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33-485: The Narodne novine started as the Novine Horvatzke , first published on January 6, 1835, by Ljudevit Gaj , who created and printed the paper. The first usage of the term "Narodne novine" was in 1843, but the paper changed several names over the years, usually according to the name of the state that Croatia was part of. Gaj sold the original publishing company to the government in 1868. The current incarnation of

66-517: A brief period (usually 8 days) known as vacatio legis , allowing it to become widely known before taking legal effect. This article about an organisation in Croatia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj ( Croatian: [ʎûdeʋit ɡâːj] ; born Ludwig Gay ; Hungarian : Gáj Lajos ; 8 August 1809 – 20 April 1872) was a Croatian linguist , politician , journalist and writer . He

99-511: A jeho učitel Filip byli příliš zabráni do rozhovoru. Probírali látku, která bude u zkoušky, a též, kdo na ní bude. A comma also separates subordinate conjunctions introduced by composite conjunctions a proto (and therefore) and a tak (and so). Examples: Quotation marks . The first one preceding the quoted text is placed to the bottom line: Other types of quotation marks: ‚‘ »« Apostrophes are used rarely in Czech. They can denote

132-469: A similar, usually interchangeable, relationship between the letters and the sounds they are meant to represent. The Czech alphabet consists of 42 letters. The letters Q , W , and X are used exclusively in foreign words, and the former two are respectively replaced with KV and V once the word becomes "naturalized" (assimilated into Czech); the digraphs dz and dž are also used mostly for foreign words and are not considered to be distinct letters in

165-459: A total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country. Czech alphabet Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing ( orthography ) in Czech . The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus ,

198-476: Is a prefix ; written /d/ is devoiced here because of the following voiceless /p/ . For historical reasons, the consonant [ɡ] is written k in Czech words like kde ('where', < Proto-Slavic *kъdě) or kdo ('who', < Proto-Slavic *kъto). This is because the letter g was historically used for the consonant [j] . The original Slavic phoneme /ɡ/ changed into /h/ in the Old-Czech period. Thus, /ɡ/

231-533: Is buried at Mirogoj Cemetery . The Latin alphabet used in the Serbo-Croatian language is credited to Gaj's Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa . Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography , making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić 's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed

264-619: Is not a separate phoneme (with a corresponding grapheme) in words of domestic origin; it occurs only in foreign words (e.g. graf , gram , etc.). Unlike in English but like German , Dutch and Russian , voiced consonants are pronounced voicelessly in the final position in words. In declension , they are voiced in cases where the words take on endings . Compare: The letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are both pronounced [ɪ] , while ⟨í⟩ and ⟨ý⟩ are both pronounced [iː] . ⟨y⟩

297-401: Is not placed before a (and), i (as well as), ani (nor) and nebo (or) when they connect parts of sentences or clauses in copulative conjunctions (on a same level). It must be placed in non-copulative conjunctions (consequence, emphasis, exclusion, etc.). A comma can, however, occur in front of the word a (and) if the former is part of comma-delimited parenthesis: Jakub, můj mladší bratr,

330-576: Is used for long vowels . The Czech orthography is considered the model for many other Balto-Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet ; Slovak orthography being its direct revised descendant, while the Serbo-Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and its Slovene descendant system are largely based on it. The Baltic languages , such as Latvian and Lithuanian , are also largely based on it. All of them make use of similar diacritics and also have

363-649: Is written after ⟨d, t, n⟩ in native words, these consonants are soft, as if they were written ⟨ď, ť, ň⟩ . That is, the sounds [ɟɪ, ɟiː, cɪ, ciː, ɲɪ, ɲiː] are written ⟨di, dí, ti, tí, ni, ní⟩ instead of ⟨ďi, ďí, ťi, ťí, ňi, ňí⟩ , e.g. in čeština [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna] . The sounds [dɪ, diː, tɪ, tiː, nɪ, niː] are denoted, respectively, by ⟨dy, dý, ty, tý, ny, ný⟩ . In words of foreign origin, ⟨di, ti, ni⟩ are pronounced [dɪ, tɪ, nɪ] ; that is, as if they were written ⟨dy, ty, ny⟩ , e.g. in di ktát , dictation. Historically

