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99-542: Nashua began as a gummed paper manufacturer in Rockport, Massachusetts. In 1898 the company went defunct. The owner, Charles H. Crowell, was an inventor and entrepreneur. He sold his failing company to Carter, Rice & Company of Boston, who retained Crowell as manager of their new division, renamed Winthrop Manufacturing Company. A fire destroyed the factory in February, 1904, which had moved to south Boston. The search for

198-449: A phenolic resin . After curing at high temperature in an autoclave , the laminate is pyrolized to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with furfuryl alcohol in a vacuum chamber, and cured-pyrolized to convert the furfuryl alcohol to carbon. To provide oxidation resistance for reusability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to silicon carbide . Other examples can be seen in

297-510: A $ 6 billion loss, and as an almost $ 7 billion impairment charge. That month, the Tyco Healthcare segment also divested Surgical Dynamics, Inc. For the year ended September 2002, Tyco revenue rose to nearly $ 35 billion. However, it suffered more than a $ 9 billion loss that year, which included the asset impairment write-down of TGN by over $ 3 billion, losses of nearly $ 2 billion for the two restructuring charges, and over $ 1 billion from

396-420: A body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints common to all materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. The behavior of these microscopic particles

495-470: A brief ethics course and sign an annual ethics statement. In an effort to enhance consumer awareness and revive corporate image, in June 2004, Tyco launched a new global print-advertising campaign, "Tyco a vital part of your world." Tyco also began a divestiture program following a review of its core businesses. Part of the plan was to sell TGN, which by then had been entirely written off in value. Agreement for

594-531: A broad range of topics; the following non-exhaustive list highlights a few important research areas. Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10 meter), but is usually 1 nm – 100 nm. Nanomaterials research takes a materials science based approach to nanotechnology , using advances in materials metrology and synthesis, which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at

693-461: A buyout. They acquired the electronics connector manufacturer AMP Inc., for $ 12.22 billion and a materials science company, Raychem Corp., for $ 1.4 billion. Tyco's aggressive acquisition strategy continued into the early 2000s, with the purchases of General Surgical Innovations, Siemens Electromechanical Components, AFC Cable and Praegitzer. The additions gave Tyco an ending fiscal 2000 year revenue exceeding $ 28 billion, nearly $ 2 billion coming from

792-502: A decrease in sales. After September 30, Tyco divested an additional seven non-core businesses, bringing the program aggregate proceeds up to $ 500 million that year. By the end of 2004, Tyco employed under 260,000 people, with two-thirds outside the United States. Revenue was up strongly, to over $ 40 billion for the first time. Once again the strengthening euro against the dollar helped Tyco, accounting primarily for $ 1.5 billion of

891-445: A drug over an extended period of time. A biomaterial may also be an autograft , allograft or xenograft used as an organ transplant material. Semiconductors, metals, and ceramics are used today to form highly complex systems, such as integrated electronic circuits, optoelectronic devices, and magnetic and optical mass storage media. These materials form the basis of our modern computing world, and hence research into these materials

990-472: A few. The basis of materials science is studying the interplay between the structure of materials, the processing methods to make that material, and the resulting material properties. The complex combination of these produce the performance of a material in a specific application. Many features across many length scales impact material performance, from the constituent chemical elements, its microstructure , and macroscopic features from processing. Together with

1089-776: A large number of identical components linked together like chains. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what are commonly called plastics and rubber . Plastics and rubber are the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Plastics in former and in current widespread use include polyethylene , polypropylene , polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene , nylons , polyesters , acrylics , polyurethanes , and polycarbonates . Rubbers include natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chloroprene , and butadiene rubber . Plastics are generally classified as commodity , specialty and engineering plastics . Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

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1188-437: A metal oxide fused with silica. At the high temperatures used to prepare glass, the material is a viscous liquid which solidifies into a disordered state upon cooling. Windowpanes and eyeglasses are important examples. Fibers of glass are also used for long-range telecommunication and optical transmission. Scratch resistant Corning Gorilla Glass is a well-known example of the application of materials science to drastically improve

