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57-481: The Napier Deltic engine is a British opposed-piston valveless , supercharged uniflow scavenged , two-stroke diesel engine used in marine and locomotive applications, designed and produced by D. Napier & Son . Unusually, the cylinders were disposed in a three-bank triangle, with a crankshaft at each corner of the triangle. The term Deltic (meaning "in the form of the Greek letter (capital) delta ")

114-402: A 15-minute rating; the continuous rating being 1,875 hp (1,398 kW) at 1700 rpm, based on a 10,000-hour overhaul or replacement life. By January 1952 six engines were available, enough for full development and endurance trials. A captured German E-Boat , S212 was selected as it was powered by Mercedes-Benz diesels with approximately the same power as the 18- cylinder Deltics. When two of

171-603: A charge ignition every 20° of crankshaft revolution, and a lack of torsional vibration , ideal for use in mine-hunting vessels. The 9-cylinder design, having three banks of cylinders, has its crankshafts rotating in the opposite direction. The exhaust lead of 20° is added to the 60° between banks, giving firing events for adjacent cylinders in the same bank 80° apart. Interlacing firing events over all three banks of cylinders still leads to an even buzzing exhaust note, and charge ignition occurring every 40° of crankshaft revolution with consequent reduction of torsional vibration. Although

228-441: A conventional design of one piston per cylinder, the advantages of the opposed-piston engine have been recognized as: The main drawback was that the power from the two opposing pistons have to be geared together. This added weight and complexity when compared to conventional piston engines, which use a single crankshaft as the power output. The most common layout was two crankshafts, with the crankshafts geared together (in either

285-618: A design similar to the 1900–1922 Gobron-Brillié engines. The Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine , originally designed in Germany in the 1930s, was used in U.S. submarines in the 1940s and 1950s, and in boats from the 1930s-present. It was also used in locomotives from 1944. The latest (November 2021) version of the Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 is known as the FM 38D 8-1/8 Diesel and Dual Fuel. This two-stroke opposed-piston engine retains

342-471: A four-engined 80-passenger plane, incorporating a forward canard wing, as well as a main wing, both of which were fitted above twin pylons. Called the Junkers J.1000 Super Duck passenger seating was to be provided both in the main wing and the hull sections of the craft. This Junkers design, including a scale model, was intended to illustrate an aircraft capable of trans-Atlantic operations of 8 to 10 hours and

399-714: A hydraulic pump integrated to power bow-thrusters for slow-speed manœuvring, until a refurbishment programme by BAE Systems , that ran from 2010 to 2018, replaced the Deltic with Caterpillar C32 engines in the eight remaining commissioned Royal Navy vessels. Deltic engines were used in two types of British rail locomotive: the 1961–62 built class 55 and the 1959 built class 23. These locomotive types were known as Deltics and Baby Deltics , respectively. The Class 55 used two D18-25 series II type V Deltic engines: mechanically blown 18-cylinder engines each rated at 1,650 hp (1,230 kW) continuous at 1500 rpm. The Class 23 used

456-542: A number of other smaller attack craft. Being largely of aluminium construction, their low magnetic signature allowed their use in mine countermeasures vessels and the Deltic was selected to power the Ton-class minesweepers . The Deltic engine is still in service in some Hunt class . These versions are de-rated to reduce engine stress. Deltic Diesels served in MTBs and PT boats built for other navies. Particularly notable

513-532: A policy of unit replacement rather than repair in situ. Deltic engines were easily removed after breakdown, generally being sent back to the manufacturer for repair, although after initial contracts expired both the Royal Navy and British Railways set up their own workshops for overhauls. The "E.185" or "Compound Deltic" turbo-compound variant was planned and a single prototype was built in 1956 and tested in 1957. This capitalised on Napier's experience with both

570-518: A power stroke on every rotation of the crankshaft (compared with every second rotation for the contemporary Otto cycle engine), but it was not a commercial success. In 1898, an Oechelhäuser two-stroke opposed-piston engine producing 600 hp (447 kW) was installed at the Hoerde ironworks. This design of engine was also produced under licence by manufacturers including Deutsche Kraftgas Gesellschaft in Germany and William Beardmore & Sons in

627-612: A separate cylinder. Early applications were for use as an air compressor or as a gas generator for a gas turbine . Junkers In the immediate post-war era, Junkers used their J8 layout as the basis for the F-13, first flown on 25 June 1919 and certified airworthy in July of the same year. This four passenger monoplane was the world's first all-metal airliner. Of note, in addition to significant European sales, some twenty-five of these airplanes were delivered to North American customers under

