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68-556: Naran ( Hindko , Urdu : ناران , romanized: Nārān , IPA: [nɑːɾɑːn] ) is a town and popular tourist destination in the upper Kaghan Valley in the Mansehra District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan . It is located 119 kilometers (74 mi) from Mansehra city at an altitude of 2,409 meters (7,904 ft). It is located about 65 kilometers (40 mi) away from Babusar Top . It

136-508: A distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in complementary distribution with the alveolar lateral. There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an alveolar trill /r/ (with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a retroflex flap /ɽ/ . Hindko has three short vowels /ɪ/ , /ʊ/ and /ə/ , and six long vowels: /iː/ , /eː/ , /æː/ , /ɑː/ , /oː/ and /uː/ . The vowels can be illustrated with

204-442: A high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing: /ɡʱoːɽaː/ > /kòːɽaː/ 'horse'. The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates ( /kòːɽaː/ 'horse' < /ɡʱoːɽaː/ ), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates ( /kóːɽaː/ 'leper' < /kóːɽʱaː/ ), and level tone elsewhere ( /koːɽaː/ 'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on

272-1025: A lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published. An excerpt from the Kalām of Ahmad Ali Saayein : الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ Transliteration: Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah Translation: "He

340-424: A number of diphthongs (like /ai/ ). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied. Hindko dialects possess phonemic nasal vowels (here marked with a tilde above the vowel: ɑ̃ ). For example, in

408-473: A politic move. During British rule , the region of Hazara along with the districts of Peshawar , Kohat , Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan , had formed part of Punjab province , until the western parts of the province were separated to form the new North-West Frontier Province in 1901. The areas around Abbottabad and Mansehra became the Hazara District of Peshawar Division , whilst areas to

476-593: A second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London . He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s. The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published

544-499: A system of pitch accent , which is commonly referred to as tone . In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates ( /bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ɦ/ . Thus in Standard Punjabi , if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel: /dʒiːbʱ/ > /dʒíːb/ 'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to

612-539: Is Hindki . A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as Hindki , Hindkun , or Hindkowan ( Hindkuwan ). Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit . Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of Punjab , and in two neighbouring regions: in Peshawar to the north-west, and Hazara to

680-521: Is Pashto . In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as

748-578: Is 18,013 km . Because it lies immediately south of the main Himalayan range, and is exposed to moist winds from the Arabian Sea , Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. At Abbottabad, annual rainfall averages around 1,200 millimetres (47 in) but has been as high as 1,800 millimetres (71 in), whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as 1,750 millimetres (69 in). Due to its location on

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816-420: Is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan , primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northwestern regions of Punjab . There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There

884-435: Is a literary tradition based on Peshawari , the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki , and has more affinities with

952-546: Is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying glottalisation : /tˀîː/ 'daughter', /vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/ 'congratulations'. Hindko is generally written in a variety of the Punjabi alphabet . It was created by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali at Khowar Academy Chitral . The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board

1020-536: Is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018). There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes . However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarewal . A large number of Hindko speakers in

1088-489: Is one of the most popular tourist attractions locally as well as internationally. Naran Valley is also Pakistan's most visited Valley, around 1.5 million people visit Naran Valley every year. Naran Kaghan is famous as a tourist destination, owing to its pleasant weather during peak season. Every year thousands of tourists rush to explore the valley. It is also the gateway to Gilgit Hunza in Summers by Babusar Pass. Naran Bazaar

1156-514: Is phonemic in Awankari and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli: /tɑːɳɑ̃ː/ 'straight', /mɑːɳ/ 'pride'. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is phonemic in Tanoli: /bɑːŋ/ 'prayer call', /mɑːŋ/ 'fiancée', and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word. In

1224-492: Is realised as high falling in Kohati and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect. Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone

1292-525: Is the foremost from the world of existence Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah The pen was ordered to write Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah When angels read this composition Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah" Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko matlaan , sg. matal ). An example of a proverb: جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا Transliteration: Jidur sir udur sarhanra Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere." Hazara region The origin of

1360-467: Is very crowded in the summers with hotels and restaurants offering their services. In 2020, the government expects that 5 million tourists will explore the valley. Naran has a humid continental climate ( Koppen Climate Classification Dfb ), but the weatherbox below suggests a subarctic ( Dfc ) climate. There is significant rainfall in summers and heavy snowfall in winters. The region is Alpine in geography and climate, with forests and meadows dominating

