78-455: The Narcotics Control Bureau ( abbr. NCB ) is an Indian central law enforcement and intelligence agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . The agency is tasked with combating drug trafficking and the use of illegal substances under the provisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act . Established in 1986, it is responsible for coordination with
156-640: A peaked cap , and constables wear berets or sidecaps . Branches such as the Crime Branch , Special Branch do not have a uniform; business dress (shirt, tie, blazer, etc.) is worn with a badge. Special-service armed police have tactical uniforms in accordance with their function, and traffic police generally wear a white uniform. The state police is headed by an IPS officer with the rank of director general of police (DGP), assisted by two (or more) additional directors general of police (ADGs). Other DGP rank officers head autonomous bodies not controlled by
234-412: A DIG. Law and order (politics) In modern politics, " law and order " is an ideological approach focusing on harsher enforcement and penalties as ways to reduce crime. Penalties for perpetrators of disorder may include longer terms of imprisonment, mandatory sentencing , three-strikes laws and even capital punishment in some countries. Supporters of "law and order" argue that harsh punishment
312-489: A division of the ministry dealing with matters relating to the levy and collection of taxes, tax evasion and revenue intelligence. It is India's official Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) unit. The Income Tax Department draws its staff from Indian Revenue Service officers nationwide, and is responsible for the investigation of economic crimes and tax evasion. Some special agents and agents can carry firearms. The Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI)
390-420: A limited number of cases, it can be argued that order can be maintained without law. Robert Ellickson , in his book Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes , concluded that it is sometimes possible for order to be maintained without law in small groups. Ellickson examined rural Shasta County, California , in which cattle openly roam and sometimes destroy crops. He found that since social norms call for
468-574: A margin of 45% to 39%. Advocates of stricter policies toward crime and those accused of crime have won many victories since the issue became important. Highlights include stringent laws dealing with the sale and use of illicit drugs. For example, the Rockefeller drug laws passed in New York state in 1973, and later, laws mandating tougher sentences for repeat offenders, such as the three-strikes laws adopted by many U.S. states starting in 1993 and
546-458: A mobile armed force under state control or, in the case of district armed police (who are not as well equipped), as a force directed by district superintendents and generally used for riot control. The Provincial Armed Constabulary or State Armed Police is an armed reserve maintained at key locations in some states and activated on orders from the deputy inspector general and higher-level authorities. Armed constabulary are not usually in contact with
624-935: A number of Central Police Organisations (CPOs) to fulfill diverse law enforcement and security roles. These CPOs can be broadly categorized into two groups: Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs): These are armed police forces responsible for internal security, counter-insurgency operations, and border guarding. They include organizations such as the Assam Rifles , Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). Central Police Organisations (CPOs): This group comprises organizations that perform specialized functions such as police research and development, criminal investigation, intelligence gathering, police training and forensic science. These include: In addition, there are Police Training institutions, such as
702-519: A role model of tougher sentencing campaigners for his hardline corrections policies, was investigated by the FBI – starting in 2009 – for alleged abuses of power and intimidation of dissenting officials, among other controversies . A United States Supreme Court ruling in 2011, Brown v. Plata , ordered the State of California to cut its inmate population, citing prison overcrowding to be in violation of
780-468: A state force), and retire with the rank of inspector general (IG). The Special Protection Group (SPG), the central government's executive protection agency, is responsible for the protection of the Prime Minister of India and their immediate family. The force was established in 1985, after the assassination of Indira Gandhi . It provides daily, round-the-clock security throughout India to
858-600: Is deployed at the Indo- Nepal and Indo- Bhutan borders. SSB, with over 82,000 personnel, is trained in maintaining law and order, military tactics, jungle warfare, counter-insurgency, and internal security. Its personnel are also deployed to the Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Security Guard. Officers begin as an assistant commandant (equivalent to deputy superintendent of police on
