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28-401: The Napier Dagger was a 24-cylinder H-pattern (or H-Block) air-cooled engine designed by Frank Halford and built by Napier before World War II. It was a development of the earlier Napier Rapier . The H-Block has a compact layout, as it essentially consists of two vertically opposed, flat-twelve inline engines lying side-by-side and driving side-by-side crankshafts. Another advantage

56-496: A harmonic damper . The typical firing order for a boxer-four engine is for the left bank of cylinders to ignite one after another, followed by the right bank of cylinders (or vice versa), with the firing interval evenly spaced at 180 degrees. Traditionally, the exhausts from the two cylinders on each bank were merged, with the resulting uneven exhaust pulses causing a characteristic "flat-four burble" exhaust sound. The other common exhaust configuration (such as used by Subaru since

84-413: A horizontally opposed-four engine or boxer engine , is a four-cylinder piston engine with two banks of cylinders lying on opposite sides of a common crankshaft. The most common type of flat-four engine is the boxer-four engine , each pair of opposed pistons moves inwards and outwards at the same time. A boxer-four engine has perfect primary and secondary balance, however, the two cylinder heads means

112-417: A boxer-four engine result in perfect secondary balance (unlike the unbalanced vertical forces produced by inline-four engines). Boxer-four engines are therefore better suited to displacements above 2.0 L (122 cu in), since they do not require balance shafts to reduce the secondary vibration. In a boxer engine, each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair due to the distance between

140-583: A few units were produced in early 1939. Any development planned was interrupted by World War II and subsequent years of austerity. Wooler built a motorcycle prototype with a similar configuration to the Brough Superior Golden Dream and exhibited it at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in 1948 and again in 1951. This was replaced by a flat-four engined prototype at

168-668: A flat-four engine. Tatra produced various flat-four engined model through the 1920s and 1930s. The 1936 Tatra T97 pioneered the rear-engined, air-cooled flat-four, backbone chassis layout (later used by the Volkswagen Beetle ), and at the same time, though unrelated, came the Steyr 50 from Austria, sporting a front boxer 4 engine with rear wheel drive. Also in 1936, English company Jowett expanded its model range from flat-twin engines to also include flat-four engines. Production of Jowett flat-four engines continued until 1954, when

196-1055: A naturally aspirated flat-six engine to a turbocharged flat-four engine, Porsche's first flat-four since the mid-1970s. This engine is produced in displacements of 2.0–2.5 L (122–153 cu in) and produces up to 365 hp (272 kW). Several reviewers criticised the Boxster/Cayman for an uninspiring engine sound. Most motorcycles with four-cylinder engines use an inline-four engine layout, however, several flat-four engine engines have been used in shaft drive motorcycles: Light aircraft commonly use flat-four engines with displacements up to 6.4 L (390 cu in) from manufacturers such as Rotax , Lycoming Engines , Continental Motors and Franklin Engine Company . For radio-controlled aircraft , flat-four engines with displacements of 40–50 cc (2.4–3.1 cu in) are produced by companies such as O.S. Engines . A notable recent flat-four aero-engine

224-509: A naturally aspirated version of the Subaru FA engine was used in the Toyota 86 (also called the "Subaru BRZ" and "Scion FR-S") rear-wheel drive sports coupe. This engine is water-cooled, has gasoline direct injection , produces 147 kW (197 hp) and has a displacement of 2.0 L (122 cu in). The 2016 Porsche Boxster/Cayman (982) mid-engined sports cars downsized from

252-589: A water-cooled version called the Volkswagen Wasserboxer was introduced in the Volkswagen Transporter (T3) During the 1960s and 1970s, several manufacturers produced flat-four engines including the air-cooled Citroën flat-four engine , the water-cooled Alfa Romeo flat-four engine , the water-cooled Lancia flat-four engine and the water-cooled Subaru EA engine . Two important engines designed during this period, but never saw