1287-418: A natural function. Such functions may be benign, like being used for a heart valve , or may be bioactive with a more interactive functionality such as hydroxylapatite -coated hip implants . Biomaterials are also used every day in dental applications, surgery, and drug delivery. For example, a construct with impregnated pharmaceutical products can be placed into the body, which permits the prolonged release of

1386-625: A new location led the owners to Nashua, New Hampshire, where they found the heavily indebted Nashua Card and Glazed Paper Company, which had been founded in 1849 as a manufacturer of cardboard and glazed paper. During the California Gold Rush Nashua made playing cards for miners and became known as a result as the Card Shop. This name remained with the company for nearly 100 years. The owners of Nashua sold their factory to Carter and Rice for $ 74,000, plus mortgage. Thus, in 1904,

1485-510: A paper-producing plant. Napkins began being processed at the Nashua plant in the 1960s or 1970s. A women designer came in as a consultant, and brought many more designs to the plant. This reflected an evolution of the company from paper milling to design and print work. New machines came in that could print on cloth and other materials. (PNL/rd) There were five designers on staff in the 1950s and 1960s. Mainly focused on bubble gum wrappers (3 of

1584-876: A single crystal, but in polycrystalline form, as an aggregate of small crystals or grains with different orientations. Because of this, the powder diffraction method , which uses diffraction patterns of polycrystalline samples with a large number of crystals, plays an important role in structural determination. Most materials have a crystalline structure, but some important materials do not exhibit regular crystal structure. Polymers display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non-crystalline. Glass , some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous , not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements. The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic and mechanical descriptions of physical properties. Materials, which atoms and molecules form constituents in

1683-493: A two-phase internal investigation of former CEO Kozlowski. The investigation led to Tyco filing two federal lawsuits. On September 12 and December 6, 2002, Tyco filed a federal suit against Kozlowski and an arbitration claim against former CFO and director, Mark H. Swartz. Swartz, however, failed to submit to the American Arbitration Association and Tyco followed with a federal suit against him. At

1782-481: A wholly owned subsidiary of ADT Limited, and simultaneously ADT changed its name to Tyco International Ltd., retaining the former Tyco stock symbol, TYC. The merger moved Tyco's incorporation to Bermuda , a tax haven, where it was headquartered in the colonial capital of Hamilton. A new subsidiary named ADT Security Systems was also formed out of the merger, and later changed its name to ADT Security Services . In 1999, Tyco acquired two S&P 500 companies in

1881-610: Is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials . Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment , when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry , physics , maths and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy . Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such,

1980-443: Is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints . The alloys of iron ( steel , stainless steel , cast iron , tool steel , alloy steels ) make up the largest proportion of metals today both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low , mid and high carbon steels . An iron-carbon alloy

2079-519: Is any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems . Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in a laboratory using a variety of chemical approaches using metallic components, polymers , bioceramics , or composite materials . They are often intended or adapted for medical applications, such as biomedical devices which perform, augment, or replace

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2178-432: Is based on the empirical makeup and atomic structure of the solid materials, and most solids fall into one of these broad categories. An item that is often made from each of these materials types is the beverage container. The material types used for beverage containers accordingly provide different advantages and disadvantages, depending on the material used. Ceramic (glass) containers are optically transparent, impervious to

2277-465: Is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties. Ceramics can be significantly strengthened for engineering applications using the principle of crack deflection . This process involves the strategic addition of second-phase particles within a ceramic matrix, optimizing their shape, size, and distribution to direct and control crack propagation. This approach enhances fracture toughness, paving

2376-438: Is described by, and the laws of thermodynamics are derived from, statistical mechanics . The study of thermodynamics is fundamental to materials science. It forms the foundation to treat general phenomena in materials science and engineering, including chemical reactions, magnetism, polarizability, and elasticity. It explains fundamental tools such as phase diagrams and concepts such as phase equilibrium . Chemical kinetics

2475-479: Is important in the study of kinetics as this is the most common mechanism by which materials undergo change. Kinetics is essential in processing of materials because, among other things, it details how the microstructure changes with application of heat. Materials science is a highly active area of research. Together with materials science departments, physics , chemistry , and many engineering departments are involved in materials research. Materials research covers

2574-441: Is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions on the nanoscale . Nanotextured surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm. Nanotubes have two dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the diameter of the tube is between 0.1 and 100 nm; its length could be much greater. Finally, spherical nanoparticles have three dimensions on