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684-496: A single crankshaft at one end of the cylinders and a crosshead for the opposing piston. After World War I, these engines were produced in a number of models, such as the P and J series, with outputs as high as 20,000 hp (14,914 kW). Production of Doxford engines in the UK ceased in 1980. Later opposed-piston diesel engines include the 1932 Junkers Jumo 205 aircraft engine built in Germany, which had two crankshafts, not using

741-426: A single less powerful nine-cylinder turbocharged T9-29 Deltic of 1,100 hp (820 kW). Six out of the original 22 Class 55 locomotives survive. Class leader D9000 Royal Scots Grey was returned to main line serviceable status in 1996. Following a power unit failure this locomotive was fitted, for a time, with an ex Royal Norwegian Navy T18-37K type, after various modifications were cleverly designed to make

798-534: A single output shaft—effectively three separate V-12 engines. The Deltic could be produced with varying numbers of cylinders; 9 and 18 were the most common, having either three or six cylinders per bank, respectively. In 1946, the Admiralty placed a contract with the English Electric Company, parent of Napier, to develop this engine. One feature of the engine was the way that crankshaft-phasing

855-499: A single piston and being closed at one end with a cylinder head , the Jumo-based design used an elongated cylinder containing two pistons moving in opposite directions towards the centre. This obviates the need for a heavy cylinder head , as the opposing piston filled this role. On the downside, the layout required separate crankshafts on each end of the engine that must be coupled through gearing or shafts. The primary advantages of

912-419: Is a piston engine in which each cylinder has a piston at both ends, and no cylinder head . Petrol and diesel opposed-piston engines have been used mostly in large-scale applications such as ships, military tanks, and factories. Current manufacturers of opposed-piston engines include Cummins , Achates Power and Fairbanks-Morse Defense (FMDefense) . Compared to contemporary two-stroke engines, which used

969-566: Is used to refer to both the Deltic E.130 opposed-piston, high-speed diesel engine and the locomotives produced by English Electric using these engines, including its demonstrator locomotive named DELTIC and the production version for British Railways , which designated these as the Class 55 . A single, half-sized, turbocharged Deltic power unit also featured in the English Electric-built Type 2 locomotive, designated as

1026-637: The Class 23 . Both locomotive and engine became better known as the "Baby Deltic". The Deltic story began in 1943 when the British Admiralty set up a committee to develop a high-power, lightweight diesel engine for motor torpedo boats . Hitherto in the Royal Navy , such boats had been driven by petrol engines , but their highly flammable fuel made them vulnerable to fire, unlike diesel-powered E-boats . A patent for an engine, similar in complexity, but with four lines of pistons, not just three,

1083-615: The Junkers Luftbild-Zentrale in Dessau in 1924 to produce aerial photographs for various purposes. Eight years later, due to the financial difficulties of the parent company, this branch was separated and continued to operate as Bild-Flug for a year until it was taken over by its main competitor, Hansa Luftbild . Junkers' produced a design study in 1924 for a visit to the United States. The study outlined

1140-519: The Tupolev ANT-2 small passenger aircraft, who had the assistance of the Soviet government's TsAGI research center in achieving success with light-weight metal airframes. The basic principles outlined in this design were later introduced in the Junkers G.38 , which was introduced and put into regular service by Deutsche Luft Hansa . At the time of its introduction, this four-engined transport

1197-553: The United States Army to complete the development of the Advanced Combat Engine (ACE), a modular and scalable diesel engine solution that uses opposed-piston technology. A variation of the opposed-piston design is the free-piston engine, which was first patented in 1934. Free piston engines have no crankshaft, and the pistons are returned after each firing stroke by compression and expansion of air in

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1254-582: The dissolution of the Soviet Union Malyshev Factory continued development and production of opposed-piston engines for armored vehicles, such as the three-cylinder 3TD  [ uk ] used in BTR-4 Butsefal , various upgrades of the 5TD and the six-cylinder 6TD  [ uk ] for T-64BM2, BM Oplot etc. In 2014, Achates Power published a technical paper citing a 30% fuel economy improvement when its engine

1311-500: The " Nomad " and its increasing involvement with gas turbines . It used the Deltic as the gas generator inside a gas turbine, with both a twelve-stage axial compressor and a three-stage gas turbine. Unlike the Nomad, this turbine was not mechanically coupled to the crankshaft, but merely drove the compressor. It was hoped that it would produce 6,000 horsepower, with fuel economy and power-to-weight ratio "second to none". Predictions by