280-424: Is a relatively rare layout, with its main use being in aircraft engines during the 1930s and 1940s. The 1966 Lotus 43 Formula One car used a BRM 16-cylinder H engine, and an 8-cylinder H engine was used for powerboat racing in the 1970s. The benefits of an H engine are the ability to share common parts with the flat engine upon which it is based, and the good engine balance which results in less vibration (which

308-508: Is difficult to achieve in many other types of four-cylinder engines). However, H engines are relatively heavy and have a high centre of gravity. The latter is not only due to the second crankshaft being located near the top of the engine, but also the engine must be high enough off the ground to allow clearance underneath for the exhaust pipes . The U engine layout uses a similar concept, placing two straight engines side-by-side. The British Racing Motors (BRM) H-16 Formula One engine won

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336-540: Is of primary importance, air-cooling has traditionally been common. The downsides of boxer-four engines (compared with inline-four engines) are their extra width, the increased costs associated with having two cylinder heads instead of one, and the long exhaust manifold required to achieve evenly spaced exhaust pulses. Due to these factors, inline-four engines are more common in cars than are flat-four engines, and V6 engines are often used where larger displacements are required. The equal and opposing forces generated in

364-485: Is that since the cylinders are opposed, the motion in one is balanced by the opposite motion in the one on the opposite side, leading to very smooth running. The Dagger was remarkable for its fast rotation, running at up to 4,000 rpm but unlike the later Napier Sabre , it had conventional poppet valves . Although considered a masterpiece of engine design by Frank Halford , there were problems with cooling, maintenance, manufacturing and weight, which were not solved during

392-531: The Engine balance section. Boxer-four engines have been used in cars since 1897, especially by Volkswagen and Subaru. They have also occasionally been used in motorcycles and frequently in aircraft. Cessna and Piper use flat four engines from Lycoming and Continental in the most common civil aircraft in the world - the Cessna 172 , and Piper Cherokee , while many ultralight and LSA planes use versions of

420-669: The Jowett Javelin saloon and Jowett Jupiter sports models ended production. The longest production flat-four engine is the Volkswagen air-cooled engine , which was produced from 1938 until 2006 and was most famously used in the rear-engined 1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle and 1950–1983 Volkswagen Transporter . This air-cooled engine was designed by Porsche and was also used in the 1948–1965 Porsche 356 , 1953–1956 Porsche 550 , 1965–1969 Porsche 912 and 1969–1976 Porsche 914 . In 1984, to comply with exhaust emissions regulations

448-553: The Rotax 912 . In a flat-four engine, each pair of opposing pistons successively moves inwards together and outwards together. The advantages of the boxer-four layout are perfect secondary vibration (resulting in minimal vibration), a low centre of gravity , and a short engine length. Flat-four engine have successfully used air cooling , although air-cooled engines are noisier and have a lower power output than an equivalent engine with liquid cooling . In light aircraft, where lightness

476-507: The Subaru WRX sports sedan and its World Rally Car counterpart. Subaru's adoption of all-wheel drive was a factor in retaining the flat-four engine, since the shorter length of this engine assists in fitting the all-wheel drive components into the chassis. Although it is more expensive than an inline-four engine, the flat-four engine allows Subaru to build an all-wheel drive vehicle at little extra cost from two-wheel drive. In 2012,

504-436: The crankpin journals. This offset gives rise to a slight rocking couple , but any resulting vibration is normally insufficient to require balance shafts. As with all four-stroke engines of four cylinders or fewer, the lack of overlap in the power strokes results in a pulsating delivery of torque to the flywheel , causing a torsional vibration along the crankshaft axis. Such vibration, if excessive, may be minimised using

532-514: The 1953 show. German firm Konig, who specialised in racing outboard motors, built a few 1000cc H-8s in the 1970s, which were basically two of their VC500 flat fours mounted one above the other, with the direction of rotation reversed on one of them. Each half of the engine was a water cooled 2-stroke with rotating disc valve driven by a toothed belt via two 45/90 degree pulleys, plus two siamesed expansion chamber exhausts, fed by two single choke carbs. Both cylinders at each end of each engine fired at