2673-402: Is of vital importance. Semiconductors are a traditional example of these types of materials. They are materials that have properties that are intermediate between conductors and insulators . Their electrical conductivities are very sensitive to the concentration of impurities, which allows the use of doping to achieve desirable electronic properties. Hence, semiconductors form the basis of

2772-494: Is only considered steel if the carbon level is between 0.01% and 2.00% by weight. For steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties, however. In contrast, certain metal alloys exhibit unique properties where their size and density remain unchanged across

2871-407: Is studied in the following levels. Atomic structure deals with the atoms of the material, and how they are arranged to give rise to molecules, crystals, etc. Much of the electrical, magnetic and chemical properties of materials arise from this level of structure. The length scales involved are in angstroms ( Å ). The chemical bonding and atomic arrangement (crystallography) are fundamental to studying

2970-417: Is the study of the rates at which systems that are out of equilibrium change under the influence of various forces. When applied to materials science, it deals with how a material changes with time (moves from non-equilibrium state to equilibrium state) due to application of a certain field. It details the rate of various processes evolving in materials including shape, size, composition and structure. Diffusion

3069-493: Is used by MythBusters duo Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman for their projects. Nashua Tape's 357 was featured in four MythBusters episodes including Duct Tape Hour (Season 7, Episode 13), Duct Tape Hour 2 (Season 8, Episode 7), Duct Tape Plane (Season 9, Episode 16), and most recently Duct Tape Island (Season 10, Episode 1). Nashua Corporation was featured in the 1980 NBC White Paper episode If Japan Can... Why Can't We? Tyco International Tyco International plc

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3168-525: Is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere. One example is reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC), the light gray material, which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1,510 °C (2,750 °F) and protects the Space Shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap. RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with

3267-436: Is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to a vast array of applications, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging , and containers . Its fabrication and processing are simple and well-established. The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it accepts. The term "additives" in polymer science refers to

3366-640: The Bronze Age and Iron Age and is studied under the branch of materials science named physical metallurgy . Chemical and physical methods are also used to synthesize other materials such as polymers , ceramics , semiconductors , and thin films . As of the early 21st century, new methods are being developed to synthesize nanomaterials such as graphene . Thermodynamics is concerned with heat and temperature , and their relation to energy and work . It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy , entropy , and pressure , that partly describe

3465-600: The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 . That March 31, Tyco made a motion to dismiss, which was granted in part over a year later, on October 14, 2004. On February 3, 2003, the scandal continued to play out in the courts, Tyco and more personnel were again named as defendants in an amended consolidated class-action federal suit brought on behalf of retirees in its Retirement Savings and Investment Plans, citing causes under

3564-727: The Tyco Electronics segment acquired Transpower Technologies. The next month, the Plastics and Adhesives segment acquired LINQ Industrial Fabrics, Inc. With complexity growing within Tyco's subsidiaries , in January 2002, Tyco announced a plan to split the business into four separate companies. However, this plan was abandoned after a downgrade in its credit rating and a significant drop in its stock price. Later that month, Tyco's acquisitions continued throughout all of its segments:

3663-549: The United States with the largest market capitalization . In 1997, Tyco acquired AT&T Submarine Systems , gaining research and development and fleet assets, along with the manufacturing capability to produce repeaters and transmission equipment. These additional capabilities, combined with cable manufacturing at Tyco Integrated Cables Systems in Newington, New Hampshire , established Tyco Telecommunications as

3762-621: The material's properties and performance. The understanding of processing structure properties relationships is called the materials paradigm. This paradigm is used for advanced understanding in a variety of research areas, including nanotechnology , biomaterials , and metallurgy . Materials science is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis  – investigating materials, products, structures or their components, which fail or do not function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property. Such investigations are key to understanding. For example,

3861-495: The "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so on. These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc , glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electrostatic dispersion . These additions may be termed reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose. Polymers are chemical compounds made up of

3960-590: The 5 staff designers), the Hershey’s 5 cent candy bars kept the company in business. In 2000 it merged with Rittenhouse, another printing specialty firm. Nashua Corporation sold its line of tape products to Tyco International in 1997. The tape products line was then divested as part of Covalence Specialty Materials which later merged with Berry Plastics . Nashua Brand Tape Products are now manufactured in Franklin, Kentucky . Nashua Tape Products' 357 brand duct tape

