A public library is a library , most often a lending library , that is accessible by the general public and is usually funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals , who are also civil servants .
171-645: Nashville Public Library (NPL) is the public library system serving Nashville, Tennessee and the metropolitan area of Davidson County . In 2010, the Nashville Public Library was the recipient of the National Medal for Museum and Library Service . The library was named the Gale / Library Journal 2017 Library of the Year. A succession of public libraries, known by a variety of names, served
342-489: A Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. In 1999, Kidman reunited with then-husband Tom Cruise to portray a couple on a sexual odyssey in Eyes Wide Shut , their third film together and the final film of director Stanley Kubrick . It was subject to censorship controversies due to the explicit nature of its sex scenes. After a brief hiatus and a highly publicised divorce from Cruise, Kidman returned to
513-500: A gay conversion program . Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair credited all three performers for "elevating the fairly standard-issue material to poignant highs". That same year, Kidman took on the role of Queen Atlanna , the mother of the title character , in the DC Extended Universe superhero film Aquaman , which grossed over US$ 1.1 billion worldwide, becoming her highest-grossing film to date. Also in 2018, she
684-473: A goodwill ambassador for UNICEF since 1994 and UNIFEM since 2006. She was appointed Companion of the Order of Australia in 2006. Kidman was married to actor Tom Cruise from 1990 to 2001, and has been married to country music singer Keith Urban since 2006. In 2010, she founded the production company Blossom Films . In 2004 and 2018, Time included her on its list of the 100 most influential people in
855-554: A trophy wife , and subsequently starred alongside Nicolas Cage in director Joel Schumacher 's action-thriller Trespass , with the stars playing a married couple taken hostage. In 2012, Kidman starred alongside Clive Owen in the HBO film Hemingway & Gellhorn , which depicted the relationship between journalist couple Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn . For her performance as Gellhorn, she received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in
1026-765: A 2015 interview, regarding her relationship with Urban, Kidman said, "We didn't really know each other – we got to know each other during our marriage." Urban has credited Kidman for helping him overcome his struggles with alcohol addiction . They maintain homes in Nashville (Tennessee, US), Beverly Hills (California, US), two apartments in Sydney (New South Wales, Australia), a farmhouse in Sutton Forest (New South Wales, Australia), and an apartment in Manhattan (New York, US). The couple's first daughter (Sunday Rose)
1197-796: A Miniseries or Movie . That same year, she portrayed death row groupie Charlotte Bless in Lee Daniels ' adaptation of the Pete Dexter novel, The Paperboy (2012). The film competed at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival and Kidman's performance garnered her nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award and the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress, in addition to her second Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, her tenth nomination overall. Also in 2012, her audiobook recording of Virginia Woolf's To
1368-913: A baby elephant born around the same time at the Honolulu Zoo . When Kidman was born, her father was a graduate student at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . He became a visiting fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health . While living in Washington, D.C. , following Kidman's birth during the Vietnam War , her parents participated in anti-Vietnam War protests . Her family eventually returned to Australia three years later. She grew up in Sydney where she attended Lane Cove Public School and North Sydney Girls High School . She
1539-582: A board to serve the public interest; (3) they are open to all, and every community member can access the collection; (4) they are entirely voluntary, no one is ever forced to use the services provided; and (5) they provide library and information services without charge. Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public libraries are distinct from research libraries , school libraries , academic libraries in other states and other special libraries . Their mandate
1710-613: A career-defining performance", while Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post wrote that "Kidman belongs in the pantheon of great actresses". She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for her performance, as well as the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series as a producer. She also received a Screen Actors Guild Award, two Critics' Choice Television Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for her work in
1881-519: A castaway at sea, played by Billy Zane . The film proved to be her breakthrough role , and was one of the first films for which she gained international recognition. Regarding her performance, Variety commented how "throughout the film, Kidman is excellent. She gives the character of Rae real tenacity and energy." Meanwhile, critic Roger Ebert noted the excellent chemistry between the leads, stating, "Kidman and Zane do generate real, palpable hatred in their scenes together." She followed that up with
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#17327794617892052-515: A character [actor]. I was trained as a character actor. That's what I want to do. I believe in changing the way you look, the way you move, the way you speak. I'm not great at playing myself, so what really gives me the greatest satisfaction is changing into something else." — Kidman on her approach to acting Kidman is known to practise method acting for many of her roles. It has been noted that she oftentimes transforms herself physically, mentally and emotionally to resemble her characters, to
2223-466: A clientele of some fifty thousand." The mid-to-late 18th century saw a virtual epidemic of feminine reading as novels became more and more popular. Novels, while frowned upon in society, were extremely popular. In England, there were many who lamented at the "villainous profane and obscene books", and the opposition to the circulating library, on moral grounds, persisted well into the 19th century. Still, many establishments must have circulated many times
2394-605: A common pattern. Membership was restricted to the proprietors or shareholders, and ranged from a dozen or two to between four and five hundred. The entrance fee, i.e. the purchase price of a share, was in early days usually a guinea, but rose sharply as the century advanced, often reaching four or five guineas during the French wars; the annual subscription, during the same period, rose from about six shillings to ten shillings or more. The book-stock was, by modern standards, small (Liverpool, with over 8,000 volumes in 1801, seems to have been
2565-428: A completely new way of reading. Reading was no longer simply an academic pursuit or an attempt to gain spiritual guidance . Reading became a social activity. Many circulating libraries were attached to the shops of milliners or drapers. They served as much for social gossip and the meeting of friends as coffee shops do today. Another factor in the growth of subscription libraries was the increasing cost of books. In