1428-567: The Peshawar Division of West Pakistan. Hazara is bounded by the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab to the south, Azad Kashmir to the east, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, whilst to the west lies the rest of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The river Indus runs through the division in a north–south line, forming much of the western border of the division. The total area of Hazara

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1496-407: The approximant / ʋ / in Awankari. Apart from /m/ and /n/ , Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other nasal consonants . The retroflex nasal is overall shorter than the other nasals, and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised flap : /ɽ̃/ . For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal /n/ , but it

1564-613: The 1920s, including the Hazara Expedition of 1888 . From the early 1930s onwards, the people of Hazara gradually became active in the freedom movement for an independent Pakistan under the active leadership of renowned All India Muslim League leaders such as Abdul Majid Khan Tarin and Jalal Baba . Sometime before the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Nawab of Amb Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli also developed good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan as

1632-547: The 1951 Census of Pakistan, 81.7% of population of Hazara region was reported to be speaker of Hindko (labelled as Punjabi), forming a majority. In the 2023 census, the share of Hindko, Pashto and Kohistani speakers was 56%, 20.68% and 14.6%, respectively. Some major tribes of the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunhwa province of Pakistan are as follows. Some districts of Hazara have received high scores in education in Alif Ailaan 's 2017 rankings: Haripur District

1700-695: The Buddhist ruler Kanishka the Great . During the Kushan period, Buddhist art and architecture flourished in the area. When the Chinese pilgrim Hiun-Tsang visited the area in the 7th century, it was under the control of Durlabhavardhana , the ruler of the Karkota dynasty . He mentioned the region as Wu-la-shi . The Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties ruled Hazara one after another. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated

1768-463: The Great , after conquering parts of northern Punjab , established his rule over a large part of Hazara. The region of Amb and its surrounding areas have been associated with Embolina mentioned by Arrian and Ptolemy's Geography near Aornos , the town chosen to serve as Alexander's base of supplies. According to Arrian , the ruler of the region in Alexander's time was called Arsakes. With

1836-657: The Hazara Division are Pashtuns. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the Tahirkhelis , Swatis , Yusufzais , Jadoons and Tareens . The other Hindko speakers include the Sayyids , Awans , Mughals , Tanolis , Turks, Qureshis and Gujjars . The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is Urdu and the second most common one

1904-592: The Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in Majhi Punjabi , and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be /k òːɽaː/ . The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in

1972-441: The Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a nasal consonant. In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see Awankari dialect § Vowels for more details). Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have

2040-660: The Hindko of Azad Kashmir /bɑː/ 'animal disease' contrasts with /bɑ̃ː/ 'arm', and /toːkeː/ 'meat cutters' with /toːkẽː/ 'hindrances'. In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all, of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels. In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well: /kʰɪɖɑː/ 'make one play' contrasts with /kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/ 'scatter' (in Awankari), /ɡəɖ/ 'mixing' contrasts with /ɡə̃́ɖ/ 'knot'). Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow

2108-740: The Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala during his first campaign. However, there is no significant historical evidence attesting the Ghaznavid rule in Hazara. After the fall of the Hindu Shahi dynasty in the 11th century, the rulers of Kashmir took control of the area, the most notable being under the leadership of Kalasa (1063 to 1089) until the area fell to the Ghurids . In 1399, the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur , on his return to Kabul , stationed his Karluk Turkic soldiers in Hazara to protect

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2176-559: The Kashmiris of the Vale of Kashmir to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language). This variety is also spoken across the Line of Control into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir . The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by Ethnologue into two languages: Northern Hindko ( ISO 639-3 code: hno) for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd) for

2244-825: The area within a year. During the Second Sikh War Abbott and his men were cut off by the Sikh army from supplies and reinforcements from the rest of the British Army, but were able to maintain their position. By 1849, the British had gained control of all of Hazara. However, the local tribes were occasionally rebellious, including the Swatis and the Tor Ghar tribes . The British sent many expeditions against these tribes to crush several uprisings between 1852 and

2312-536: The board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published

2380-561: The boundary between the monsoonal summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West Asia , Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March associated with frontal southwest cloud bands and another monsoonal peak in July and August. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these months average around 40 millimetres (1.6 in). Due to

2448-550: The city of Peshawar and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language. It has a wide dialectal base and has undergone the influence of Urdu and Standard Punjabi . A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the Hazara region , which are collectively known as Hazara Hindko or Northern Hindko , with the variety spoken in Kaghan Valley known as Kaghani , and