4059-995: The Electrical and Healthcare segments to create three publicly independent companies. In 1992, Dennis Kozlowski became CEO of Tyco International, and, for the next several years, the company again adopted an aggressive acquisition strategy, eventually acquiring (by some accounts) over 3,000 other companies between 1991 and 2001. Major acquisitions in the 1990s included: Wormald International Limited, Neotecha, Hindle/Winn, Classic Medical, Uni-Patch, Promeon, Preferred Pipe, Kendall International Co., Tectron Tube, Unistrut, Earth Technology Corporation, Professional Medical Products, Inc., Thorn Security, Carlisle, Watts Waterworks Businesses, Sempell, ElectroStar, American Pipe & Tube, Submarine Systems Inc., Keystone, INBRAND, Sherwood Davis & Geck, United States Surgical, Wells Fargo Alarm, AMP, Raychem , Glynwed, Temasa and Central Sprinkler designs. To reflect Tyco's global presence following

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4158-520: The Electronics segment acquired Communications Instruments, Inc. The Healthcare segment bought Paragon Trade Brands. The Engineered Products and Services segment acquired Clean Air Systems. And the Fire and Security segment of Tyco acquired SBC/Smith Alarm Systems, DSC Group, and Sensormatic Electronics Corp. For all the acquisitions Tyco made in 2002, the company also incurred extensive losses. During

4257-677: The Employee Retirement Income Security Act. On December 2, 2004, the New Hampshire court granted in part Tyco's motion to dismiss. Removed from the scandal, Tyco made internal moves within the company in 2003 forming its Plastics & Adhesives business segment, a former piece of the Healthcare & Specialty Products segment. Other changes came in Tyco's corporate governance : Tyco's board re-elected John Krol as lead director, Tyco reorganized

4356-655: The Kozlowski scandal. As a result of the scandal, Tyco and some former directors and officers were named as defendants in more than two dozen securities class-action lawsuits . Most of the cases were consolidated and transferred to the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire and filed by court-appointed lead plaintiffs on January 28, 2003, as the case In Re Tyco International Securities Litigation, citing causes of action under

4455-582: The Nashua Corporation was founded. In April, 1904 the wholly-owned subsidiary was incorporated. It became known as the Nashua Card, Gummed and Coated Paper Company. The new company combined the capabilities of both companies, continuing to manufacture the products of Carter, Rice & Company: gummed flats, gummed paper and sock linings. They added the products of the previous company, glazed paper, cardboard and "surface coated" paper. In 1910

4554-685: The Printed Circuit Group. To make Tyco's financial matters worse, the company lost over a quarter of $ 1 billion in investment during 2002 in FLAG Telecom Holdings Ltd. In an effort to cut losses, on July 8, 2002, Tyco divested its Tyco Capital business through an initial public offering , with the sale of 100% of the common shares in CIT Group . It recorded the CIT divestment as discontinued operations for 2002, taking

4653-549: The United States in 2004 when one of Tyco Electronics ' businesses, M/A-COM Technology Solutions , signed a contract to maintain New York's Statewide Wireless Network (SWN). The contract was worth approximately $ 2 billion and would last for 20 years. Tyco also acquired two key companies to its Healthcare segment, Vivant Medical Inc. and Floréane Medical Implants. On February 16, 2006, a group of institutional investors, part of an existing lawsuit against Tyco International, sued

4752-526: The United States was catalyzed in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency , which funded a series of university-hosted laboratories in the early 1960s, " to expand the national program of basic research and training in the materials sciences ." In comparison with mechanical engineering, the nascent materials science field focused on addressing materials from the macro-level and on the approach that materials are designed on

4851-537: The abundant acquisitions, the company's name was changed from Tyco Laboratories, Inc. to Tyco International Ltd. in 1993. In addition, Tyco launched The Pipeline, an internal employee newsletter; the title was later changed to Tyco World. Its final issue was published in April–May 2006. In 1996, Tyco was added to the Standard & Poor's S&P 500 Composite Index, which consists of the 500 publicly traded companies in