2736-462: A greater number of patrons, were able to accumulate greater numbers of books. The United Public Library was said to have a collection of some 52,000 volumes – twice as many as any private-subscription library in the country at that period. These libraries, since they functioned as a business, also lent books to non-subscribers on a per-book system. Despite the existence of these subscription libraries, they were only accessible to those who could afford
2907-454: A high-risk mutability and versatility, and regularly traverses between naturalist and non-naturalist roles and artforms." She continues saying that "she can continually test her own emotional limits, physical skills, politics, values and frames of reference" and mentions how "her conception of character acting involves metamorphosing gradually into something that she feels is so 'other' that she frequently speaks of losing herself or getting lost in
3078-588: A kid, which I slowly got over, but I still regress into that shyness. So I don't like walking into a crowded restaurant by myself; I don't like going to a party by myself." During her teenage years, she attended the Phillip Street Theatre , alongside fellow actress Naomi Watts , and the Australian Theatre for Young People , where she took up drama and mime as she found acting to be a refuge. Owing to her fair skin and naturally red hair,
3249-443: A languorous, dreamy atmosphere, and Nicole Kidman succeeds in convincing us that she is a normal person in a disturbing situation, and not just a standard-issue horror movie hysteric." A. O. Scott of The New York Times highlighted Kidman's performance, writing that she "embodies this unstable amalgam with a conviction that is in itself terrifying. The icy reserve that sometimes stands in the way of her expressive gifts here becomes
3420-410: A later development, which were made possible by the establishment of County Councils in 1888. They normally have a large central library in a major town with smaller branch libraries in other towns and a mobile library service covering rural areas. A new Public Libraries Act was passed in 1964. Local authorities were to provide a "comprehensive and efficient" library service. Public libraries built in
3591-433: A mask and simultaneously let you feel what it's like to hide behind it." In 2004 and 2018, Time magazine named Kidman one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual Time 100 list. In 2020, The New York Times ranked her fifth on its list of the greatest actors of the 21st century, and in a 2022 readers' poll by Empire magazine, she was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. "I'm
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#17327794617893762-483: A mother living in the Channel Islands during World War II who suspects her house is haunted. Grossing over US$ 210 million worldwide, her performance earned her several award nominations, including a Goya Award nomination for Best Actress , in addition to receiving her second BAFTA Award and fifth Golden Globe Award nominations. Roger Ebert commented that "Alejandro Amenábar has the patience to create
3933-615: A new library building if the city would take care of its maintenance. The city accepted those terms, and in 1904, the Carnegie Library Building was completed on Polk Avenue. Andrew Carnegie enabled the building and opening of an additional three branches between 1912 and 1919. Two buildings are still in use today, the North Branch and the East Branch. The Carnegie Library Building was razed and replaced with
4104-453: A place for other forms of commercial activity, which may or may not be related to print. This was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the contributing factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library ( Italian : Biblioteca Malatestiana ), also known as
4275-481: A population of 10,000 or more to raise a ½d for the establishment of museums". This became the Museums Act 1845 . The advocacy of Ewart and Brotherton then succeeded in having a select committee set up to consider public library provision. The Report argued that the provision of public libraries would steer people towards temperate and moderate habits. With a view to maximising the potential of current facilities,
4446-466: A professor of film at the University of Southampton , suggests in her biography of Kidman that "her emphasis on artifice and technique points to a conception of screen acting that looks to cinematic expression rather than to the actor's body and intentions for the realisation of character." Mary Luckhurst , a professor and head of the University of Bristol School of Arts with credentials in theatre and performance, stated how "she has strategically pursued
4617-477: A reported US$ 14.5 million between 2004 and 2005. On People magazine's list of 2005's highest-paid actresses, Kidman came in second behind Julia Roberts , with a US$ 16–17 million per-film price tag. In 2006, Kidman portrayed photographer Diane Arbus in the biographical film Fur , opposite Robert Downey Jr. , and lent her voice to the animated film Happy Feet , which grossed over US$ 384 million worldwide, becoming her highest-grossing film at
4788-444: A sense of humor". The following year, she and Cruise re-teamed for Ron Howard 's Irish epic Far and Away (1992), which was a modest critical and commercial success. In 1993, she starred in the thriller Malice , opposite Alec Baldwin , and the drama My Life , opposite Michael Keaton . In 1995, Kidman played Dr. Chase Meridian , the damsel in distress , in the superhero film Batman Forever , opposite Val Kilmer as
4959-418: A simple majority. It also allowed neighbouring parishes to combine with an existing or potential library authority. Despite the rise in the level of tax public libraries could levy, it was still very difficult for boroughs to raise enough capital to fund new libraries. The growth of the public library movement in the wake of the 1850 Act relied heavily on the donations of philanthropists. County libraries were
5130-585: A supporter of the temperance movement , was able to secure the Chair of the select committee which would examine "the extent, causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of intoxication among the labouring classes of the United Kingdom" and propose solutions. Francis Place , a campaigner for the working class, agreed that "the establishment of parish libraries and district reading rooms, and popular lectures on subjects both entertaining and instructive to
5301-465: A variety of materials including the increasingly popular novels . Although the circulating libraries filled an important role in society, members of the middle and upper classes often looked down upon these libraries that regularly sold material from their collections and provided materials that were less sophisticated. Circulating libraries also charged a subscription fee . However, these fees were set to entice their patrons, providing subscriptions on
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5472-577: A woman who falls in love with Law's character, and they become separated by the American Civil War . Regarding her performance, Time magazine wrote, "Kidman takes strength from Ada's plight and grows steadily, literally luminous. Her sculptural pallor gives way to warm radiance in the firelight." The film garnered several awards and nominations, most notably for the performances of the cast, with Kidman receiving her sixth Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress. In 2004, Kidman starred in
