi. According to a notarial document dating from 1518,

287-404: A means of escape, as in the case of pirate Edward England . The chief practitioners of marooning were 17th and 18th century pirates , to such a degree that they were frequently referred to as "marooners". The pirate articles of captains Bartholomew Roberts and John Phillips specify marooning as a punishment for cheating one's fellow pirates or other offences. In this context, to be marooned

328-404: A project to build a replica of the ship. The search for the original plans of Nao Victoria took longer than expected and the project was delayed from 2006 to 2009. The replica was completed by 2011. Carrack A carrack ( Portuguese : nau ; Spanish : nao ; Catalan : carraca ; Croatian : karaka ) is a three- or four- masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in

369-670: A term for a large, square-rigged sailing vessel used in Spanish, Italian and Middle Latin. These ships were called carraca in Portuguese and Genoese , carraca in Spanish , caraque or nef in French , and kraak in Dutch . The origin of the term carraca is unclear, perhaps from Arabic qaraqir "merchant ship", itself of unknown origin (maybe from Latin carricare "to load

410-448: A three or four masted carrack called Dubrovačka karaka (Dubrovnik Carrack) was used between the 14th and the 17th century for cargo transport. In the middle of the 16th century, the first galleons were developed from the carrack. The galleon design came to replace that of the carrack although carracks were still in use as late as the middle of the 17th century due to their larger cargo capacity. Starting in 1498, Portugal initiated for

451-772: Is an extensive attestation in the Oxyrhynchus corpus, where it seems most frequently to describe the Nile barges of the Ptolemaic pharaohs . Both of these usages may lead back through the Phoenician to the Akkadian kalakku , which denotes a type of river barge. The Akkadian term is assumed to be derived from a Sumerian antecedent. A modern reflex of the word is found in Arabic and Turkish kelek "raft; riverboat". By

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492-562: Is euphemistically to be "made governor of an island". During the late 18th century in the southern United States , "marooning" took on a humorous additional meaning describing an extended camping-out picnic over a period of several days. The most famous literary reference to marooning probably occurs in Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island in which Ben Gunn is left marooned on the island for three years. A famous real-life marooning, initially at his own request,

533-502: Is to be in a place from which one cannot escape. The word is attested in 1699, and is derived from the term maroon , a word for a fugitive slave, which could be a corruption of Spanish cimarrón (rendered as "symeron" in 16th–17th century English ), meaning a household animal (or slave) who has "run wild". Cimarrón in turn may be derived from the Taino word símaran (“wild”) (like a stray arrow), from símara (“arrow”). The practice

574-643: The Late Middle Ages , the cog and cog-like square-rigged vessels equipped with a rudder at the stern , were widely used along the coasts of Europe, from the Mediterranean, to the Baltic. Given the conditions of the Mediterranean, galley type vessels were extensively used there, as were various two masted vessels, including the caravels with their lateen sails. These and similar ship types were familiar to Portuguese navigators and shipwrights. As

615-568: The Minim convent of Our Lady of Victory of Triana ( Spanish : Convento de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria de Triana [ es ]) in Seville , where Magellan took his oath of allegiance to Charles   I. The convent was subsequently deconsecrated during the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars and later demolished. While agreeing on its Basque origin , for

656-657: The Santiago , which deserted near the Strait of Magellan. Yet others would return in the following months and years after having been made prisoner by the Portuguese. They were: Three of these survivors left written records. Elcano wrote a letter to the Emperor on the very day of his return with a brief summary of the trip, and provided additional information to authors such as Maximilianus Transylvanus . Francisco Albo kept

697-437: The mizzenmast . They had a high rounded stern with aftcastle , forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. As the predecessor of the galleon , the carrack was one of the most influential ship designs in history; while ships became more specialized in the following centuries, the basic design remained unchanged throughout this period. English carrack was loaned in the late 14th century, via Old French caraque , from carraca ,

738-640: The 14th to 15th centuries in Europe, most notably in Portugal and Spain . Evolving from the single-masted cog , the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic and quickly found use with the newly found wealth of the trade between Europe and Africa and then the trans-Atlantic trade with the Americas. In their most advanced forms, they were used by the Portuguese and Spaniards for trade between Europe, Africa and Asia starting in