4950-414: The appointment of John Krol as lead director of the board of directors with the priority of improving Tyco's corporate governance . Breen made additional changes, appointing David FitzPatrick as Executive Vice President and CFO, William Lytton, Executive Vice President and General Counsel, and Eric Pillmore as Senior Vice President of Corporate Governance. With a new management team in place, Tyco began

5049-494: The assignments of the board's committee, adopted a new board of governance principles and new Delegation of Authority policy which strengthened control over cash disbursements within the company. The final improvement on corporate governance came in the Guide to Ethical Conduct. The guide was produced to advise employees as to correct procedures and warn of unethical practices and behavior. All Tyco employees are now required to take

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5148-436: The atomic scale, all the way up to the macro scale. Characterization is the way materials scientists examine the structure of a material. This involves methods such as diffraction with X-rays , electrons or neutrons , and various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy , energy-dispersive spectroscopy , chromatography , thermal analysis , electron microscope analysis, etc. Structure

5247-584: The basis of knowledge of behavior at the microscopic level. Due to the expanded knowledge of the link between atomic and molecular processes as well as the overall properties of materials, the design of materials came to be based on specific desired properties. The materials science field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including ceramics, polymers , semiconductors, magnetic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials , generally classified into three distinct groups- ceramics, metals, and polymers. The prominent change in materials science during

5346-449: The board of directors completed a search for a permanent replacement. Early 2002, Tyco was alleged in violation of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 by nondisclosure of major financial information and artificially inflating its earnings. On June 17, 2002, Tyco filed federal suit against Mark H. Swartz, Tyco's former executive vice president and chief corporate counsel, and Frank E. Walsh, a former director. In July 2002, Edward D. Breen

5445-496: The causes of various aviation accidents and incidents . The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point. Phases such as Stone Age , Bronze Age , Iron Age , and Steel Age are historic, if arbitrary examples. Originally deriving from the manufacture of ceramics and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied sciences. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy , which itself evolved from

5544-569: The chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties. Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK , ABS). Such plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material properties. They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity plastics. Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc. The dividing lines between

5643-518: The company had its first telephone installed along with new office machinery and boilers. That year the company also retained its first chemist, adding research and development to the business model. In 1926 it bought the Knowles Youngblood Co. The entire city of Nashua worked at the mill in the 1930s through the 1960s. Dolers card company moved into the plant (date unknown) bringing in women workers which had not previously worked at

5742-704: The company into three business segments, Fire Protection, Electronics, and Packaging, and implemented strategies to achieve significant market share in each of Tyco's product lines. Once organized, Tyco returned to the strategy of growth by acquisition in the later part of the decade acquiring Grinnell Corporation, Allied Tube and Conduit, and the Mueller Company. Tyco then again reorganized its subsidiaries into four segments: Electrical and Electronic Components, Healthcare and Specialty Products, Fire and Security Services and Flow Control. This reorganization remained in place until 2007 when current CEO Ed Breen spun off

5841-464: The company to stop its proposed breakup plan. By the end of the fiscal year 2006, Tyco's revenue had eclipsed $ 17 billion. Despite the strong cash flow, growing revenue and decreased debt, Tyco and its board of directors approved a plan to separate Tyco into three publicly independent companies. Tyco believed that this would allow for each segment to perform better within its particular market and create more value for its shareholders. The separation

5940-485: The company went public and began to fill gaps in its development and distribution network by acquiring Mule Battery Products, the first of Tyco's 16 acquisitions in the next four years. In the 1970s, Tyco boomed, beginning the decade with consolidated sales and stockholder equity reaching $ 34 million and $ 15 million, respectively. In 1974, Tyco was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). By

6039-686: The company's book value exceeded $ 141 billion. However, the company more than doubled its long-term debt, by over $ 80 billion. "Mallinckrodt US LLC, is completely separate from Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. Mallinckrodt US LLC is a subsidiary of United States Surgical Corporation, and an affiliate of Medtronic plc , the ultimate parent company of both entities". In October 2001, the Engineered Products and Services segment acquired Century Tube Corp, and followed it by buying Water & Power Technologies in November 2001. The following November,