2516-555: The creation of a separate province. The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed on the 8th of April 2010, which among other changes, renamed the North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The name change of the province was met with strong opposition from the people of Hazara and protests erupted in the region with wheel and shutter jam strikes. Abbottabad became

2584-532: The earliest evidence of deciphered writing in the subcontinent , dating to middle of the third century BCE, and are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script. The region was briefly and nominally controlled by many rulers foreign rulers, including the Indo-Parthians , Indo-Scythians , and Kushans , who promoted Buddhism throughout Central and South Asia. The region reached its height under

2652-822: The first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed

2720-477: The following examples from Tanoli: /tʃɪpp/ 'big stone', /dʊxx/ 'pain', /kəll/ 'yesterday', /biːɽɑː/ 'button', /keː/ 'what', /bæːrɑː/ 'piece of meat', /tɑːr/ 'Sunday', /tʃoːr/ 'thief', /kuːɽɑː/ 'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels. The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" ( /poːlɑː/ 'soft' vs. /pɔːlɑː/ 'shoe'). Varieties of Hindko also possess

2788-406: The fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko: /xrɑːb/ 'spoilt', /ləxxət/ 'small stick', /ʃɑːx/ 'branch'), with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final /ɦ in the Hindko of Kashmir). The labio-dental has been explicitly described as the fricative /v/ for the Hindko of Kashmir, and Tanawal, but as

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2856-588: The high altitude, temperatures in Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) still has maxima around 32 °C (90 °F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter, temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0 °C (32 °F) and much lower in

2924-585: The high mountains. Hazara accounts for a high level of Pakistan's tourism industry . Along the Karakoram Highway are major destinations for tourists including the famous Kaghan Valley , Lulusar Lake , Balakot , Naran , Shogran , Ayubia and Babusar Top . The region is famous for its scenic beauty and landscapes, resulting in its popularity as a summertime resort amongst locals and tourists. There are about 29 National Parks in Pakistan and 3 in Hazara. Languages of Hazara region (2023) In

2992-526: The important route between Kabul and Kashmir . In Mughal era, the region was part of the Pakhli Pargana (district), which formed a part of the larger Kashmir Sarkar , which in turn was part of the Kabul Subah after 1586. It was elevated to the level of a Sarkar in 1648 when Kashmir became a separate Subah . At the beginning of the 18th century, Turkic rule came to an end due to

3060-574: The increased aggression of the Swatis . The most crucial attack was that of the Swatis in 1703, in collusion with Syed Jalal Baba, the son in law of the last ruler of Pakhli, Sultan Mehmud Khurd . Thus, Swatis ousted the Turks and captured this area during the last part of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century. The area became under the Durrani Empire from the mid-18th to the early 19th centuries. The Durranis considered it wise to rule

3128-539: The landscape. The weather usually remains cloudy throughout the year. During the winters the temperature often remains below 0 °C with heavy snowfall. In the summers the temperature rarely exceeds 15 °C with heavy rainfall. Naran remains busy in summer, starting earlier, and tourism is extending up to late in the fall. The average annual temperature in Naran is 4.7 °C. Hindko Hindko ( ہندکو , romanized: Hindko , IPA: [ˈɦɪndkoː] )

3196-551: The language in use among the Swati Pathans, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri. In the cities of Kohat and Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of

3264-633: The latter than with the former. Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax . The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind", and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto , an Iranic language spoken by the Pashtun people. An alternative local name for this language group

3332-413: The main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops, and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad. Hindko varieties have a single lateral consonant : the alveolar /l/ , unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ . The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has

3400-552: The name Hazara has been identified with Abisāra, the country of Abisares , the monarch of the region at the time of Alexander 's invasion. The British archaeologist Aurel Stein regards it as derived from the Sanskrit name Urasā, or 'Urasha'. However, the region only came to be known as Hazara after Timur held control of it in 1399, and assigned it to his local chieftains, namely the Hazara-i-Karlugh . Alexander

3468-691: The nerve center of the movement. On the 10th of April, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police fired at unarmed protesters, leaving 7 dead and dozens injured. Allegedly, the firing was ordered by the coalition government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , led by the Awami National Party . This is one of the earliest incidents of police brutality in Pakistan in recent years, occurring before the Model Town Lahore incident , whose FIR has not been registered still today. In 2014,