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396-401: Is written; ⟨i⟩ is written in other cases. Writing ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩ in endings is dependent on the declension patterns . The letter ⟨ě⟩ is a vestige of Old Czech palatalization . The originally palatalizing phoneme /ě/ [ʲɛ] became extinct, changing to [ɛ] or [jɛ] , but it is preserved as a grapheme which can never appear in

429-500: The /ɦ/ is devoiced to /x/ instead (e.g. shodit /sxoɟɪt/ , in Moravia /zɦoɟɪt/ ). Devoicing /ɦ/ changes its articulation place: it becomes [x] . After unvoiced consonants ⟨ř⟩ is devoiced: for instance, in tři 'three', which is pronounced [tr̝̊ɪ] . Written voiced or voiceless counterparts are kept according to the etymology of the word, e.g. o d padnout [ˈo t padnoʊ̯t] (to fall away) - od-

462-589: The Czech orthography , using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used diacritics and the digraphs lj and nj . The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834, he succeeded where fifteen years before Đuro Matija Šporer had failed: he obtained an agreement from the royal government of the Habsburg monarchy to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter. On 6 January 1835, Novine Horvatske ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January

495-1099: The Kingdom of Hungary in Batizfalva (now Batizovce , Slovakia ) in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became serfs of Mariassy de Markusfalva and Batizfalva families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gajs were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of Markušovce . Ljudevit completed high school in Varaždin , Zagreb and Karlovac , and he studied philosophy in Vienna and Graz (graduated in 1828) and law in Budapest (1829-1831). Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German , appeared already in 1826 as Die Schlösser bei Krapina . In Buda in 1830 Gaj's Latin alphabet

528-590: The question mark (?) and the exclamation mark (!) is similar to their use in other European languages. The full stop is placed after a number if it stands for ordinal numerals (as in German), e.g. 1. den (= první den ) – the 1st day. The comma is used to separate individual parts in complex-compound sentences , lists, isolated parts of sentences , etc. Its use in Czech is different from English. Subordinate (dependent) clauses must be always separated from their principal (independent) clauses, for instance. A comma

561-485: The subject in the sentence - in number and person (personal pronouns ), and with past and passive participles also in gender . This grammatical principle affects the orthography (see also "Soft" I and "Hard" Y ) – it is especially important for the correct choice and writing of plural endings of the participles . Examples: The mentioned example shows both past (byl, byla ...) and passive (koupen, koupena ...) participles. The accordance in gender takes effect in

594-399: The Czech alphabet. Czech orthography is primarily phonemic (rather than phonetic) because an individual grapheme usually corresponds to an individual phoneme (rather than a sound ). However, some graphemes and letter groups are remnants of historical phonemes which were used in the past but have since merged with other phonemes. Some changes in the phonology have not been reflected in

627-578: The English Great Vowel Shift with words such as "house"), though not in word-initial position in the prestige form. In 1848 ⟨ou⟩ at the beginning of word-roots was changed into ⟨ú⟩ in words like ouřad to reflect this. Thus, the letter ⟨ú⟩ is written at the beginning of word-roots only: úhel (angle), trojúhelník (triangle), except in loanwords: skútr (scooter). Meanwhile, historical long ⟨ó⟩ [oː] changed into

660-421: The beginning of words: dům (house), domů (home, homeward). The letter ⟨ů⟩ now has the same pronunciation as the letter ⟨ ú ⟩ (long [uː] ), but alternates with a short ⟨o⟩ when a word is inflected (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně , nom. dům → gen. domu ), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. The predicate must be always in accordance with

693-719: The company was officially founded in 1952. In 2001 the company became a public company ( Croatian : dioničko društvo ). The Narodne novine as the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia promulgates acts, laws and other rules and regulations of the Croatian Parliament , bylaws of the Croatian Government and also Decrees of the President of the Republic . On publication, legislation begins