5643-591: A yearly, quarterly or monthly basis, without expecting the subscribers to purchase a share in the circulating library. This helped patrons who could not afford to buy books, to be able to borrow books to read, and then return. This also created a more popular demand, as book fees were growing, and more books were being copied. Circulating libraries were very popular; the first one was located in 1725, in Edinburgh, Scotland , by Allan Ramsay . Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided
5814-577: Is Amazon's Holland, Michigan directed by Mimi Cave, which is wrapped up and expected to be released in 2025. Kidman is often regarded to be among the finest actresses of her generation. She has been noted for seeking eccentric roles in risky projects helmed by auteurs, as well as for her volatile performances and versatile work, having appeared in a variety of eclectic films from several genres throughout her extensive career spanning over nearly four decades. Vanity Fair stated that, despite struggling with her personal life being publicly scrutinised by
5985-438: Is a total distraction". Initially, reviewer Mike Hale, writing for The New York Times , remarked that the show resembled many other counterterrorism thrillers, noting its visceral action and somewhat artificial setting in the first episode. However, upon further reflection, he found that the show evolved into a moody, suspenseful, and intricately crafted genre piece with compelling characters. In December 2023, Kidman reprised
6156-619: Is a tradition that needs to be upheld." That same year, she was named the World's Most Beautiful Person by People magazine. Following her Oscar win, Kidman appeared in three distinctly different films in 2003. The first of those, a leading role in director Lars von Trier 's Dogville , was an experimental film set on a bare soundstage . Though the film divided critics in the United States, Kidman earned praise for her performance. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated, "Kidman gives
6327-403: Is an American and Australian actress and producer. Known for her work in film and television productions across many genres, she has consistently ranked among the world's highest-paid actresses since the late 1990s. Her accolades include an Academy Award , a British Academy Film Award , two Primetime Emmy Awards , and six Golden Globe Awards . She became the first Australian actor to receive
6498-419: Is to serve the general public's information needs rather than the needs of a particular school, institution, or research population. Public libraries also provide free services such as preschool story times to encourage early literacy among children. They also provide a quiet study and learning areas for students and professionals and foster the formation of book clubs to encourage the appreciation of literature by
6669-528: The Chicago Sun-Times thought that "Kidman gives a powerful and moving performance as Saroo's adoptive mother, who loves her son with every molecule of her being, but comes to understand his quest. It's as good as anything she's done in the last decade." Budgeted at US$ 12 million, Lion earned over US$ 140 million globally. She also gave a voice-over performance for the English version of
6840-804: The AFI Life Achievement Award honour in 2024. Kidman began her career in Australia with the 1983 films Bush Christmas and BMX Bandits . Her breakthrough came with lead roles in Dead Calm and the miniseries Bangkok Hilton (both 1989). She came to international prominence with a supporting role in Days of Thunder (1990) followed by leading roles in Far and Away (1992), To Die For (1995), Batman Forever (1995), Practical Magic (1998), and Eyes Wide Shut (1999). She won
7011-756: The Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Virginia Woolf in the drama The Hours (2002). She was Oscar-nominated for her roles in Moulin Rouge! (2001), Rabbit Hole (2010), Lion (2016), and Being the Ricardos (2021). She has acted in mainstream film such as The Others (2001), Cold Mountain (2003), The Golden Compass (2007), Australia (2008), Paddington (2014), Aquaman (2018), and Bombshell (2019) as well as independent films with dark and tragic themes such as Dogville (2003), Birth (2004), Margot at
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7182-487: The Hulu drama series Nine Perfect Strangers , based on the novel of the same name by Liane Moriarty. Despite receiving mixed reviews, it was reported that the premiere of the show became the most-watched Hulu original on its premiere day and continued to hold that title after five days on the service. That same year, she portrayed actress-comedian Lucille Ball alongside Javier Bardem as Ball's husband, Desi Arnaz , in
7353-569: The Jason Bateman -directed The Family Fang , produced by Kidman's production company, Blossom Films , which premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival . In her other 2015 film release, the biographical drama Queen of the Desert , she portrayed writer, traveller, political officer, administrator and archaeologist Gertrude Bell . That same year, she played a district attorney, opposite Julia Roberts and Chiwetel Ejiofor , in
7524-620: The Pulitzer Prize -winning play Rabbit Hole , alongside Aaron Eckhart . Her performance as a grieving mother coping with the death of her son earned her critical acclaim, and she received nominations for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress. The following year, she appeared with Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston in Dennis Dugan 's romantic comedy Just Go with It , as
7695-495: The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role , as well as her fourth Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, her fifth nomination overall. In September 2021, Kidman starred in a commercial for AMC Theatres entitled " We Make Movies Better ", which would play before every film in the theatres owned by the chain beginning that month and Kidman's sponsorship
7866-501: The Tribune News Service found Kidman "particularly, unsurprisingly excellent in her performance as the steely Miss Martha. She is controlled and in control, unflappable. Her genteel manners and femininity co-exist easily with her toughness." Kidman had two other films premiere at the festival: the science-fiction romantic comedy How to Talk to Girls at Parties , reuniting her with director John Cameron Mitchell , and
8037-650: The Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 81st Venice International Film Festival . Kidman was absent from the ceremony due to the death of her mother. In September 2024, Kidman starred in, and served as executive producer on the Netflix series The Perfect Couple , based on Elin Hilderbrand's novel. The series received mixed reviews from critics with many reviews criticizing Kidman for her constantly repeating herself. However, it became Netflix's global hit leading
8208-497: The black comedy science-fiction film The Stepford Wives , a remake of the 1975 film of the same name , directed by Frank Oz . The following year, she starred opposite Sean Penn in the Sydney Pollack thriller The Interpreter , playing UN translator Silvia Broome, and starred alongside Will Ferrell in the romantic comedy Bewitched , based on the 1960s TV sitcom of the same name . While neither film fared well in
8379-766: The earliest form of writing – the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer , some dating back to 2600 BC. They appeared five thousand years ago in Southwest Asia's Fertile Crescent , an area that ran from Mesopotamia to the Nile in Africa. Known as the cradle of civilization, the Fertile Crescent was likewise the birthplace of writing, sometime before 3000 BC. (Murray, Stuart A.P.) These first libraries, which mainly consisted of