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3536-557: The north of this became the Hazara Tribal Agency . Sandwiched between Hazara Tribal Agency and Hazara District were the small princely states of Amb and Phulra . This system of administration continued until 1950, when these two small states were incorporated into the Hazara district. From 1955 to 1970, NWFP province became part of West Pakistan under the One Unit policy, with the Hazara district forming part of

3604-666: The north-east, both in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of Kashmir . The central dialect group comprises Kohati (spoken in the city of Kohat and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of Attock District , Punjab: Chacchi (spoken in Attock and Haripur Tehsils ), Ghebi (spoken to

3672-693: The one spoken in the Dera Ismail Khan District – is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko". To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with Pahari–Pothwari , with the Galyat region of Abbottabad district and the area of Muzaffarabad in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two. There are Hindko diasporas in major urban centres like Karachi , as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to India after

3740-706: The partition of India in 1947. These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader Punjabi community . There is also a small diaspora in Afghanistan , which includes members of the Hindu and Sikh community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not,

3808-408: The pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like /u/ or /o/ ) at the end of the word. Additionally, vowels get nasalised allophonically when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: [dõːn] 'washing', [bẽːn] 'crying'. In

3876-598: The region through the local tribal chiefs. The Amb area was ruled by Suba Khan Tanoli during the reign of the Durrani Empire. He was appointed as nazim (area administrator or Governor) by Taimur Shah Durrani in 1775 or 1776. Suba Khan Tanoli died in 1783. Hazara came under Sikh rule in 1820 when the region was conquered by the Sikh Empire led by the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa . The city of Haripur

3944-457: The remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones. Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the Salt Range are found dialects of Saraiki , and at least one of these –

4012-422: The resolution for the creation of the Hazara Province was adopted by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly . The movement slowed down and shrunk to only observing the 12th of April martyrs anniversary, the death of the movement's pioneer, Baba Haider Zaman , in 2018. In 2020, the movement started again when the government began work for the creation of the South Punjab province . Hazara's leaders sought to include

4080-429: The rise of Chandragupta Maurya , the region came under the complete control of the Mauryan Empire . Ashoka governed this area as a prince, imperial throne c. 272 BCE. he made it one of the major seats of his government. The Mansehra Rock Edicts , inscribed on three large boulders near Mansehra record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law. These represent some of

4148-414: The south in Pindi Gheb Tehsil ) and Awankari (spoken in Talagang Tehsil , now part of Chakwal District ). Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity also assigns to this group the rural dialects of Peshawar District . Shackle, however, sees most of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City. In a group of its own is Peshawari, the prestigious urban variety spoken in

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4216-456: The speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko, and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side. The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus /ʋə́d/ 'more' (< vədʱ ), but /dʱiː/ 'daughter'. This tone

4284-534: The urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto. Hindko contrasts stop consonants at the labial , alveolar , retroflex , palatal and velar places of articulation. The palatals have been described as pure stops (/ c ɟ /) in Awankari, but as affricates ( /tʃ dʒ/ ) in the varieties of Hazara. For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced ( b d ɖ dʒ ɡ ), voiceless ( p t ʈ tʃ k ) and aspirated ( pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ ). Awankari, Kohati, and

4352-453: The varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish voiced aspirated stops ( bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ). The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see below ). Fricatives like /f/ , /x/ and /ɣ/ are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop. Some documented instances include: Generally,

4420-402: The variety of Tanawal known variously as Tanoli Hindko , Tanoli or Tinauli . Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the Neelum Valley , in the north of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir , where it is locally known as Parmi (or Pārim ; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word apārim 'from the other side', which was the term used by

4488-425: Was founded by him in 1822 and became the headquarters of Hazara until 1853. He was also appointed by Ranjit Singh as the second Nazim of Hazara after the first Nazim Amar Singh Majithia was killed by the local populace at Samundar Katha in Abbottabad . After the First Anglo-Sikh War , under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore , the area was governed by Major James Abbott . Abbott managed to secure and pacify

4556-404: Was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan , The Gandhara Voice , " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of

4624-428: Was ranked first in Pakistan, while Abbottabad and Mansehra were in the top three for the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The movement for a separate Hazara province began in 1957, when regional lawyers Mufti Idrees and Abdul Khaliq first raised the question of a separate province, Kohistan . In 1987, Hazara Qaumi Mahaz (HQM) was founded by Muhammad Asif Malik advocate , a prominent advocate who campaigned for

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