1368-572: The Gobron-Brillié car became the first to exceed 100 mph (161 km/h) for the flying kilometre. The engine used a single crankshaft at one end of the cylinders and a crosshead for the opposing piston. Another early opposed piston car engine was in the Scottish Arrol-Johnston car, which appears to have been first installed in their 10 hp buckboard c1900. The engine was described and illustrated in some detail in

1425-737: The Junkers J.I. The single letter company prefix was not replaced by the twin-letter Ju prefix until 1933. This RLM system – from the Third Reich's air ministry – applied to all German manufacturers; the first Junkers aircraft to receive a Ju number was the W 33, so retrospectively it became the Ju 33. However, earlier aircraft built in Moscow like the H 21 were often described by a Ju number, e.g. Ju 21. All Junkers diesel engines were two stroke , opposed piston designs, an arrangement he invented in

1482-573: The Junkers-Larsen affiliate and were used primarily as airmail planes. The Treaty of Versailles , signed only days after the F-13 flew, initially forbade any aircraft construction in Germany for several months. After that span of time, only the design of civilian aircraft was permitted to Germany. With a partial relocation of the Junkers firm to the Fili western suburb of Moscow , the Junkers firm

1539-671: The United Kingdom. In 1901, the Kansas City Lightning Balanced Gas and Gasoline Engines were gasoline engines producing 4–25 hp (3–19 kW). An early opposed-piston car engine was produced by the French company Gobron-Brillié around 1900. On 31 March 1904, a Gobron-Brillié car powered by the opposed-piston engine was the first car ever to exceed 150 km/h with a "World's Record Speed" of 152.54 km/h (95 mph). On 17 July 1904,

1596-467: The account of their 12-15 hp car exhibited at the 1905 Olympia Motor-Show. The engine was a four-stroke with two cylinders (with opposed pistons in each) with the crankshaft underneath and the pistons connected by lever arms to the two-throw crankshaft. The first diesel engine with opposed pistons was a prototype built at Kolomna Locomotive Works in Russia. The designer, Raymond A. Koreyvo, patented

1653-442: The company suffered from a series of financial difficulties that led to the collapse of the group of companies. The existing shareholders pressured Hugo to leave the company. Hugo, however, was the patent holder on a wide variety of the technologies used in most of the existing Junkers designs, including many of their engines. A plan was started to solve both problems by "buying out" Hugo's engine patent portfolio and placing it into

1710-421: The correct piston-phasing, so Napier designers produced the necessary gearing so one of them rotated in the opposite direction to the other two. Being an opposed-piston design with no inlet or exhaust valves, and no ability to vary the port positions, the Deltic design arranged each crankshaft to connect two adjacent pistons operating in different cylinders in the same plane, using "fork and blade" connecting rods,

1767-448: The design were uniflow breathing and a rather "flat" engine. The Admiralty required a much more powerful engine, and knew about Junkers' designs for multicrankshaft engines of straight-six and diamond forms. The Admiralty felt that these would be a reasonable starting point for the larger design that it required. The result was a triangle, the cylinder banks forming the sides, with crankshafts at each corner connected by phasing gears to

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1824-544: The difficulty of arranging the pistons to move in the correct manner, for all three cylinders in one delta, and this was the problem that caused Junkers Motorenbau to leave behind work on the delta-form while continuing to prototype a diamond-form, four-crankshaft, 24-cylinder Junkers Jumo 223 . Herbert Penwarden, a senior draughtsman with the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory, suggested that one crankshaft needed to revolve anticlockwise to achieve

1881-528: The engine in France on 6 November 1907 and displayed the engine at international exhibitions, but it did not reach production. The Kolomna design used a typical layout of two crankshafts connected by gearing. In 1914, the Simpson's Balanced Two-Stroke motorcycle engine was another opposed-piston engine using a single crankshaft beneath the centre of the cylinders with both pistons connected by levers. This engine

1938-475: The engine was cylinder-ported and required no poppet valves , each bank had a camshaft , driven at crankshaft speed. This was used solely to drive the fuel-injection pumps, each cylinder having its own injector and pump, driven by its own cam lobe. Development began in 1947 and the first Deltic model was the D18-11B, produced in 1950. It was designed to produce 2,500  hp (1,900  kW ) at 2000 rpm for