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6138-436: The desired micro-nanostructure. A material cannot be used in industry if no economically viable production method for it has been developed. Therefore, developing processing methods for materials that are reasonably effective and cost-efficient is vital to the field of materials science. Different materials require different processing or synthesis methods. For example, the processing of metals has historically defined eras such as

6237-658: The effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically, because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. Further, physical properties are often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal structures is an important prerequisite for understanding crystallographic defects . Examples of crystal defects consist of dislocations including edges, screws, vacancies, self interstitials, and more that are linear, planar, and three dimensional types of defects. New and advanced materials that are being developed include nanomaterials , biomaterials . Mostly, materials do not occur as

6336-540: The end of the decade, Tyco had a larger and more diverse corporation with sales topping $ 500 million and a net worth of nearly $ 140 million. Tyco's success was largely attributed to ambitious acquisitions of Simplex Technology, Grinnell Fire Protection Systems, Armin Plastics and the Ludlow Corporation. Following aggressive acquisition period through the 1970s, Tyco management focused the early 1980s on organizing its newly acquired subsidiaries . Tyco divided

6435-456: The exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by the development of revolutionary technologies such as rubbers , plastics , semiconductors , and biomaterials . Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many eventual materials science departments were metallurgy or ceramics engineering departments, reflecting the 19th and early 20th-century emphasis on metals and ceramics. The growth of material science in

6534-443: The field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world dedicated schools for its study. Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material ( processing ) influences its structure, and also

6633-446: The final properties of the materials produced. For example, steels are classified based on 1/10 and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extracting and purifying methods used to extract iron in a blast furnace can affect the quality of steel that is produced. Solid materials are generally grouped into three basic classifications: ceramics, metals, and polymers. This broad classification

6732-447: The first quarter of 2002, following the recession of the previous year, the electronics segment recorded a charge of over $ 2 billion, related to massive overcapacity of fiber-optic cable, which in turn affected the in-process buildout of Tyco's global undersea fiber-optic network, known as Tyco Global Network (TGN). TGN generated a loss for fiscal 2002 of over $ 3 billion, with a restructuring charge of over $ 500 million. Construction of TGN

6831-557: The increase in revenue. Various charges, losses, and debt repayment totaled nearly $ 1 billion in 2004, however, profitability tripled that year to almost $ 3 billion. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), India acquired the Tyco Global Network (TGN) from Tyco International for $ 130 million. The chief stockholder in VSNL is India's Tata Group , also one of India's largest conglomerates. It was once valued at $ 3 billion during

6930-421: The laws of thermodynamics and kinetics materials scientists aim to understand and improve materials. Structure is one of the most important components of the field of materials science. The very definition of the field holds that it is concerned with the investigation of "the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials". Materials science examines the structure of materials from

7029-399: The material properties. Macrostructure is the appearance of a material in the scale millimeters to meters, it is the structure of the material as seen with the naked eye. Materials exhibit myriad properties, including the following. The properties of a material determine its usability and hence its engineering application. Synthesis and processing involves the creation of a material with

7128-411: The material scientist or engineer also deals with extracting materials and converting them into useful forms. Thus ingot casting, foundry methods, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a materials engineer. Often the presence, absence, or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will greatly affect

7227-500: The nanoscale (i.e., they form nanostructures) are called nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are the subject of intense research in the materials science community due to the unique properties that they exhibit. Nanostructure deals with objects and structures that are in the 1 – 100 nm range. In many materials, atoms or molecules agglomerate to form objects at the nanoscale. This causes many interesting electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical properties. In describing nanostructures, it

7326-404: The nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. The field of nanomaterials is loosely organized, like the traditional field of chemistry, into organic (carbon-based) nanomaterials, such as fullerenes, and inorganic nanomaterials based on other elements, such as silicon. Examples of nanomaterials include fullerenes , carbon nanotubes , nanocrystals, etc. A biomaterial

7425-400: The nanoscale, i.e., the particle is between 0.1 and 100 nm in each spatial dimension. The terms nanoparticles and ultrafine particles (UFP) often are used synonymously although UFP can reach into the micrometre range. The term 'nanostructure' is often used, when referring to magnetic technology. Nanoscale structure in biology is often called ultrastructure . Microstructure is defined as