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#1732780233597936-509: Is enforced by a number of agencies . India has a multi-layered law enforcement structure with both federal and state / union territory level agencies, including specialized ones with specific jurisdictions. Unlike many federal nations , the constitution of India delegates the maintenance of law and order primarily to the states and territories . Under the Constitution , police is a subject governed by states . Therefore, each of
1014-480: Is headed by the Director General of Intelligence (Income Tax), which was created to address cross-border black money . The DCI conducts unobtrusive investigations of "persons and transactions suspected to be involved in criminal activities having cross-border, inter-state or international ramifications, that pose a threat to national security and are punishable under the direct tax laws." Commissioners of
1092-867: Is located in Delhi , the national capital. Its field units and offices are organised by zones and are located in Mumbai , Indore , Kolkata , Delhi , Chennai , Lucknow , Jodhpur , Chandigarh , Jammu , Ahmedabad , Bengaluru , Guwahati and Patna . In wake of recent cadre restructuring in NCB, new offices were opened at Agartala, Raipur, Visakhapatnam, Gorakhpur, Jalpaiguri, Itanagar, Bhopal, Cochin, Jaipur, Srinagar. Further, erstwhile sub-zonal units viz Amritsar, Dehradun, Mandi, Mandsaur, Imphal etc. were upgraded to Zonal units in same locations or shifted to other location for better drug law enforcement, keeping in view of newer trends in drug trafficking. The Director General of NCB
1170-728: Is mostly an officer from the Indian Police Service (IPS) or the Indian Revenue Service (IRS). Apart from the direct feeder grade, officers in this organisation are also drawn from Indian Revenue Service, Indian Police Service and other Paramilitary forces. The Narcotics Control Bureau is also represented on the Economic Intelligence Council . NCB is affiliated to Home Ministry, which was made responsible for administering The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. The NCB
1248-724: Is outside the ambit of the Right to information Act under Section 24(1) of the RTI act 2005. The chief purpose of the Narcotics Control Bureau is to fight drug trafficking on an all-India level. It works in close cooperation with the Customs and Central Excise /GST, State Police Department , State Excise and Prohibition Department, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) and other Indian intelligence and law enforcement agencies both at
1326-742: Is popularly known as the "Black Cats" for its uniform. Like most military and elite-security units in India, it avoids the media and the Indian public is largely unaware of its capabilities and operational details. The NSG draws its core members from the Indian Army, and the balance is support staff from other central police units. An NSG team and a transport aircraft is stationed at Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi, ready to deploy in 30 minutes. Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), founded in 1963,
1404-476: Is responsible for anti-narcotics operations nationwide, checking the spread of contraband and the cultivation of drugs. Officers in the bureau are drawn from the IPS and IRS . The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPRD) was established on 28 August 1970 to modernize the police forces. It researches police issues, including training and the introduction of technology at the central and state levels. In 1979,
1482-463: Is responsible for policing India's land borders in peacetime and preventing trans-border crimes. A central police force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, its duties include VIP security, election supervision, guarding vital installations and counter-naxal operations. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , which highlighted the inadequacy of the existing border-management system, led to the formation of
1560-424: Is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which supervises a large number of government functions and agencies operated and administered by the central government. The ministry is concerned with matters pertaining to the maintenance of public peace and order, the staffing and administration of the public services, delineation of internal boundaries, and the administration of union territories . In addition to controlling
1638-522: Is the most effective means of crime prevention. Opponents argue that a system of harsh criminal punishment is ultimately ineffective because it self-perpetuates crime and does not address underlying or systemic causes of crime. They furthermore credit it with facilitating greater militarisation of police and contributing to mass incarceration in the United States. Despite the widespread popularity of "law and order" ideas and approaches between
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#17327802335971716-471: The 28 states have their own police forces. The centre is also allowed to maintain its own police forces to assist the states with ensuring law and order. Therefore, it maintains seven central armed police forces and some other central police organisations for specialised tasks such as intelligence gathering, investigation, research and record-keeping, and training. At the federal level, some of India's Central Armed Police Forces are part of