779-534: The Chinese. That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited by the rulers of Japan on the grounds that the ships were smuggling Catholic priests into the country. The Japanese called Portuguese carracks " Black Ships " ( kurofune ), referring to the colour of the ship's hulls. This term would eventually come to refer to any Western vessel, not just Portuguese. The Islamic world also built and used carracks, or at least carrack-like ships, in

820-484: The Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. A picture of an Ottoman barca on Piri Reis' map shows a deep-hulled ship with a tall forecastle and a lateen sail on the mizzenmast. The harraqa (Saracen: karaque ) was a type of ship used to hurl explosives or inflammable materials (firebomb in earthenware pots, naphtha , fire arrows). From the context of Islamic texts, there are two types of harraqa : The cargo ship and

861-508: The Portuguese and Spaniards gradually extended their trade ever further south along Africa's Atlantic coast and islands during the 15th century, they needed larger, more durable and more advanced sailing ships for their long oceanic ventures. Gradually, they developed their own models of oceanic carracks from a fusion and modification of aspects of the ship types they knew operating in both the Atlantic and Mediterranean, generalizing their use in

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902-471: The Portuguese began trading with Japan, exchanging Chinese silk for Japanese silver; in 1550 the Portuguese Crown started to regulate trade to Japan , by leasing the annual "captaincy" to Japan to the highest bidder at Goa, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single carrack bound for Japan every year. In 1557 the Portuguese acquired Macau to develop this trade in partnership with

943-522: The Red Sea, and were often larger than Portuguese carracks. The Bengalis also used carracks, sometimes called naos mauriscas (Moorish carracks) by the Portuguese. Arabs merchants of Mecca apparently used carracks too, since Duarte Barbosa noted that the Bengali people have "great naos after the fashion of Mecca". The Italian word caracca and derivative words are popularly used in reference to

984-613: The Santa María de la Victoria. The voyage started with a crew of about 265 men aboard five ships, however only 18 men returned alive on Victoria , while many others had deserted. Many of the men died of malnutrition. At the beginning of the voyage, Luis de Mendoza was her captain. On 2 April 1520, after establishing a settlement in Puerto San Julian in Patagonia , a fierce mutiny involving three captains broke out but

1025-508: The carrack San Antonio  [ es ] , the carrack Concepción , and the caravel Santiago  [ es ] . The expedition began from Seville on 10 August 1519 with five ships and entered the ocean at Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain on September 20. However, only two of the ships reached their goal in the Moluccas. Thereafter, Victoria was the only ship to complete

1066-624: The century. The Portuguese carracks were usually very large ships for their time, often over 1000 tons displacement , and having the future naus of the India run and of the China and Japan trade, also other new types of design. A typical three-masted carrack such as the São Gabriel had six sails: bowsprit, foresail, mainsail, mizzensail and two topsails. In the Republic of Ragusa , a kind of

1107-602: The cover of all the Society's published volumes. A replica of the ship was built in 1992 for the Universal Expostion of that year in Seville . It is now operated by the Fundación Nao Victoria. Between 2004 and 2006, this replica repeated the journey of the original Nao Victoria, "though taking a slightly different route". It has continued to be maintained in seaworthy condition. To commemorate

1148-472: The end of the century for inter-oceanic travel with a more advanced form of sail rigging that allowed much improved sailing characteristics in the heavy winds and waves of the Atlantic Ocean and a hull shape and size that permitted larger cargoes. In addition to the average tonnage naus, some naus (carracks) were also built in the reign of John II of Portugal , but were widespread only after the turn of

1189-537: The first time direct and regular exchanges between Europe and India—and the rest of Asia thereafter—through the Cape Route , a voyage that required the use of more substantial vessels, such as carracks, due to its unprecedented duration, about six months. On average, four carracks connected Lisbon to Goa carrying gold to purchase spices and other exotic items, but mainly pepper. From Goa, one carrack went on to Ming China in order to purchase silks. Starting in 1541,

1230-545: The five hundredth anniversary of the first circumnavigation, the Fundación Nao Victoria, commissioned another replica of the nao from the Palmas de Punta Umbría shipyards. It was launched on February 11, 2020, with the destination of becoming a permanent exhibition next to the Torre del Oro . The replica arrived in Seville on March 9, 2020. In 2006, to celebrate the bicentennial of Chile , an entrepreneur from Punta Arenas founded

