54-630: S : Mohammed Ogoshi Onawo ( PDP ) Nasarawa State is a state in the North Central region of Nigeria , bordered to the east by the states of Taraba and Plateau , to the north by Kaduna State , to the south by the states of Benue and Kogi , and to the west by the Federal Capital Territory . Named for the historic Nasarawa Emirate , the state was formed from the west of Plateau State on 1 October 1996. The state has thirteen local government areas and its capital
108-707: A College of Education in Akwanga , Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa , Federal College of Education (Technical) Keana, College of Agriculture in Lafia, Isa Mustapha Agwai I Polytechnic Lafia, Nasarawa State University Faculty of Agriculture Lafia Campus, a newly established Federal University of Lafia , Mewar International University at Masaka, Bingham University at Karu, Hill College of Education Gwanje Akwanga, NACAP polytechnic Akwanga, Command secondary school Lafia, Command secondary school Rinze, Vocational And Relevant technology board, and many primary and secondary schools including
162-877: A Chinese dessert and breakfast dish. Sesame, or simsim as it is known in East Africa, is used in African cuisine. In Togo , the seeds are a main soup ingredient and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the north of Angola , wangila is a dish of ground sesame, often served with smoked fish or lobster. Sesame seeds and oil are used extensively in India. In most parts of the country, sesame seeds mixed with heated jaggery , sugar, or palm sugar are made into balls and bars similar to peanut brittle or nut clusters and eaten as snacks. In Manipur , black sesame
216-406: A Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate . The city's yearly temperature is 29.39 °C (84.9 °F) and it is -0.07% lower than Nigeria's averages. Nasarawa typically receives about 136.71 millimeters (5.38 inches) of precipitation and has 155.37 rainy days (42.57% of the time) annually. In Nasarawa, the dry season is humid and partially cloudy , and it is hot all year long. The wet season
270-766: A capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or "dehiscence", tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The discovery of an indehiscent mutant (analogous to nonshattering domestic grains) by Langham in 1943 began the work towards the development of a high-yielding, dehiscence-resistant variety. Although researchers have made significant progress in sesame breeding, harvest losses due to early dehiscence continue to limit domestic US production. Agronomists in Israel are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means. Since sesame
324-763: A certain amount of traditional religion is still practised. The Emir of Lafia, Sidi Dauda Bage , is the head of the Tijaniyya Sufi Order , and the 3rd highest Muslim leader in Nigeria. About 11% Roman Catholic with 296,087 followers (2021) in the Diocese of Lafia (2000) with 15 parishes under Bishop David Ajang (2021), a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Abuja . The Anglican Diocese of Lafia (1999) led by Bishop Godwin Adeyi Robinson (2017),
378-441: A four-lobed mouth. The flowers may vary in colour, with some being white, blue, or purple. Sesame seeds occur in many colours depending on the cultivar. The most traded variety of sesame is off-white coloured. Other common colours are buff, tan, gold, brown, reddish, gray, and black. The colour is the same for the hull and the fruit. Sesame fruit is a capsule , normally pubescent, rectangular in section, and typically grooved with
432-509: A guaranteed minimum oil content (not less than 40%) packed according to international standards. Seeds that do not meet these quality standards are considered unfit for export and are consumed locally. In 2008, by volume, premium prices, and quality, the largest exporter was India, followed by Ethiopia and Myanmar. Dried whole sesame seeds are 5% water, 23% carbohydrates , 50% fat , and 18% protein . The byproduct that remains after oil extraction from sesame seeds, also called sesame oil meal,
486-700: A higher price. Immature or off-sized seeds are removed and used for sesame oil production . In 2022, world production of sesame seeds was 6.7 million tonnes , led by Sudan , India, and Myanmar , which together accounted for 41% of the total (table). The white and other lighter-colored sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-colored sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and Southeast Asia . In
540-715: A laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera. After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves to serve as a subsistence staple as a nutritional supplement to their weekly rations. Since then, it has become a part of various American cuisines. In Caribbean cuisine , sugar and white sesame seeds are combined into a bar resembling peanut brittle and sold in stores and street corners, like Bahamian Benny cakes. In Asia, sesame seeds are sprinkled onto some sushi -style foods. In Japan, whole seeds are found in many salads and baked snacks, and tan and black sesame seed varieties are roasted and used to make
594-450: A short, triangular beak. The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 8 centimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 8 in), its width varies between 0.5 and 2.0 centimetres ( 13 ⁄ 64 and 25 ⁄ 32 in), and the number of loculi varies from four to 12. The fruit naturally splits open ( dehisces ) to release the seeds by splitting along the septa from top to bottom or by means of two apical pores, depending on
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#1732780395497648-509: A smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2018 was 6 million tonnes (5,900,000 long tons; 6,600,000 short tons), with Sudan , Myanmar , and India as the largest producers. Sesame seed is one of the oldest oilseed crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. Sesamum has many other species, most being wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa . S. indicum,