1794-567: The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau , Directorate General of Revenue Intelligence , Directorate of Enforcement , Financial Intelligence Unit , Directorate General of GST Intelligence , and Directorate General of Income Tax (Investigation) . Most federal law-enforcement agencies are under the Ministry of Home Affairs . The head of each agency is typically an IPS officer. The constitution assigns responsibility for maintaining law and order and policing to
1872-791: The Conservative Party 1975–1990; Prime Minister 1979–1990). The term was parodied as "Laura Norder", and entered popular culture, for example in the sarcastic song " Law & Order " by the Tom Robinson Band (1979). Critics of law-and-order politics commonly point to actual and potential abuses of judicial and police powers, including police brutality and misconduct , racial profiling , prison overcrowding , and miscarriages of justice . As an example, they argue that while crime in New York City dropped under Mayor Giuliani, reports of police brutality increased during
1950-568: The Eighth Amendment . Jeremy Mayer, at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, has argued that the term is used as a way to emphasize racial backlash in politics without appearing racist. By 2020, columnists and left-leaning groups in the United States were increasing criticism of the term as hypocritical and a dog whistle in response to the use of the term by Donald Trump and his supporters during
2028-481: The George Floyd protests , with one outlet stating "[t]hroughout this nation's history, appeals to law and order have been as much about defending privilege as dealing with crime." In the wake of the 2021 United States Capitol attack , criticism from columnists and outlets mounted on Republican politicians seen as "abandoning" or otherwise being hypocritical of being known as the "law and order party." In
2106-457: The Indian state governments and other central departments, implementation of India's international obligations with regard to drug trafficking, and assisting international and foreign drug law enforcement agencies. The Narcotics Control Bureau was created on 17 March 1986 to enable the full implementation of The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 and fight its violation through
2184-609: The Jammu and Kashmir state police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) needed extra force to cope with spiraling violence, the central government deployed the BSF to Jammu and Kashmir to combat Kashmiri militants . BSF operates a Tear-Smoke Unit at its academy in Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh , which supplies tear gas and smoke shells for riot prevention to all state police forces. It operates dog squads , and runs
2262-740: The Ministry of Home Affairs and support the states. Larger cities have their own police forces under their respective state police (except the Kolkata Police that is autonomous and reports to state's Home Department). All senior officers in the state police forces and federal agencies are members of the Indian Police Service (IPS). India has some special tactical forces both on the federal and state level to deal with terrorist attacks and counter insurgencies like Mumbai Police Quick Response Team, National Security Guard , Anti-Terrorism Squad , Delhi Police SWAT, Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir) , etc. The Central Government has established
2340-651: The National Police Academy (NPA) and the North Eastern Police Academy (NEPA). There is a Railway Protection Force (RPF) that functions under the control of the Ministry of Railways . Some intelligence and investigating agencies under the Ministry of Finance also do policing work. They are involved in collecting intelligence and investigating economic offences pertaining to customs, excise, income tax, foreign exchange, money laundering, and narcotics smuggling. Some of these are
2418-757: The Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1988. The law was established to fulfill India's treaty obligations under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , Convention on Psychotropic Substances , and United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances . Officers in this organisation are drawn from Indian Revenue Service , Indian Police Service and Paramilitary forces in addition to directly recruited members. The Narcotics Control Bureau's national headquarters
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2496-694: The South . Although violent crimes are the primary focus of law-and-order advocates, quality-of-life crimes are sometimes also included under the law-and-order umbrella, particularly in local elections. A tough stance on this matter greatly helped Rudy Giuliani win two terms as mayor of New York in the 1990s, and was also widely cited as propelling Gavin Newsom to victory over a more liberal opponent in San Francisco 's mayoral election of 2003. Richard Riordan also became Los Angeles ' new mayor in 1993 for
2574-486: The State Armed Police Force or Provincial Armed Constabulary . District armed police are organized like an army infantry battalion. Assigned to police stations, they perform guard and escort duties. The district armed reserve police (DAR) functions under the respective district police units. States which maintain armed contingents use them as an emergency reserve strike force. The units are organized as