8550-689: The psychological thriller The Killing of a Sacred Deer , directed by Yorgos Lanthimos , which also competed for the Palme d'Or. Also in 2017, she played supporting roles in the BBC Two television series Top of the Lake: China Girl and in the comedy-drama The Upside , a remake of the 2011 French comedy The Intouchables , starring Bryan Cranston and Kevin Hart . In 2018, Kidman starred in two dramas, Destroyer and Boy Erased . In
8721-704: The 1830s, at the height of the Chartist movement, there was a general tendency towards reformism in the United Kingdom. The middle classes were concerned that the workers' free time was not being well-spent. This was prompted more by Victorian middle class paternalism than by demand from the lower social orders. Campaigners felt that encouraging the lower classes to spend their free time on morally uplifting activities, such as reading, would promote greater social good. Salford Museum and Art Gallery first opened in November 1850 as "The Royal Museum & Public Library", as
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#17327794617898892-405: The 18th century to today; as the country grew more populous and wealthier, factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections. The first modern public library in
9063-559: The 1960s were characterized by modernism. The modern public library grew at a great pace at the end of the 19th century especially in the English-speaking world . Philanthropists and businessmen, including John Passmore Edwards , Henry Tate and Andrew Carnegie , helped to fund the establishment of large numbers of public libraries for the edification of the masses. Public libraries in North America developed from
9234-458: The 1987 miniseries Vietnam , for which she won her first Australian Film Institute Award . Kidman next appeared in the Australian film Emerald City (1988), based on the play of the same name , which earned her a second Australian Film Institute Award. She then starred alongside Sam Neill in the 1989 thriller Dead Calm as Rae Ingram, the wife of a naval officer who is menaced by
9405-600: The 2015 Women in the World conference, she expressed that the attention surrounding her at the time of her divorce from Cruise led to increased public attention to her career, stating, "Out of my divorce came work that was applauded, so that was an interesting thing for me." She went on to receive an Academy Award in 2003, shortly after her divorce. Prior to marrying Cruise, Kidman had been involved in relationships with Australian actor Marcus Graham and Windrider co-star Tom Burlinson . The film Cold Mountain brought rumours that an affair between Kidman and co-star Jude Law
9576-528: The Academy Award for Best Actress, becoming the first Australian to win the award. During her Oscar's acceptance speech, she referenced the Iraq War which was occurring at the time when speaking about the importance of art saying, "Why do you come to the Academy Awards when the world is in such turmoil? Because art is important. And because you believe in what you do and you want to honour that, and it
9747-531: The Australian Oscar winner is truly terrific". Her second film with Firth was the British thriller film Before I Go to Sleep , portraying a car crash survivor with brain damage. Also in 2014, she appeared in the live-action animated comedy film Paddington as the film's main antagonist. In 2015, Kidman starred in the drama Strangerland , which opened at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival , and
9918-485: The Australian independent film Flirting . They portrayed high school girls in this coming of age story, which won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Film . That same year, her work in the film Billy Bathgate earned Kidman her first Golden Globe Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actress . The New York Times , in its film review, called her "a beauty with, it seems,
10089-444: The Australian miniseries Bangkok Hilton before moving on to star alongside her then-boyfriend and future ex-husband, Tom Cruise , in the 1990 sports action film Days of Thunder , as a young doctor who falls in love with a NASCAR driver. Considered to be her international breakout film, it was among the highest-grossing films of the year. In 1991, Kidman co-starred alongside Thandiwe Newton and former classmate Naomi Watts in
10260-801: The Ben West Public Library in 1963. The Main Library was housed in the Ben West building for 38 years. The new Main Library Building, designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects , was opened in 2001. Previously on the site for the Main Library was a downtown shopping mall called Church Street Center . Beginning in the 1940s, bookmobiles were used across Davidson County. Their extensive routes reached many residents, including those living in rural areas. The first bookmobile
10431-524: The Church of England or other gentlemen or persons of letters", but it was limited to just 422 volumes of mostly ecclesiastical and legal works. In Germany, there was another occurrence of an accessible public library. The Ducal Library at Wolfenbüttel was open "every weekday morning and afternoon" and loaned its books to the public. Between 1714 and 1799, the library loaned 31,485 books to 1,648 different users. These types of public libraries, much closer to
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#173277946178910602-584: The Civil Rights Room, documenting the Civil Rights Movement in Nashville, and an oral history collection documenting the 2010 Tennessee floods in Nashville. In 2017, NPL eliminated overdue fines in order to increase accessibility of book borrowing. Friends of the Nashville Public Library is a non-profit that offers memberships and supports the library through book sales. The Friends of the Nashville Public Library offer support for
10773-665: The Eastern Mediterranean (see Library of Alexandria § In antiquity ). Historian Yahya of Antioch (d. 1066) reported that the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ( r. 996–1021 ) financed and established libraries open to the public, where anyone, even the simple non-specialists, could choose whatever books they wanted and have them copied by public scribes, free of charge. However, as with many of his other decisions, Al-Hakim later ordered this policy to be reversed. In Cesena, Italy,
10944-486: The French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of a public library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people. The Załuski Library ( Polish : Biblioteka Załuskich , Latin : Bibliotheca Zalusciana ) was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski , both Roman Catholic bishops. The library
11115-525: The Lighthouse was released through Audible . The following year she starred as an unstable mother in Park Chan-wook 's Stoker , which was released to positive reception and a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In April 2013, she was selected as a member of the main competition jury at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival . In 2014, Kidman starred as the titular character in
11286-676: The Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena , Emilia-Romagna ( Italy ). It was the first European civic library , i.e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello . The works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano (a scholar of Leon Battista Alberti ) and lasted from 1447 to 1452. The first libraries consisted of archives of