1271-430: The late 15th century, before being gradually superseded in the late 16th and early 17th centuries by the galleon . In its most developed form, the carrack was a carvel-built ocean-going ship: large enough to be stable in heavy seas, and capacious enough to carry a large cargo and the provisions needed for very long voyages. The later carracks were square-rigged on the foremast and mainmast and lateen - rigged on

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1312-553: The loss of most of her crew. Selkirk was not rescued until four years later, by Woodes Rogers . Selkirk's travails provided part of the inspiration for Daniel Defoe 's novel Robinson Crusoe . Today there are islands off the Chilean coast named Alejandro Selkirk Island and Robinson Crusoe Island . In 2012, Ed Stafford marooned himself on an uninhabited island off Fiji as an experiment for 60 days. He took with him no food, water, or equipment of any kind, except cameras to film

1353-468: The return voyage, crossing uncharted waters of the Indian Ocean under Juan Sebastián de Elcano 's command to sail around the world. She returned to Sanlúcar on 6 September 1522. Victoria was later repaired, bought by a merchant shipper and sailed for almost another fifty years before being lost with all hands on a trip from the Antilles to Seville in about 1570. The Victoria was named after

1394-433: The ship had been used in previous years for trade between Castile and England . Royal Castilian officials bought the ship at a set price of 800 gold ducats , a figure at odds with the estimation on the ship's real value provided by the accountant of Magellan's expedition, and accepted by the owners only against their will. The ship was renamed Victoria by Magellan after the chapel he frequented on his prayers in Seville ,

1435-574: The smaller longship (galley-like) that was used for fighting. It is unclear whether the nomenclature harraqa has a connection with European carraca (carrack), or whether one influences the other. One Muslim harraqa named Mogarbina was captured by the Knights of St. John in 1507 from the Ottoman Turks and renamed Santa Maria . Gujarati ships are usually called naos (carracks) by the Portuguese. Gujarati naos operated between Malacca and

1476-408: Was a penalty for crewmen, or for captains at the hands of a crew in cases of mutiny . Generally, a marooned man was set on a deserted island, often no more than a sand bar at low tide . He would be given some food, a container of water, and a loaded pistol so he could die by suicide if he desired. The outcome of marooning was usually fatal, but survival was possible if the condemned could obtain

1517-486: Was largely unknown to the crew. On 21 December 1521, Victoria sailed on from Tidore in Indonesia alone because the other ships left the convoy due to lack of rations. The ship was in terrible shape, with her sails torn and only kept afloat by continuous pumping of water. Victoria managed to return to Spain with a shipload of spices, the value of which was greater than the cost of the entire original fleet. Victoria

1558-832: Was later repaired, bought by a merchant shipper and sailed for almost another fifty years before being lost with all hands on a trip from the Antilles to Seville about 1570. The Victoria was depicted in many sixteenth-century maps such as the Salviati planisphere or Abraham Orterlius's map of the Pacific Ocean. A vignette of the Victoria forms the logo of the Hakluyt Society , a London-based text publication society founded in 1846, which publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material. The logo appears on

1599-435: Was left behind by the remaining crew. Pilot João Carvalho, who had survived the trap, then became the captain of Victoria . In August, near Borneo he was deposed and Juan Sebastián Elcano became captain for the remainder of the expedition. Out of an initial crew of 260 people, only 18 returned to Seville with the Victoria . This was due to a scarcity in food, and a deadly outbreak of scurvy . Others had sailed back with

1640-535: Was that of the sailor Alexander Selkirk on Juan Fernández Island off the coast of Chile , in the Pacific Ocean. Selkirk, a sailor with the Dampier expedition, was worried about the unseaworthy condition of his ship, the Cinque Ports , and had argued with the captain until he left Selkirk ashore on the island where they had briefly stopped for water and food supplies. The Cinque Ports indeed later sank with

1681-515: Was ultimately quelled. Antonio Pigafetta 's and other reports state that Luis de Mendoza and Gaspar Quesada, captain of Concepcion , were executed and their remains hung on gallows on the shore. Juan de Cartagena , captain of San Antonio , was marooned on the coast. According to Pigafetta, after Magellan's death on 27 April 1521, at the Battle of Mactan , remnants of the fleet tried to retrieve his body without success. Thereafter, Duarte Barbosa ,

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