2652-564: The 1780s and 1790s. It was a political slogan in Kentucky around 1900 after the assassination of Governor William Goebel . The term was once used by Barry Goldwater in his run for president in 1964. The number of prisoners tripled from 500,000 in 1980 to 1.5 million in 1994. Conservatives at the state level built many more prisons and convicts served much longer terms, with less parole. The paradigm asserts that prisoners serving longer sentences would be much older upon release, thus reducing
2730-774: The 1960s to the 1980s exemplified by presidential candidates including Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan running successfully on a "tough-on-crime" platform, statistics on crime showed a significant increase of crime throughout the 1970s and 1980s instead, and crime rates only began declining from the 1990s onwards. To differing extents, crime has also been a prominent issue in Canadian , British , Australian , South African , French , German , and New Zealand politics. Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Both
2808-454: The 1971 Battle of Longewala in this capacity. After the 1971 war (which led to the creation of Bangladesh ), responsibility for policing the border with Bangladesh was assigned to the force. Originally charged with guarding India's external borders, the BSF has been tasked with counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations. When insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989 and
2886-539: The 1975–77 Emergency , the constitution was amended on 1 February 1976 to permit the central government to deploy its armed police forces without state permission. The amendment was unpopular, and use of the central police forces was controversial. After the Emergency was lifted, the constitution was again amended in December 1978 to restore the status quo. The principal national ministry concerned with law enforcement
2964-402: The 1980s and 1990s are often credited with influencing politics regarding the concept of "law and order". Most notably, the release of the murderer Willie Horton who committed a rape and a rampage of severe violence when he was released is generally credited with favoring the election of President George H. W. Bush over the man who released him, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis . Whatever
3042-506: The 2,115-kilometre (1,314 mi) Indo- Tibetan border and its surrounding areas. ITBP personnel are trained in maintaining law and order, military tactics, jungle warfare, counter-insurgency, and internal security. They were also deployed to Indian diplomatic missions located in Afghanistan. The National Security Guard (NSG) is a commando unit originally created for counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue missions. Founded in 1986, it
3120-566: The Anti-Eve Teasing Squad, which combats the sexual harassment of women ("Eves"). Several women-only police stations have been established in Tamil Nadu to handle sex crimes against women. Uniforms of state and local police vary by grade, region, and type of duty. The main service uniform for state police is khaki. Some cities, such as Kolkata , have white uniforms. Headgear differs by rank and state; officers usually wear
3198-680: The Border Security Force as a unified central armed police force mandated with guarding India's boundary with Pakistan . The BSF's policing capability was used in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 , against the Pakistani Armed Forces , in areas which were the least threatened. During wartime or when ordered by the central government, the BSF is commanded by the Indian Army ; BSF troops participated in
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3276-620: The Bureau of Police Research and Development. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL), a wing of the Ministry of Home Affairs, houses the only DNA repository in South and Southeast Asia. There are seven central forensic laboratories: in Hyderabad , Kolkata , Bhopal , Chandigarh , Pune , Guwahati and New Delhi . CFSL Hyderabad is a centre of excellence in chemical sciences, CFSL Kolkata in biological sciences, and CFSL Chandigarh in
3354-525: The CBI has also accepted other criminal cases because of media and public pressure (usually due to local-police investigative incompetence). The Income Tax Department (ITD) is India's premier financial agency, responsible for a wide variety of financial and fiscal matters. The department is controlled by the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance , headed by a minister who reports directly to
3432-531: The CBI's national importance. The bureau is controlled by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the government of India , usually headed by the Prime Minister as the Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions . India's Interpol unit, the CBI draws its personnel from IPS officers throughout the country. Specializing in crimes involving high-ranking government officials and politicians,