702-467: A survivor crop. Sesame is a perennial plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad lanceolate , to 5 cm (2 in) broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm ( 13 ⁄ 32 in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, 3 to 5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 to 2 in) long, with
756-474: A total population of 1,869,377 residents as of 2006, making the state the second least populated state in Nigeria after Bayelsa State . Particulate matter, a dangerous air pollutant that can lead to bronchitis, asthma attacks, and other serious lung conditions due to chemical interactions in the environment, poses a threat to Nasarawa. The Governor of Nasarawa State is the regional executive of Nasarawa. The state legislature, Nasarawa State House of Assembly ,
810-549: A variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including cosmetics and skin-care products. Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1–0.2%, but higher in countries in the Middle East and Asia where consumption is more common as part of traditional diets. In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals. Canada requires sesame labeling as an allergen. In
864-590: Is Lafia , located in the east of the state, while a key economic centre of the state is the Karu Urban Area —suburbs of Abuja —along the western border with the FCT. Of the 36 states of Nigeria , Nasarawa is the fifteenth largest in area and second least populous with an estimated population of about 2.5 million as of 2016. Geographically, the state is mostly within the tropical Guinean forest–savanna mosaic ecoregion . Important geographic features include
918-649: Is a small, flat seed, it is difficult to dry it after harvest because the small seed makes the movement of air around the seed difficult. Therefore, the seeds need to be harvested as dry as possible and stored at 6% moisture or less. If the seed is too moist, it can quickly heat up and become rancid. After harvesting, the seeds are usually cleaned and hulled. In some countries, once the seeds have been hulled, they are passed through an electronic color-sorting machine that rejects any discolored seeds to ensure perfect color, because sesame seeds with consistent appearance are perceived to be of better quality by consumers, and sell for
972-471: Is from Latin sesamum and Greek σήσαμον: sēsamon ; which in turn are derived from ancient Semitic languages , e.g., Akkadian šamaššamu . From these roots, words with the generalized meaning "oil, liquid fat" were derived. The word "benne" was first recorded to be used in English in 1769 and comes from Gullah benne which itself derives from Malinke bĕne. Sesame seed is considered to be
1026-636: Is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame was present in Egypt by 1350 BC. Archeological reports indicate that sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 2750 years ago in the empire of Urartu . Others believe it may have originated in Ethiopia . Historically, sesame
1080-681: Is located in the capital of Lafia. The State has three National Senatorial Districts, the South, North and West. Nasarawa State consists of 13 Local Government Areas (shown with 2006 population figures): List of current Local Government Area Chairmen. Languages of Nasarawa State listed by LGA: In Nasarawa State, there are 25 different ethnic groups. The major ones are Miligi (Koro), Alago, Mada, Gwandara, Kanuri, Hausa, Fulani, Gbagyi, Rindre,Buh, Afo, Eggon and Ebira The dominant religions in Nasarawa State are Islam and Christianity, although
1134-524: Is now Nasarawa State became a part of the new Plateau State until 1996 when western Plateau was broken off to form the new Nasarawa State. Economically, Nasarawa State is largely based around agriculture , mainly of sesame , soybeans , groundnut , millet , maize , and yam crops. Other key industries are services, especially in urban areas, and the livestock herding and ranching of cattle , goats , and sheep . The state has been beset by violence at various points throughout its history, most notably
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#17327803954971188-416: Is often also used to sprinkle over artisan breads and baked in traditional form to coat the smooth dough, especially on whole-wheat flatbreads or artisan nutrition bars, such as alegrías . Sesame oil is sometimes used as a cooking oil in different parts of the world, though different forms have different characteristics for high-temperature frying . The "toasted" form of the oil (as distinguished from
1242-587: Is oppressive and overcast. The average annual temperature ranges from 63 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit , rarely falling below 57 or rising above 101. From 29 January to 14 April, the hot season, with an average daily high temperature exceeding 93 °F, lasts for 2.5 months. Nasarawa's hottest month of the year is March, with an average high temperature of 95 °F and low temperature of 74 °F. The 3.7-month cool season, which runs from 22 June to 13 October, has an average daily maximum temperature of less than 85 °F. Nasarawa experiences its coldest month of
1296-764: Is part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Abuja within the Church of Nigeria . Agriculture is the mainstay of Nasarawa State's economy with the production of a variety of cash crops throughout the year. It also contains various minerals such as salt , baryte , and bauxite , which are mostly mined by artisanal miners . These mineral resources are also found in Nasarawa State: Coal, Dolomite/Marble, coal, Sapphire, Talc, Quartz, Tantalite, Tourmaline, Mica, Chalcopyrite, Clay, Cassirite, Iron-Ore, Columbite, Galena and Feldspar The state has
1350-424: Is rich in protein (35–50%) and is used as feed for poultry and livestock . As many seeds do, whole sesame seeds contain a significant amount of phytic acid , which is considered an antinutrient in that it binds to certain nutritional elements consumed at the same time, especially minerals, and prevents their absorption by carrying them along as they pass through the small intestine. Heating and cooking reduce