11457-410: The Nashville Public Library began partnering with Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools to offer the students access to the public library materials. Called "Limitless Libraries," this program offers access to approximately 1.5 million information resources. The Main Library's Special Collections Division contains several archival and oral history collections highlighting Nashville history. Among them,
11628-425: The Nashville Public Library system. They are: The Nashville Public Library features a variety of public programming. The library offers puppet shows in the Main Library as well as throughout the Nashville community. The library offers digital collections, e-book and audiobook downloads, language learning services, and computer classes. There are a variety of book clubs hosted throughout the library system. In 2010,
11799-555: The Southern Hemisphere (3 vols) which was borrowed on 201 occasions. The records also show that in 1796, membership had risen by 1/3 to 198 subscribers (of whom 5 were women) and the titles increased five-fold to 4,987. This mirrors the increase in reading interests. A patron list from the Bath Municipal Library shows that from 1793 to 1799, the library held a stable 30% of their patrons as female. It
11970-641: The Special Collections' Civil Rights Room, and $ 5 million in collection development funds. On December 2, 2015, The Nashville Public Library unveiled the new Kidman-Urban Puppet Stage in the children's section of the library, made possible by a donation from Nicole Kidman and Keith Urban , long time supporters of the library. Public library There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries: (1) they are generally supported by taxes (usually local, though any level of government can and may contribute); (2) they are governed by
12141-572: The United States, both were international successes. For the latter film, she and Ferrell earned the Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple. In conjunction with her success within the film industry, Kidman became the face of the Chanel No. 5 perfume brand. She starred in a campaign of television and print ads with Rodrigo Santoro , directed by Moulin Rouge! director Baz Luhrmann, to promote
12312-591: The Wedding (2007), The Killing of a Sacred Deer (2017), The Beguiled (2017), The Northman (2022), and Babygirl (2024). Kidman's television roles include Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012), The Undoing (2020), Nine Perfect Strangers (2021), Special Ops: Lioness (2023), and The Perfect Couple (2024). For the HBO series Big Little Lies (2017–2019), she received Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress and Outstanding Limited Series as executive producer. Kidman has served as
12483-477: The actress from the role. It's why she has become so synonymous with a few key roles ... and why those films are so defined by Kidman's presence in them." Scholars have also commented on her acting style and approach to roles. Sharon Marie Carnicke, a professor of critical studies and acting at the USC School of Dramatic Arts , mentioned that "Kidman's [acting] choices are believable and natural as reactions to
12654-436: The adoptive mother of Saroo Brierley , an Indian boy who was separated from his birth family, a role she felt connected to as she herself is the mother of adopted children. She received positive reviews for her performance, in addition to her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , her fourth nomination overall, and her eleventh Golden Globe Award nomination, among several others. Richard Roeper of
12825-550: The animated film The Guardian Brothers . In 2017, Kidman returned to television for Big Little Lies , a drama series based on Liane Moriarty 's novel of the same name , which premiered on HBO. She also served as executive producer alongside her co-star, Reese Witherspoon , and the show's director, Jean-Marc Vallée . She played Celeste Wright, a former lawyer and housewife, who conceals an abusive relationship with her husband, played by Alexander Skarsgård . Matthew Jacobs of The Huffington Post considered that she "delivered
12996-462: The anthology series Roar , based on Cecelia Ahern 's 2018 short story collection , in addition to serving as executive producer. The miniseries attracted mixed attention due to its unconventional and controversial feminist themes. That same month, she starred alongside her Big Little Lies co-star Alexander Skarsgård, Anya Taylor-Joy , Ethan Hawke and Willem Dafoe in the historical drama The Northman , directed by Robert Eggers . The film
13167-485: The artistry of clothes. At the same time, she has elegantly established her personal style and own iconic presence worldwide." Kidman met actor Tom Cruise in 1989 while working on the set of Days of Thunder , a film in which they both starred, and they married on Christmas Eve of 1990 in Colorado. While married, the couple adopted a daughter, Isabella (born 1992), and a son, Connor (born 1995). On 5 February 2001,
13338-404: The artistry she displays within them, may be the secret of her appeal, the source of her bond with the audience." Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker commented how "in each role, there is something waxen and watchful and self-possessed about Kidman, so that, even when she's smiling, she never seems liberated. While other actors specialize in transparency, Kidman has a different gift: she can wear
13509-399: The base of many academic and public library collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit and creating social centers within the community. The circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided
13680-522: The biographical drama Being the Ricardos , directed by Aaron Sorkin . Despite unfavourable reactions in response to her casting as Ball, her portrayal was met with critical acclaim. She subsequently won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for her performance, in addition to receiving nominations for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and
13851-580: The biographical film Grace of Monaco , which chronicles the 1962 crisis in which Charles de Gaulle blockaded the tiny principality, angered by Monaco's status as a tax haven for wealthy French subjects and Kelly's contemplative Hollywood return to star in Alfred Hitchcock 's Marnie . Opening out of competition at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , the film received largely negative reviews. She also starred in two films with Colin Firth that year,
14022-802: The calculation, the wheels turning, the transparent efforts to charm that succeed in charming all the same." For her performance in the film, she received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy . In the following years, she appeared alongside Barbara Hershey and John Malkovich in The Portrait of a Lady (1996), based on the novel of the same name , and starred in The Peacemaker (1997) as nuclear expert Dr. Julia Kelly, opposite George Clooney . The latter film grossed US$ 110 million worldwide. In 1998, she starred alongside Sandra Bullock in
14193-548: The charts for two consecutive weeks before dropping but still maintaining strong positions for the following weeks. In November 2024, Kidman is also set to voice Queen Ellsmere in the animated fantasy film Spellbound . Kidman is also set to star in, and serve as executive producer on, numerous projects, including the Australian television series The Last Anniversary , adapted from Liane Moriarty 's novel, and an Amazon Prime Video Scarpetta series based on Patricia Cornwell 's Kay Scarpetta novels. One of her projects