3510-568: The DGP, such as the police recruitment board, fire service and police training, vigilance, anti-corruption bureau, prisons department, police housing society, police welfare bureau, etc. State forces are organised into zones, which consist of two (or more) ranges. Important zones are headed by an additional director general of police (ADGP), and other zones are headed by an inspector-general of police (IG). Ranges consist of several districts. Important ranges are headed by an IG, and other ranges are headed by
3588-682: The Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence (DGCEI), is an intelligence-based organization responsible for tax evasion cases related to central excise duty and Goods and Service Tax (GST). Officers are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service and Group B of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. The National Investigation Agency (NIA), the central agency combatting terrorism , can deal with interstate terror-related crimes without permission from
3666-520: The IPS, the Ministry of Home Affairs maintains several agencies and organizations dealing with police and security. Police forces in the union territories are under the MHA. The Minister of Home Affairs is the cabinet minister responsible for the ministry; the Home Secretary , an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, is the ministry's administrative head. The Border Security Force (BSF)
3744-616: The ITD's intelligence directorate posted in cities such as Delhi, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Lucknow will also conduct criminal investigations for the DCI. The ITD's intelligence wing oversees the Central Information Branch (CIB), which has a repository of data on taxpayers' financial transactions. The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is an intelligence-based organization responsible for
3822-589: The Maharashtra state police describes why reform is needed. Women have entered into the higher echelons of Indian police in greater numbers since the late 1980s, primarily through the Indian Police Service system. Female officers were first used in 1972, and a number of women hold key positions in state police organizations. Their absolute numbers, however, are small. Uniformed and undercover women police officers have been deployed in New Delhi as
3900-842: The National Dog Training and Research Centre. The BSF, one of several Indian police forces which have its own air and water wings, provides helicopter, dog and other support services to the state police. The Central Industrial Security Force 's (CISF) primary task is to provide industrial security. It guards industrial installations nationwide which are owned by the central government, secures seaports and airports , and provides security for certain non-governmental organizations . The CISF provides security for nuclear-power plants, space installations, mints, oil fields and refineries, heavy-engineering and steel plants, barrages , fertilizer units, hydroelectric and thermal power stations , and other installations partially (or wholly) run by
3978-835: The National Police Commission recommended the creation of agency to maintain criminal records and a database shareable at the federal and state levels. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) was established by combining the Directorate of Coordination Police Computers, the Central Fingerprint Bureau, the Data Section of Coordination Division of the Central Bureau of Investigation, and the Statistical Section of
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#17327802335974056-404: The cause, Bush beat Dukakis by a margin of both popular and electoral college votes that has not been surpassed since 1988 . The release of the murderer Reginald McFadden, who went on a serial murder and rape spree, by the acting governor of Pennsylvania, Mark Singel , may have been a contributing factor in the 1994 election of Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge , in which Ridge defeated Singel by
4134-483: The concept and the exact phrase "law and order" became a powerful political theme in the United States during the late 1960s. The first prominent American politician to use the term in this era was Alabama governor George Wallace , who used the phrase as a political slogan and racial dog whistle in his 1968 presidential campaign . Other leading proponents were two Republicans, the governor of California Ronald Reagan and presidential candidate Richard Nixon . Nixon used
4212-498: The coordination of India's anti- smuggling efforts. Officers are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service and Group B of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs . The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) is the intelligence agency responsible for gathering information and monitoring the economic and financial sectors for economic offenses and warfare. The Directorate General of GST Intelligence (DGGI), formerly
4290-417: The first time in 20 years after Tom Bradley retired. Platt (1995) argues that the intensity of law-and-order campaigns represents a significant shift in criminal justice that involves modernization and increased funding for police technology and personnel, privatization of security services and surveillance, higher rates of incarceration , and greater racial inequality in security and punishment. The phrase