1995-470: The engineers closely connected with it were that connecting rod failure would be the limit on this power, failing at around 5,300 bhp. On test it actually produced 5,600 bhp before throwing a connecting rod through the crankcase just as predicted. Naval interest had waned by 1958 in favour of the pure gas turbine, despite its heavier fuel consumption, and no further development was carried out. Opposed-piston engine An opposed-piston engine

2052-612: The hands of a new company, the Junkers Motoren-Patentstelle GmbH , which was eventually formed in November 1932. The new company would then license the technologies back to the various companies, most notably what was then Junkers Motorenbau (one of many "Jumo" companies). However, before Junkers actually transferred his patents to the Patentstelle, the collapse of the Junkers consortium was solved by

2109-404: The inlet port, and allowed the inlet port to be closed after the exhaust port, which led to both good scavenging of exhaust gas and good volumetric efficiency for the fresh air charge. This required the firing events for adjacent cylinders to be 40° apart. For the 18-cylinder design, firing events could be interlaced over all six banks. This led to the even, buzzing exhaust note of the Deltic, with

2166-579: The joint venture in 1965 by acquiring control of JFM AG and absorbing it within Messerschmitt in 1967. Within West Germany , Junkers GmbH was engaged in research on the future of aerospace transportation during the fifties and early-1960s. During this period, Junkers employed the famous Austrian engineer and space travel theorist, Eugen Sänger , who in 1961 completed work for the design of an advanced orbital spacecraft at Junkers. Junkers GmbH

2223-413: The latter an "inlet" piston used to open and close the inlet port, and the former an "exhaust" piston in the adjacent cylinder to open and close the exhaust port. This would have led the firing in each bank of cylinders to be 60° apart, but arranging that each cylinder's exhaust piston would lead its inlet piston by 20° of crankshaft rotation was adopted. This allowed the exhaust port to be opened well before

2280-399: The new unit compatible. The New York City Fire Department used a Napier Deltic engine to power their one-of-a-kind "Super Pumper System". This was a very-high-volume trailer-mounted fire pump with a separate tender. While the Deltic engine was successful in marine and rail use and very powerful for its size and weight, it was a highly strung unit, requiring careful maintenance. This led to

2337-453: The piston crowns. In the Jumo 205 and its variants, the upper crankshaft serves the exhaust pistons, and the lower crankshaft the intake pistons. In designs using multiple cylinder banks, each big end bearing serves one inlet and one exhaust piston, using a forked connecting rod for the exhaust piston. One of the first opposed-piston engines was the 1882 Atkinson differential engine , which has

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2394-597: The sale of Junkers Thermo Technik GmbH to Robert Bosch GmbH , whose company still uses the brand name. Adolf Dethmann , a Communist activist and friend of Hugo, was appointed managing director. The Junkers company survived the Second World War and the formation of East Germany , and was reconstituted as Junkers GmbH and eventually merged into the MBB consortium (via joint venture Flugzeug-Union-Süd between Heinkel and Messerschmitt in 1958). Messerschmitt ended

2451-431: The same direction or opposing directions). The Koreyvo, Jumo, and Napier Deltic engines used one piston per cylinder to expose an intake port, and the other to expose an exhaust port. Each piston is referred to as either an intake piston or an exhaust piston, depending on its function in this regard. This layout gives superior scavenging, as gas flow through the cylinder is axial rather than radial, and simplifies design of

2508-455: The same extra-heavy-duty design and has a rated in-service lifespan of more than 40 years, but now the optional capability of burning dual fuels (gaseous and liquid fuels, with automatic switchover to full diesel if the gas supply runs out) is available. The Commer TS3 three-cylinder diesel truck engines, released in 1954, have a single crankshaft beneath the centre of the cylinders with both pistons connected by levers. Also released in 1954

2565-519: The three Mercedes-Benz engines were replaced, the compactness of the Napier engines was graphically illustrated—they were half the size of the original engines and approximately one fifth the weight. Proving successful, Deltic Diesel engines became a common power plant in small and fast naval craft. The Royal Navy used them first in the Dark-class fast attack craft. Subsequently they were used in

2622-437: Was a crankcase compression design, with one piston used to uncover the transfer port, and the other to open the exhaust port. The advantage of this design was to avoid the deflector crowns for pistons used by most two-stroke engines at that time. Doxford Engine Works in the United Kingdom built large opposed-piston engines for marine use, with the first Doxford engine being installed in a ship in 1921. This diesel engine used