14364-645: The clergy and residents of the surrounding neighborhood. Some scholars consider this library an "ancestor" to public libraries since its patrons did not need to belong to an existing organization like a church or college to use it. However, all the books in the library were chained to stalls and unavailable to borrow, hence its name: the Francis Trigge Chained Library. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate and town libraries were founded in England. Norwich City library
14535-518: The committee made two significant recommendations. They suggested that the government should issue grants to aid the foundation of libraries and that the Museums Act 1845 should be amended and extended to allow for a tax to be levied for the establishment of public libraries. Objections were raised about the increase in taxation , the potential infringement on private enterprise and the existing library provision such as mechanics' institutes and
14706-435: The community might draw off a number of those who now frequent public houses for the sole enjoyment they afford". Buckingham introduced to Parliament a Public Institution Bill allowing boroughs to charge a tax to set up libraries and museums, the first of its kind. Although this did not become law, it had a major influence on William Ewart MP and Joseph Brotherton MP, who introduced a bill which would "[empower] boroughs with
14877-537: The continent. Though the film received mixed reviews from critics, it turned out to be a box office success, grossing over $ 211 million worldwide against a budget of $ 130 million. In 2009, she appeared in the Rob Marshall musical Nine , portraying the muse Claudia Jenssen, alongside an ensemble cast consisting of Daniel Day-Lewis , Marion Cotillard , Penélope Cruz , Judi Dench , Fergie , Kate Hudson and Sophia Loren . Kidman, whose screen time
15048-419: The couple's spokesperson announced their separation. Cruise filed for divorce two days later, and their marriage was dissolved later that year, with Cruise citing irreconcilable differences. In 2013, Kidman said their marriage failed because of her young age when they married. "I was a child, really, when I got married," she said. "And I needed to grow up." In a 2007 interview with Marie Claire , Kidman noted
15219-475: The drama Bombshell , a film depicting the scandal concerning the sexual harassment accusations against former Fox News CEO Roger Ailes , in which she portrayed journalist Gretchen Carlson . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times opined that despite lesser screen time than her two co-protagonists, Kidman successfully made Carlson "ever-so-slightly ridiculous, adding a sharp sliver of comedy that underscores how self-serving and futile her rebellious gestures at
15390-568: The drama film Birth , which sparked controversy over a scene in which she shares a bath with her co-star Cameron Bright , then aged ten. During a press conference at the 61st Venice International Film Festival , she addressed the controversy saying, "It wasn't that I wanted to make a film where I kiss a 10-year-old boy. I wanted to make a film where you understand love." For her performance, she received her seventh Golden Globe nomination. That same year, she starred alongside Matthew Broderick , Bette Midler , Christopher Walken and Glenn Close in
15561-558: The end of the 18th century and in the first decades of the 19th century, the demand for books and general education made itself felt among social classes generated by the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. The late-18th century saw a rise in subscription libraries intended for the use of tradesmen. In 1797, there was established at Kendal what was known as the Economical Library, "designed principally for
15732-526: The expansion to a back room, to the spacious elegant areas of Hookham's or those at the resorts like Scarborough, and four in a row at Margate. Private-subscription libraries held a greater amount of control over both membership and the types of books in the library. There was almost a complete elimination of cheap fiction in the private societies. Subscription libraries prided themselves on respectability. The highest percentage of subscribers were often landed proprietors, gentry, and old professions. Towards
15903-546: The fear that it would give rise to "unhealthy social agitation". The Bill passed through Parliament as most MPs felt that public libraries would provide facilities for self-improvement through books and reading for all classes, and that the greater levels of education attained by providing public libraries would result in lower crime rates . Under the terms of the Museums Act of 1845 , the municipalities of Warrington and Salford established libraries in their museums. Warrington Municipal Library opened in 1848. Although by
16074-510: The fees and to those with time to read during the daylight. As stated by James Van Horn Melton, "one should not overstate the extent to which lending libraries 'democratized' reading" since "they were probably less important for creating new readers than for enabling those who already read to read more." For many people, these libraries, though more accessible than libraries such as the British Library, were still largely an institution for
16245-637: The film Secret in Their Eyes , a remake of the 2009 Argentine film of the same name , both based on the novel La pregunta de sus ojos by author Eduardo Sacheri . After more than 15 years, she returned to the West End in the UK premiere of Photograph 51 at the Noël Coward Theatre . She starred as British scientist Rosalind Franklin , working for the discovery of the structure of DNA, in
16416-546: The film ... Kidman seems to specialize in 'ice queen' characters, but with Satine, she allows herself to thaw, just a bit." She subsequently received her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical , among several other awards and nominations, including her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Also in 2001, Kidman starred in Alejandro Amenábar 's psychological horror film The Others (2001) as Grace Stewart,
16587-638: The film was well received by audiences. It achieved the #1 spot among Netflix originals during its first weekend and maintained a strong position at #2 on the second weekend of its release. Kidman portrayed a high-ranking CEO in the A24 erotic thriller Babygirl written and directed by Halina Reijn . Robbie Collin of The Telegraph highlighted Kidman's work as "ferociously good, convincing utterly as this formerly level-headed careerist whose deeply buried, long-denied appetites are simultaneously proving her making and downfall." For her performance, she received
16758-556: The film's title character . That same year, she starred in Gus Van Sant 's critically acclaimed dark comedy To Die For , in which she played the murderous newscaster Suzanne Stone. Regarding her performance, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said "[she] brings to the role layers of meaning, intention and impulse. Telling her story in close-up – as she does throughout the film – Kidman lets you see
16929-534: The first being the British-Australian historical drama The Railway Man , in which she played an officer's wife. Katherine Monk of the Montreal Gazette said of Kidman's performance, "It's a truly masterful piece of acting that transcends Teplitzky's store-bought framing, but it's Kidman who delivers the biggest surprise: For the first time since her eyebrows turned into solid marble arches,