7524-471: The passage of carbon dioxide as aluminum and glass. Another application of materials science is the study of ceramics and glasses , typically the most brittle materials with industrial relevance. Many ceramics and glasses exhibit covalent or ionic-covalent bonding with SiO 2 ( silica ) as a fundamental building block. Ceramics – not to be confused with raw, unfired clay – are usually seen in crystalline form. The vast majority of commercial glasses contain

7623-501: The passage of carbon dioxide, relatively inexpensive, and are easily recycled, but are also heavy and fracture easily. Metal (aluminum alloy) is relatively strong, is a good barrier to the diffusion of carbon dioxide, and is easily recycled. However, the cans are opaque, expensive to produce, and are easily dented and punctured. Polymers (polyethylene plastic) are relatively strong, can be optically transparent, are inexpensive and lightweight, and can be recyclable, but are not as impervious to

7722-429: The properties and behavior of any material. To obtain a full understanding of the material structure and how it relates to its properties, the materials scientist must study how the different atoms, ions and molecules are arranged and bonded to each other. This involves the study and use of quantum chemistry or quantum physics . Solid-state physics , solid-state chemistry and physical chemistry are also involved in

7821-512: The properties of common components. Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness and stability under high temperatures, compression and electrical stress. Alumina, silicon carbide , and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder. Hot pressing provides higher density material. Chemical vapor deposition can place a film of a ceramic on another material. Cermets are ceramic particles containing some metals. The wear resistance of tools

7920-498: The recent decades is active usage of computer simulations to find new materials, predict properties and understand phenomena. A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other condensed phases can also be included) that is intended to be used for certain applications. There are a myriad of materials around us; they can be found in anything from new and advanced materials that are being developed include nanomaterials , biomaterials , and energy materials to name

8019-401: The sale by a subsidiary of its common shares. In the fiscal 2000 year, Tyco acquired Mallinckrodt Inc, a subsidiary of United States Surgical Corporation and Simplex Time Recorder Company which it merged in January 2002 with Grinnell Fire Protection to form an indirect wholly owned subsidiary, SimplexGrinnell LP, the world's largest fire protection company. For the year ended September 2000,

8118-401: The sale was reached in November. In the second quarter of 2004, ADT Security sold off Sonitrol. In all, within its divestiture program, by fiscal year end of 2004, Tyco had divested 21 businesses and liquidated four non-core businesses, primarily within the Fire and Security segment. In September 2004, Tyco also divested Electrical Contracting Services from the electronics segment, due to

8217-627: The same time, the Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Dennis Kozlowski, Mark H. Swartz and chief legal officer Mark A. Belnick. On November 27, 2002, the State of New Jersey took action in the scandal, filing a federal suit against Tyco and former personnel, with charges in part of violating the New Jersey Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) statute, stemming from

8316-463: The structure of a prepared surface or thin foil of material as revealed by a microscope above 25× magnification. It deals with objects from 100 nm to a few cm. The microstructure of a material (which can be broadly classified into metallic, polymeric, ceramic and composite) can strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/low temperature behavior, wear resistance, and so on. Most of

8415-526: The study of bonding and structures. Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a useful tool for materials scientists. One of the fundamental concepts regarding the crystal structure of a material includes the unit cell , which is the smallest unit of a crystal lattice (space lattice) that repeats to make up the macroscopic crystal structure. Most common structural materials include parallelpiped and hexagonal lattice types. In single crystals ,

8514-457: The telecommunications bubble. Tyco continued its divestiture program throughout 2005. The largest divestiture came in the announcement of a definitive agreement to sell its Plastics, Adhesives and Ludlow Coated Products businesses to an affiliate of private investment firm Apollo Management , L.P. Tyco believed the segment no longer fit within the company's portfolio. Tyco was awarded the largest statewide public safety communications project in

8613-1091: The time and effort to optimize materials properties for a given application. This involves simulating materials at all length scales, using methods such as density functional theory , molecular dynamics , Monte Carlo , dislocation dynamics, phase field , finite element , and many more. Radical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used materials. Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing methods ( casting , rolling , welding , ion implantation , crystal growth , thin-film deposition , sintering , glassblowing , etc.), and analytic methods (characterization methods such as electron microscopy , X-ray diffraction , calorimetry , nuclear microscopy (HEFIB) , Rutherford backscattering , neutron diffraction , small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), etc.). Besides material characterization,