2679-927: Was able to restart its aircraft manufacturing concern within the borders of the Soviet Union in 1922, the partly revitalized Junkers firm developed a series of progressively larger civil aircraft including the single-engined G.24 and three-engine G.31 . Neither aircraft was a commercial success. With the expiration of treaty restrictions in 1926, Junkers introduced the Junkers W33 and Junkers W34 series, which did find significant commercial success via large production orders in passenger, freight hauling, and, somewhat later, military configurations. The W-33/W-34 series also set multiple aviation "firsts" including records for flight duration, flight distance, altitude, rocket-assisted take-off and inflight refueling between 1926 and 1930. After previous study work, Junkers set up

2736-418: Was absorbed within MBB and the Junkers name disappeared in 1969. The Junkers firm's early aircraft were identified by the letter J for Junkers followed by an Arabic type number. From 1919 they introduced an additional sales designation using the same number but prefixed by a letter indicating the role of the aircraft: Just once, the same number was used to identify two different completed types. This pair

2793-464: Was arranged to allow for exhaust port lead and inlet port lag. These engines are called " uniflow " designs, because the flow of gas into and out of the cylinder is one way, assisted by blowers to improve cylinder exhaust scavenging . The inlet/outlet port order is in/out/in/out/in/out going around the triangular ring (i.e. the inlet and outlet manifold arrangements have C 3 rotational symmetry ). Earlier attempts at designing such an engine met with

2850-429: Was benchmarked against a next-generation diesel engine equipped with advanced technologies. Volvo filed for a patent in 2017. The Diesel Air Dair 100 is a two-cylinder 100 hp (75 kW) diesel aircraft engine , designed and produced by Diesel Air Ltd of Olney, Buckinghamshire for use in airships , home-built kitplanes , and light aircraft . In July 2021, Cummins was awarded an $ 87M contract by

2907-637: Was commissioned to design a multistage centrifugal pump with a Napier-Deltic T18-37C diesel to power the pumps. In 1959, the Leyland L60 19 L (1,159 cu in) six-cylinder diesel engine was introduced. The L60 was produced in the United Kingdom for use in the Chieftain tank. The Soviet T-64 tank, produced from 1963–1987, also used an opposed-piston diesel engine 5TD  [ uk ] developed by Malyshev Factory in Kharkiv. After

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2964-468: Was completely revolutionary for its day. It was in 1922 that American engineer William Bushnell Stout , and in 1924 that Soviet engineer Andrei Tupolev each adapted the Junkers corrugated duralumin airframe design technologies for their own initial examples of all-metal aircraft in their respective nations – for Stout, the Stout ST twin-engined naval torpedo bomber prototype aircraft, and for Tupolev,

3021-612: Was filed in 1930 by Wifredo Ricart , linked to Alfa Romeo , and to the Spanish INI truck maker Pegaso , Pat ES0118013. Until this time, diesel engines had poor power-to-weight ratios and low speed. Before the war, Napier had been working on an aviation diesel design known as the Culverin after licensing versions of the Junkers Jumo 204 . The Culverin was an opposed-piston, two-stroke design. Instead of each cylinder having

3078-746: Was the Norwegian Tjeld or Nasty class , which was also sold to Germany, Greece, and the United States Navy . Nasty -class boats served in the Vietnam War , largely for covert operations. Smaller nine-cylinder Deltic 9 engines were used as marine engines, notably by minesweepers. The Ton-class vessels were powered by a pair of Deltic 18s and used an additional Deltic 9 for power generation for their magnetic influence sweep. The Hunt class used three Deltic 9s, two for propulsion and again one for power generation, but this time with

3135-605: Was the Napier Deltic engine for military boats. It uses three crankshafts, one at each corner, to form the three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle. The Deltic engine was used in British Rail Class 55 and British Rail Class 23 locomotives and to power fast patrol boats and Royal Navy mine sweepers. Beginning in 1962, Gibbs invited Mack Trucks to take part in designing FDNY’s super pumper and its companion tender. DeLaval Turbine

3192-481: Was the T 23 and G23, both also known as J 23. During World War I , machines in service used the regular Idflieg aircraft designation system to specify their design's purpose, also promoted by the Flugzeugmeisterei (Air Ministry), again a letter number system indicating role: The best known and most confusing example is the Junkers J 4 armored-fuselage, all-metal sesquiplane , known to the military as

3249-413: Was the largest landplane in the world carrying thirty-four passengers and seven crew members. The G.38 sat some of its passengers in the wing area outboard of the fuselage, the front of which was covered with windows. Also, in 1932, Junkers joint project with Maybach designed and built an aerodynamic car but found due to the depression that the market for high end luxury cars was saturated. Around 1931

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