17100-552: The first but also became the most-watched night of viewing for an HBO original series that year. In September 2019, she took on the supporting part of a rich socialite in John Crowley 's drama The Goldfinch , an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Donna Tartt , starring Ansel Elgort . Although it was poorly received, Owen Gleiberman commended Kidman for playing her part with "elegant affection". She next co-starred alongside Charlize Theron and Margot Robbie in
17271-636: The first community-run public library, the Malatestiana Library , was established in 1447, provided both secular and religious texts in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and was fully open to all members of the public. Another early library that allowed access to the public was Kalendars or Kalendaries, a brotherhood of clergy and laity who were attached to the Church of All-Halloween or All Saints in Bristol , England. Records show that in 1464, provision
17442-579: The first unconditionally free public library in England. The library in Campfield , Manchester was the first library to operate a "free" lending library without subscription in 1852. Norwich lays claim to being the first municipality to adopt the Public Libraries Act 1850 (which allowed any municipal borough with a population of 100,000 or more to introduce a halfpenny rate to establish public libraries—although not to buy books). Norwich
17613-631: The form of novels. The national average start of the 20th century hovered around novels comprising about 20% of the total collection. Novels varied from other types of books in many ways. They were read primarily for enjoyment instead of for study. They did not provide academic knowledge or spiritual guidance; thus, they were read quickly and far fewer times than other books. These were the perfect books for commercial subscription libraries to lend. Since books were read for pure enjoyment rather than for scholarly work, books needed to become both cheaper and smaller. Small duodecimo editions of books were preferred to
17784-538: The former, she played a detective troubled by a case for two decades. Peter Debruge of Variety and Brooke Marine of W both found her "unrecognizable" in the role and Debruge added that "she disappears into an entirely new skin, rearranging her insides to fit the character's tough hide", whereas Marine highlighted Kidman's method acting. The latter film is based on Garrard Conley's Boy Erased: A Memoir , and features Russell Crowe and Kidman as socially conservative parents who send their son (played by Lucas Hedges ) to
17955-470: The foundation of her most emotionally layered performance to date." The following year, Kidman garnered critical acclaim for her portrayal of Virginia Woolf in Stephen Daldry 's The Hours , co-starring alongside Meryl Streep and Julianne Moore . Kidman wore prosthetics, which were applied to her nose, to portray the author during 1920s England, making her look almost unrecognisable. The film
18126-479: The fragrance during the holiday seasons of 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008. No. 5 the Film , a three-minute commercial produced for Chanel No. 5, made Kidman the record holder for the most money paid per minute to an actor after she reportedly earned US$ 12 million for the three-minute advert. During this time, she was also featured as the 45th Most Powerful Celebrity on Forbes ' 2005 Celebrity 100 List. She made
18297-474: The incorrect reporting of a miscarriage early in her marriage: "It was wrongly reported as miscarriage by everyone who picked up the story. So it's huge news, and it didn't happen. I had a miscarriage at the end of my marriage, but I had an ectopic pregnancy at the beginning of my marriage." In the June 2006 issue of Ladies' Home Journal , Kidman revealed that she still loved Cruise despite their divorce: "He
18468-403: The large folio editions. Folio editions were read at a desk, while the small duodecimo editions could be easily read like the paperbacks of today. The French journalist Louis-Sébastien Mercier wrote that the books were also separated into parts so that readers could rent a section of the book for some hours instead of a full day. This allowed more readers could have access to the same work at
18639-497: The largest), and was accommodated, at the outset, in makeshift premises—very often over a bookshop, with the bookseller acting as librarian and receiving an honorarium for his pains. The Liverpool subscription library was a gentlemen-only library. In 1798, it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse. It had an entrance fee of one guinea and annual subscription of five shillings. An analysis of
18810-442: The last two decades of the century, especially, prices were practically doubled, so that a quarto work cost a guinea , an octavo 10 shillings or 12 shillings, and a duodecimo cost 4 shillings per volume. Price apart, moreover, books were difficult to procure outside London since local booksellers could not afford to carry large stocks. Commercial libraries, since they were usually associated with booksellers and also since they had
18981-570: The main antagonist Marisa Coulter in the fantasy-adventure film The Golden Compass , which grossed over US$ 370 million worldwide, also becoming one of her highest-grossing films to date. The following year, Kidman reunited with Moulin Rouge! director Baz Luhrmann for the Australian period film Australia (2008), set in the remote Northern Territory during the Japanese attack on Darwin during World War II. Starring opposite Hugh Jackman , she played an Englishwoman feeling overwhelmed by
19152-637: The media during the early years of her career, "[Kidman] has shown herself to be a major talent, a remarkable actress who can get in there with the best of them, go toe-to-toe, and come out with her credibility intact. What's more, she's proved herself to be a star with a capital S, the one-in-a-generation kind who, like Elizabeth Taylor, is bigger than the Hollywood system, and is also unafraid to be human and real, which only makes her more popular." According to The New York Times , "the plucky, disciplined indomitability she brings to her performances, even more than
19323-555: The mid-19th century, England could claim 274 subscription libraries and Scotland, 266, the foundation of the modern public library system in Britain is the Public Libraries Act 1850 . The Act first gave local boroughs the power to establish free public libraries and was the first legislative step toward the creation of an enduring national institution that provides universal free access to information and literature. In
19494-539: The mid-19th century, there were virtually no public libraries in the sense in which we now understand the term, i.e., libraries provided with public funds and freely accessible to all. Only one important library in Britain, namely Chetham's Library in Manchester, was fully and freely accessible to the public. The Chesshyre Library in Halton , Cheshire was founded as a free public library in 1733 for all "divines of
19665-529: The middle and upper classes. In A.D 1820, the State Central Library, Kerala started functioning in Trivandrum , India, which is not only India's first public library but also the first such institution outside of Europe. However, there had come into being a whole network of library provisions on a private or institutional basis. Subscription libraries, both private and commercial, provided
19836-433: The middle to upper classes with a variety of books for moderate fees. Private-subscription libraries functioned in much the same manner as commercial subscription libraries, though they varied in many important ways. One of the most popular versions of the private-subscription library was the "gentlemen only" library. The gentlemen's subscription libraries, sometimes known as proprietary libraries, were nearly all organized on