4368-412: The foundational framework for the organization and functioning of police forces in India. While there may be variations in equipment and resources among different state police forces, their organizational structure and operational patterns are generally similar. Below the DGP, the police force is divided into police zones, ranges, districts, subdivisions, and police stations. Inspectors General (IGPs) head
4446-428: The government. The Central Reserve Police Force's (CRPF) main objective is to assist states and union territories' law-enforcement agencies in maintaining law and order and containing insurgency . It is deployed as an anti-terrorist unit in several regions, and operates abroad as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The 90,000-member Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is responsible for security along
4524-485: The institute became a department of the Ministry of Home Affairs with a full-time director. It is headed by senior Indian Police Service officers. The institute trains in cybercrime investigations, and researches aspects of criminology and forensics (including cyber forensics). It is listed as a science and technology organization by the Department of Science and Technology . State police forces are organized under
4602-478: The national and states level. The NCB also provides resources and training to the personnel of India's Drug Law Enforcement Agencies in fighting drug trafficking. The NCB also monitors India's frontiers to track down points where smuggling activities take place with foreign traffickers. Law enforcement in India Law enforcement in India is imperative to keep justice and order in the nation. Indian law
4680-444: The numbers levelled off. In response to sharply rising rates of crime in the 1960s, treatment of criminal offenders, both accused and convicted, became a highly divisive topic in the 1968 U.S. presidential election . Republican vice presidential candidate Spiro Agnew , then the governor of Maryland , often used the expression; Agnew and Nixon won and were reelected in 1972. Notorious crimes by released murderers that occurred in
4758-586: The physical sciences. The laboratories are primarily controlled by the ministry's Directorate of Forensic Science (DFS); the New Delhi lab is under the Central Bureau of Investigation , and investigates cases on its behalf. The National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (NICFS) was established on 4 January 1972 at the recommendation of a committee appointed by the University Grants Commission (UGC). In September 1979,
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#17327802335974836-410: The police chain of command , and respond to the general direction of designated civilian officials. In the municipal force, the chain of command runs to the state home secretary rather than the district superintendent or district officials. Recruits receive about ₹ 30,000 per month. Opportunities for promotion are limited because of the system of horizontal entry into higher grades. A 2016 article on
4914-422: The police zones, while Deputy Inspectors General (DIGs) lead the police ranges. Superintendents of Police (SPs) command the district police headquarters and oversee subordinate units. Apart from the law and order wing, each state police consists of special wings such as the criminal investigations department, the intelligence wing, police training wing and the state armed police, headed by senior officers. Police in
4992-553: The present Prime Minister and his family. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigative agency, responsible for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters. Often cited as established with the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946 , it was formed by the central government (which controls the Delhi police) with a resolution. Its constitutionality
5070-474: The prime minister. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) is also part of the Department of Revenue. It provides input for policy and planning of direct taxes , and is responsible for the administration of direct-tax laws through the Income Tax Department. The CBDT operates in accordance with the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. The board members, in their ex officio capacity, are also
5148-547: The probability of subsequent offences. Although the Civil Rights Act of July 2, 1964 forbade all discrimination on the basis of race, in 1965 police brutality towards a black man during a traffic stop resulted in a major riot among the black community in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles , the government's response to which is considered by many to have been a failure. Indeed, every summer from 1964 through 1970
5226-529: The public unless they are assigned to VIP duty or maintaining order during fairs, festivals, athletic events, elections, and natural disasters. They may be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest, organized crime, and communal riots; to maintain key guard posts, and to participate in anti-terrorism operations. Depending on the assignment, the Provincial Armed Constabulary may only carry lathis. Senior police officers answer to