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726-486: The diphthong ⟨uo⟩ [ʊo] . As was common with scribal abbreviations , the letter ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong was sometimes written as a ring above the letter ⟨u⟩ , producing ⟨ů⟩ , e.g. kóň > kuoň > kůň (horse), like the origin of the German umlaut . Later, the pronunciation changed into [uː] , but the grapheme ⟨ů⟩ has remained. It never occurs at

759-426: The initial position. There are two ways in Czech to write long [uː] : ⟨ú⟩ and ⟨ů⟩ . ⟨ů⟩ cannot occur in an initial position, while ⟨ú⟩ occurs almost exclusively in the initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. Historically, long ⟨ú⟩ changed into the diphthong ⟨ou⟩ [ou̯] (as also happened in

792-495: The letter ⟨c⟩ was hard, but this changed in the 19th century. However, in some words it is still followed by the letter ⟨y⟩ : tác (plate) – tácy (plates). Because neutral consonants can be followed by either ⟨i⟩ or ⟨y⟩ , in some cases they distinguish homophones , e.g. být (to be) vs. bít (to beat), mýt (to wash) vs. mít (to have). At school pupils must memorize word roots and prefixes where ⟨y⟩

825-589: The literary supplement Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka ("The Croatian, Slavonian , and Dalmatian Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in Kajkavian dialect until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in Shtokavian dialect along with Kajkavian. In early 1836, the publications' names were changed to Ilirske narodne novine ("The Illyrian People's News") and Danica ilirska ("The Illyrian Morning Star"), respectively. This

858-458: The namesake of the Hussite movement , in one of his seminal works, De orthographia bohemica ( On Bohemian orthography ). The modern Czech orthographic system is diacritic , having evolved from an earlier system which used many digraphs (although one digraph has been kept - ch ). The caron is added to standard Latin letters to express sounds which are foreign to Latin . The acute accent

891-539: The orthography. All the obstruent consonants are subject to voicing (before voiced obstruents except ⟨v⟩ ) or devoicing (before voiceless consonants and at the end of words); spelling in these cases is morphophonemic (i.e. the morpheme has the same spelling as before a vowel). An exception is the cluster ⟨sh⟩ , in which the /s/ is voiced to /z/ only in Moravian dialects , while in Bohemia

924-402: The past tense and the passive voice , not in the present and future tenses in active voice. If the complex subject is a combination of nouns of different genders, masculine animate gender is prior to others and the masculine inanimate and feminine genders are prior to the neuter gender. Examples: Priority of genders: The use of the full stop (.), the colon (:), the semicolon (;),

957-613: The same operation on the Latin script , using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latin as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system. The Slovenian alphabet , introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of Gaj's Latin alphabet , from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ. Gaj married 26-year-old Paulina Krizmanić , niece of an abbott, in 1842 at Marija Bistrica . They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan. In 2008,

990-469: Was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day South Slavs . In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was " Još Hrvatska ni propala " ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833. Gaj died in Zagreb , Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , Austria-Hungary , in 1872 at the age of 62. He

1023-557: Was one of the central figures of the pan-Slavist Illyrian movement . He was born in Krapina (then in Varaždin County , Kingdom of Croatia , Austrian Empire ) on August 8, 1809. His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from the Kingdom of Hungary , and his mother was Juliana ( née Schmidt), the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in the 1770s. The Gajs were originally of Burgundian Huguenot origin. They arrived to

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1056-507: Was originally pronounced [ɨ] as in contemporary Polish . However, in the 14th century, this difference in standard pronunciation disappeared, though it has been preserved in some Moravian dialects . In words of native origin "soft" ⟨i⟩ and ⟨í⟩ cannot follow "hard" consonants, while "hard" ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ý⟩ cannot follow "soft" consonants; "neutral" consonants can be followed by either vowel: When ⟨i⟩ or ⟨í⟩

1089-473: Was published via "Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography", which was the first common Croatian orthography book (after the works of Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović ). The book was printed bilingually, in Croatian and German . The Croatians used the Latin alphabet , but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and

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