1404-554: Is the headquarters (collation centre) of Nasarawa South senatorial district. Mohammed Onawo of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is the current representative of Nasarawa South senatorial district. 5th Sesame Sesame ( / ˈ s ɛ s ə m i / ; Sesamum indicum ) is a plant in the genus Sesamum , also called simsim , benne or gingelly . Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and
1458-567: Is used in the preparation of chikki and cold-pressed oil. Sesame is a common ingredient in many Middle Eastern cuisines. Sesame seeds are made into a paste called tahini (used in various ways, including hummus bi tahini ) and the Middle Eastern confection halvah . Ground and processed, the seed is also used in sweet confections. Sesame is also a common component of the Levantine spice mixture za'atar , popular throughout
1512-619: Is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including bagels and the tops of hamburger buns. They may be baked into crackers , often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread ( ficelle sésame , sesame thread). In Greece, the seeds are also used in cakes. Sesame seed cookies called Benne wafers, both sweet and savory, are popular in places such as Charleston, South Carolina . Sesame seeds, also called benne , are believed to have been brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans. The entirety of
1566-551: The European Union , identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory. In the United States, the "FASTER Act" was passed in April 2021, stipulating that labeling be mandatory, to be in effect January 1, 2023, making it the ninth required food ingredient for which labeling is mandated within the United States. Sesame seeds contain
1620-429: The European Union , totaling some 50 countries. Products with an organic certification were also affected by the contamination. Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for Salmonella and E. coli in tahini , hummus or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination. Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It
1674-726: The River Benue forming much of Nasarawa State's southern borders and the state's far northeast containing a small part of the Jos Plateau . Nasarawa State is inhabited by various ethnic groups, including the Koro and Yeskwa in the far northwest; the Kofyar in the far northeast; the Eggon , Gwandara , Mada , Buh , Ninzo , and Nungu in the north; the Alago , Goemai , and Megili in
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1728-564: The lignans sesamolin , sesamin , pinoresinol , and lariciresinol . Contamination by Salmonella , E.coli , pesticides , or other pathogens may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, ethylene oxide , was found in a 250- tonne shipment of sesame seeds from India. After detection in Belgium, recalls for dozens of products and stores were issued across
1782-823: The Federal Government Girls College, Keana Nasarawa State is home to the Farin Ruwa Falls in Wamba Local Government area of the state. Farin Ruwa falls is one of the highest falls in Africa. The Salt Village in the Keana Local Government Area of the State produces naturally iodized salt from the lake located nearby. The town is also the cradle of Alago civilization, one of the major ethnic groups in
1836-724: The Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC. It is possible that the Indus Valley civilization exported sesame oil to Mesopotamia , where it was known as ilu in Sumerian and ellu in Akkadian , compare Southern Dravidian Kannada and Malayalam eḷḷu , Tamil eḷ . Some reports claim sesame was cultivated in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period , while others suggest the New Kingdom . Egyptians called it sesemt , and it
1890-419: The Middle East. In Indian , Middle Eastern , and East Asian cuisines, popular confectionery is made from sesame mixed with honey or syrup and roasted into a sesame candy . In Japanese cuisine , goma-dofu is made from sesame paste and starch . Mexican cuisine and Salvadoran cuisine refer to sesame seeds as ajonjolí . It is mainly used as a sauce additive, such as mole or adobo . It
1944-485: The United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed. Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of Japanese cooking and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to Southeast Asia . Other major importers are
1998-605: The United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France. Sesame seed is a high-value cash crop . Prices have ranged between US$ 800 and 1,700 per tonne (810 and 1,730/long ton) between 2008 and 2010. Sesame exports sell across a wide price range. Quality perception, particularly how the seed looks, is a major pricing factor. Most importers who supply ingredient distributors and oil processors only want to purchase scientifically treated, properly cleaned, washed, dried, colour-sorted, size-graded, and impurity-free seeds with
2052-879: The amount of the acid in the seeds. A meta-analysis showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure ; another demonstrated improvement in fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c . Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxidation . Sesame can trigger the same allergic reactions , including anaphylaxis , as seen with other food allergens . A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds. In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as tahini and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods. In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that
2106-562: The area and incorporated it into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate . The protectorate later merged into British Nigeria in 1914 before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. Originally, modern-day Nasarawa State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the Benue-Plateau State . After Benue-Plateau was split in 1976, what