560-492: The 1966 US Grand Prix in a Lotus 43 driven by Jim Clark. It was also used by the unsuccessful 1966 BRM P83 car driven by Graham Hill and Jackie Stewart. As a racing-car engine it was hampered by a high center of gravity , and it was heavy and complex, with gear-driven twin overhead cams for each of four cylinder heads, two gear-coupled crankshafts, and mechanical fuel injection. The Brough Superior Golden Dream motorcycle, first shown in 1938. A 1,000 cc H-4 design and

588-911: The Dagger's lifetime and went unresolved well into the lifetime of the Napier Sabre , its successor. The Dagger powered the Hawker Hector army co-operation aircraft and the Handley Page Hereford , a variant of the Hampden bomber. The operational usefulness of the Hector was restricted by engine cooling problems, which made it unsuitable for operations in the tropics and the Hereford was found to be unsuitable for combat, because its Dagger VIII engines were noisy and unreliable. The Dagger

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616-578: The bore and stroke were equal, with each being 95 mm (3.7 in). In 1902 the Buffum automobile was equipped with opposed four cylinder engines that were rated at 16 horsepower. Herbert H. Buffum produced an American Automobile called the Buffum in Abington, Massachusetts from 1903 to 1907. Having previously produced flat-twin engines, the 1926 Tatra 30 was the Czech company's first model powered by

644-512: The design is more expensive to produce than an inline-four engine . There is a minor, secondary unbalanced rotational torque pulse in the plane of the pistons, when a piston pair at one end of the engine is at TDC and the other pair at BDC. The TDC pair creates a torque greater than the BDC pair, so the net unbalanced torque pulse is the difference. The difference in TDC vs BDC inertial forces is explained in

672-669: The light of day in series production, were the Morris 800cc side valve engine by Alec Issigonis in 1947 originally destined for the Morris Minor, and the Ferguson 2.2 litre SOHC engine by Claude Hill in 1966 as part of the R5 vehicle research project. By 2000, most manufacturers had replaced flat-four engines with inline-four engines. A notable exception is Subaru, with the water-cooled Subaru EJ engine being available in turbocharged form in

700-416: The mid-2000s) is to pair the cylinders with a firing interval offset of 360 degrees, in order to optimise the exhaust pulses . This configuration requires long exhaust manifolds, in order to pair the cylinders on opposite banks, and results in a less distinctive exhaust sound. In 1900, the first flat-four engine was produced by Benz & Cie , based on Benz's 1897 "contra" flat-twin engine. This engine

728-551: The same time, hence the siamesed exhausts for each pair. Subaru has marketed its flat-four and flat-six engines as "H4" and "H6" respectively. The letter "H" in this case refers to "horizontally-opposed", an alternative term for flat engines ; these engines can also be said to look like a "H" or conjoined "H"s, albeit from the top and in schematic form. The Saab H engine is a straight-four engine produced from 1981 to 2009. The letter "H" represents "high compression". Flat-four engine A flat-four engine , also known as

756-547: Was also used in the experimental Martin-Baker MB 2 fighter. 1934 – 650 hp. 1938 – 755 hp 1938 – 725 hp 1938 – 1000 hp, intermediate altitude supercharger, initially known as E.108 Some of these aircraft were test beds only. A preserved Napier Dagger is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London . Data from Lumsden Related development Comparable engines Related lists H engine The H engine

784-492: Was used in Benz racing cars, produced 20 hp (15 kW), had a displacement of 5.4 L (330 cu in) and was designed by Georg Diehl. London company Wilson-Pilcher released its first car in 1901, which was powered by a flat-four engine. This engine was mounted longitudinally in the chassis, water-cooled, produced 9 hp (7 kW) and had a displacement of 2.4 L (146 cu in). Unusually for its day,

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