5304-483: The purview of the state governments , with each state and union territory maintaining its own police force. The overarching authority for police matters lies with the state's home department, led by a additional chief secretary or principal secretary, also known as the home secretary, typically an IAS officer. The state police force is headed by a Director General of Police (DGP), who is typically an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Police Act of 1861 provides
5382-850: The re-legalization of the death penalty in several states. Opponents of these and similar laws have often accused advocates of racism . Civil rights groups have steadfastly opposed the trend toward harsher measures generally. The law-and-order issue caused a deep rift within the Democratic Party in the late 1960s and 1970s, and this rift was seen by many political scientists as a major contributing factor in Ronald Reagan 's two successful presidential runs in 1980 and 1984. In both elections, millions of registered Democrats voted for Reagan, and they collectively became known as " Reagan Democrats ". Many of these voters eventually changed their party registration and became Republicans, especially in
5460-504: The same period. This period included the fatal shootings of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell , and the Abner Louima incident. In 2009, Pennsylvania juvenile court judges Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan pleaded guilty in the " kids for cash " scandal of accepting money from private prison industry officials in exchange for sentencing over 1,000 youths to prison terms for minor offenses. Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio ,
5538-572: The states and union territories are assisted by units of volunteer Home Guards under guidelines formulated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. In most states and territories, police forces are divided into civil (unarmed) police and armed police contingents. Civil police staff police stations, conduct investigations, answer routine complaints, perform traffic duties, and patrol the streets. They usually carry lathis : bamboo staffs, weighted (or tipped) with iron. Armed police are divided into two groups: district armed police/district armed reserve (DAR) and
5616-402: The states and territories, and almost all routine policing—including the apprehension of criminals—is done by state-level police forces. The constitution also permits the central government to participate in police operations and organization by authorizing the creation of the Indian Police Service. Central police forces can assist a state's police force if requested by a state government. During
5694-584: The states. The National Investigation Agency Bill 2008, creating the agency, was moved in Parliament by the Home Minister on 16 December 2008. The NIA was created in response to the 2008 Mumbai attacks as a central counter-terrorism agency. Also dealing with drug trafficking and currency counterfeiting, it draws its officers from the IRS and the Indian Police Service . The Narcotics Control Bureau
5772-610: The steps of the Capitol building in Washington to prevent rioters from burning it down. In the post war period, there was a dramatic rise in violent street crime, including drug-related murders, as well as armed robberies, rapes and violent assaults. Inner city neighborhoods became far more violent and people tried to move out to safer ones. The number of violent crimes more than tripled from 288,000 in 1960 (including 9,110 murders) to 1,040,000 in 1975 (including 20,510 murders). Then
5850-569: The term to appeal to various demographic groups, including working-class white ethnics in northern cities. Nixon attempted to discredit the Democratic Party in the eyes of these voters, blaming it for being soft on crime and rioters. Previously, other politicians had used the term "law and order", although their use of the term was much less systematic and frequent than that of Wallace, Nixon, or Reagan. Political demand for "law and order" has been made much earlier before, by John Adams in
5928-653: Was a "long hot summer", though 1967 is particularly called that since 159 riots occurred that year. Additionally, after the April 4, 1968 murder of Martin Luther King , a new wave of riots broke out in over 100 cities, with nights of violence against police and looting and burning of local white-owned businesses. The inner neighborhoods of many major cities, such as Detroit , Los Angeles , Newark and New York , were burned out. National Guard and Army troops were called out. At one point machine gun units were stationed on
6006-554: Was questioned in the Gauhati High Court Narendra Kumar vs Union of India case on the basis that all areas of policing are exclusive to state governments, and the CBI is a central-government agency. The court ruled that despite the lack of legislation, the CBI is an authorized agency of the central government for national policing. Its ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court of India , which cited
6084-495: Was used repeatedly by Donald Trump in his presidential nomination acceptance speech in 2016, which Salon.com interpreted as an intentional reference to Nixon's use of the term. Politico Magazine reported that the rhetoric was at odds with the crime rates being at 50-year lows in the country. "Law and order" has been a political rallying call in the United Kingdom, particularly under Margaret Thatcher (Leader of
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