2160-464: The best yields come from properly fertilized farms. Initiation of flowering is sensitive to photoperiod and sesame variety. The photoperiod also affects the oil content in sesame seed; increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content. Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While
2214-458: The crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most. Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of water-logging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest. Sesame seeds are protected by
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2268-499: The cultivated type, originated in India. It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail. Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world. Like other foods, it can trigger allergic reactions in some people and is one of the nine most common allergens outlined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The word "sesame"
2322-620: The east; Eloyi (Ajiri/Afo) in the south; the Tiv in the southeast; the Idoma in southwest; and the Gade and Gbagyi in the west while the Hausa and Fulani live throughout the state. Nasarawa is also religiously diverse with large followers of both Islam and Christianity while followers of Traditional or Native Religions have declined over the years due to convertions to the two Abrahamic religions. In
2376-552: The eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds is 0.203 g. The seed coat (testa) may be smooth or ribbed. Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops thrive best on well-drained, fertile soils of medium texture and neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils,
2430-549: The flavouring gomashio . East Asian cuisines, such as Chinese cuisine , use sesame seeds and oil in some dishes, such as dim sum , sesame seed balls (Cantonese: jin deui ), and the Vietnamese bánh rán . Sesame flavour (through oil and roasted or raw seeds) is also used to marinate meat and vegetables. Chefs in tempura restaurants blend sesame and cottonseed oil for deep-frying. Ground black sesame and rice form an edible paste when mixed with water, called zhimahu ,
2484-511: The oldest oilseed crop known to humanity. The genus has many species, and most are wild. Most wild species of the genus Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. S. indicum, the cultivated type, originated in India. Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500-3050 BCE suggest sesame was domesticated in the Indian subcontinent at least 5500 years ago. It has been claimed that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and
2538-499: The ongoing conflict between herders and farmers primarily over land rights. Despite the conflict, Nasarawa has the nineteenth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institutions of tertiary education. Nasarawa was established on 1 October 1996 by the Abacha government, splitting it from the western part of the today neighboring Plateau State which previously had contained both their territories. Nasarawa has
2592-518: The pre-colonial period, the area that is now Nasarawa State was split up between various states with some states being tiny and village-based as others were part of larger empires until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad annexed the region and placed the area under the Sokoto Caliphate as the vassal states of Keffi, Lafia, and Nassarawa. In the 1890s and 1900s, British expeditions occupied
2646-466: The sesame plant was used extensively in West African cuisine. The seeds were commonly used as a thickener in soups and puddings, or could be roasted and infused in water to produce a coffee-like drink. Sesame oil made from the seeds could be used as a substitute for butter, finding use as a shortening for making cakes. Moreover, the leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as
2700-748: The state. Also notable is the Eggon hills of the Eggon people which is situated around Nasarawa Eggon. This was the hills which the Eggon people had settled and established as an ancestral heritage as well. Tourists love to go hiking on this beautiful and high hill overlooking the Nasarawa Eggon local government and surrounding areas. Another tourist site in Nasarawa State is the Maloney Hill. Nasarawa South Senatorial District Nasarawa South senatorial district covers five local governments namely Awe , Doma , Keana , Lafia and Obi . Lafia
2754-478: The varietal cultivar. The degree of dehiscence is of importance in breeding for mechanised harvesting, as is the insertion height of the first capsule. Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary with the thousands of varieties known. Typically, the seeds are about 3 to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick ( 15 ⁄ 128 to 5 ⁄ 32 × 5 ⁄ 64 × 5 ⁄ 128 ). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at
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#17327803954972808-622: The west by Kogi for 68 km and the Federal Capital Territory for 156 km. Nasarawa has a network of roads within the state, which link all rural areas and major towns. Federal Highways are Other major highways are Railways: The Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) operates train services with the 1067 mm Cape gauge Eastern Line north from Makurdi in Benue State via Lafia to Kafanchan in Plateau State . Airports: Lafia Cargo Airport . Nasarawa State had
2862-583: The year in December, with average lows of 64 °F and highs of 89 °F. Nasarawa State is bounded to the north by Kaduna State for 169 km (105 miles), to the east by the states of Taraba for 109 km and Plateau for 219 km (136 miles), to the south by the states of Benue for 231 km, (mostly across the Benue River) and Kogi across the Benue River for 83 km, and to
2916-435: Was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is also a robust crop that needs little farming support—it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It was a crop that could be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, where no other crops grow. Sesame has been called
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