8712-686: The traditional computer. This field also includes new areas of research such as superconducting materials, spintronics , metamaterials , etc. The study of these materials involves knowledge of materials science and solid-state physics or condensed matter physics . With continuing increases in computing power, simulating the behavior of materials has become possible. This enables materials scientists to understand behavior and mechanisms, design new materials, and explain properties formerly poorly understood. Efforts surrounding integrated computational materials engineering are now focusing on combining computational methods with experiments to drastically reduce

8811-510: The traditional materials (such as metals and ceramics) are microstructured. The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is physically impossible. For example, any crystalline material will contain defects such as precipitates , grain boundaries ( Hall–Petch relationship ), vacancies, interstitial atoms or substitutional atoms. The microstructure of materials reveals these larger defects and advances in simulation have allowed an increased understanding of how defects can be used to enhance

8910-451: The two goodwill impairment charges. In all, the net charges totaled nearly $ 7 billion of the loss that year. The stock price plummeted. To add to the financial woes of the company, midway through the fiscal 2002 year, Tyco became embroiled in a massive scandal involving the excesses by its former chairman and CEO, L. Dennis Kozlowski , and his senior management team. Kozlowski resigned and former Tyco CEO John F. Fort became interim CEO until

9009-643: The use of fire. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated that the thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials science were products of the Space Race ; the understanding and engineering of metallic alloys , and silica and carbon materials, used in building space vehicles enabling

9108-439: The various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For example, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable bags for shopping and trash, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

9207-509: The way for the creation of advanced, high-performance ceramics in various industries. Another application of materials science in industry is making composite materials . These are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermal insulating tiles, which play a key and integral role in NASA's Space Shuttle thermal protection system , which

9306-424: The world's first vertically integrated global optical network supplier, capable of developing the technology and manufacturing the components, to designing, building and maintaining systems. In July 1997, Tyco merged by reverse takeover with a smaller publicly traded security services company named ADT Limited, controlled by Michael Ashcroft . As part of the deal, Tyco International Ltd. of Massachusetts became

9405-640: Was a security systems company incorporated in the Republic of Ireland , with operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey , United States ( Tyco International (US) Inc. ). Tyco International was composed of two major business segments: security solutions and fire protection. On January 25, 2016, Johnson Controls announced it would merge with Tyco, and all businesses of Tyco and Johnson Controls would be combined under Tyco International plc, to be renamed as Johnson Controls International plc . The merger

9504-422: Was appointed president, CEO, and chairman of Tyco for an initial three-year term. Breen had previously been president and COO of Motorola since his promotion at that company in January 2002. Breen made an immediate impact on Tyco by gutting the existing board of directors and leadership team that worked with Kozlowski and replacing them with a new set of managers. One month after his appointment, Tyco announced

9603-588: Was completed in July 2007, when Tyco separated into three publicly independent companies: Following the separation, chairman and CEO Ed Breen remained at the head of Tyco International, which was then composed of five major business segments: ADT Worldwide, Fire Protection Services, Safety Products, Flow Control and Electrical and Metal Products. The company generated revenue of $ 18.8 billion in 2007, and employed 118,000 people across all 50 states and in more than 60 countries. Materials science Materials science

9702-586: Was completed on September 9, 2016. Founded by Arthur J. Rosenberg in 1960, Tyco, Inc. was formed as an investment and holding company with two segments: Tyco Semiconductors and The Materials Research Laboratory. In the first two years of operation, the company focused primarily on governmental research and military experiments in the private sector. In 1962, the business was incorporated in Massachusetts and refocused on high-tech materials science and energy conservation products. Two years later in 1964,

9801-563: Was eventually completed in 2003. The electronics segment also recorded over $ 1 billion in restructuring charges in 2002 from inventory write-down and facility closures. In addition, 2002 struck Tyco with two goodwill impairments, the first for over $ 500 million in the second quarter, due to their fiber-cable overcapacity issue and other corporate problems. The second, costing the electronics segment $ 250 million related to sales issues in Power Systems, Electrical Contracting Services, and

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