20007-461: The most emotionally bruising performance of her career in Dogville , a movie that never met a cliche it didn't stomp on." The second film was an adaptation of Philip Roth 's novel The Human Stain , opposite Anthony Hopkins . Her third film that year was Anthony Minghella 's war drama Cold Mountain , where she starred opposite Jude Law and Renée Zellweger , playing southerner Ada Monroe,
20178-627: The most iconic celebrities when it comes to her fashion choices." In 2003, she received the Fashion Icon Award, which was awarded to her by the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Regarding her bestowal, Peter Arnold, executive director of the CFDA, said, "Nicole Kidman's style, both on and off the screen, has had an undeniable impact on fashion. As an actress, she has developed her many memorable characters with an innate understanding of
20349-494: The network are". For her performance, she received an additional Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role . Kidman started off the 2020s with her role of Grace Fraser, a successful New York therapist, in the HBO psychological thriller miniseries The Undoing , based on the novel You Should Have Known by Jean Hanff Korelitz . She served as executive producer alongside
20520-489: The number of novels as of any other genre. In 1797, Thomas Wilson wrote in The Use of Circulating Libraries : "Consider that for a successful circulating library, the collection must contain 70% fiction". However, the overall percentage of novels mainly depended on the proprietor of the circulating library . While some circulating libraries were almost completely novels, others had less than 10% of their overall collection in
20691-584: The people of Nashville. The early libraries were generally small, offered a narrow range of services, and operated on a fee schedule. In 1897, the Tennessee General Assembly authorized cities of a certain size to establish and maintain free public libraries and reading rooms. With this authority, in 1901 the Howard Library became Nashville’s first free circulating library. Also in 1901, Andrew Carnegie offered to donate $ 100,000 for
20862-573: The point where it has adversely affected her health. Mark Caro from the Los Angeles Times stated that "to Nicole Kidman, acting isn't a mere technical feat; it's the art of transformation. To hear her tell it, the change can be as dramatic as a caterpillar-into-butterfly metamorphosis. She'll be working and working to get under the skin of a character." W described her as a "cipher", and pointed out how "she gets under her character's skin so thoroughly, it's nearly impossible to distinguish
21033-484: The present-day concept of the public library, were extremely rare as most libraries remained difficult to access. The increase in secular literature at this time encouraged the spread of lending libraries, especially commercial subscription libraries . Commercial subscription libraries began when booksellers began renting out extra copies of books in the mid-18th century. Steven Fischer estimates that in 1790, there were "about six hundred rental and lending libraries, with
21204-466: The production from 5 September to 21 November 2015, directed by Michael Grandage . The production was met with considerable praise from critics, particularly for Kidman, and her return to the West End was hailed a success. For her performance, she won an Evening Standard Theatre Award and received a second Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. In 2016's Lion , Kidman portrayed Sue,
21375-463: The public library into the form that it is today. Public access to books is not new. Romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire . Public libraries existed in the Roman Empire by the 1st century BC. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for truly public libraries, paid for by taxes and run by
21546-464: The public. In 1790, The Public Library Act would not be passed for another sixty-seven years. Even though the British Museum existed at this time and contained over 50,000 books, the national library was not open to the public or even to most of the population. Access to the museum depended on passes, for which there was sometimes a waiting period of three to four weeks. Moreover, the library
21717-410: The records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of prehistory and the start of history . Things were very similar in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt . The earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit ; besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. Persia at
21888-402: The registers for the first twelve years provides glimpses of middle-class reading habits in a mercantile community at this period. The largest and most popular sections of the library were History, Antiquities, and Geography, with 283 titles and 6,121 borrowings, and Belles Lettres, with 238 titles and 3,313 borrowings. The most popular single work was John Hawkesworth's Account of Voyages ... in
22059-563: The role of Queen Atlanna in the sequel to the 2018 superhero film Aquaman , titled Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom . In January 2024, Kidman starred in and served as executive producer of the drama television series Expats . Her performance garnered mixed reviews from critics. In June 2024, she reunited with her The Paperboy co-star Zac Efron in Netflix's A Family Affair . Although it received mixed reviews from critics,
22230-629: The role, and her preparedness to challenge herself in this respect has continually surprised other actors, directors and producers." Arte France released a 53-minute documentary in 2023, Nicole Kidman – Eyes Wide Open . Kidman has also been described as a fashion icon. The chartreuse Dior gown she wore to the 1997 Academy Awards is regarded as one of the greatest dresses in Oscar history and has been credited with changing red carpet fashion forever. Vogue described how "from her embroidered chartreuse John Galliano for Christian Dior gown in 1997, at
22401-530: The romantic comedy Practical Magic as two witch sisters who face a threatening curse that prevents them from finding lasting love. While the film opened at the top of the charts during its North American opening weekend, it was a commercial failure at the box-office. She returned to the stage that same year for the David Hare play The Blue Room , which opened in London. For her performance, she received
22572-463: The same time, making it more profitable for the circulating libraries. Much like paperbacks of today, many of the novels in circulating libraries were unbound. At this period of time, many people chose to bind their books in leather. Many circulating libraries skipped this process. Circulating libraries were not in the business of preserving books; their owners wanted to lend books as many times as they possibly could. Circulating libraries have ushered in
22743-586: The screen to play a mail-order bride in the British-American drama Birthday Girl . In 2001, she took on the role of cabaret actress and courtesan Satine in Baz Luhrmann 's musical Moulin Rouge! , opposite Ewan McGregor . Her performance and her singing received positive reviews; Paul Clinton of CNN called it her best work since To Die For , and wrote "[she] is smoldering and stunning as Satine. She moves with total confidence throughout
22914-530: The series surpassed Big Little Lies to become HBO's most-watched show of 2020 based on audience numbers. For her performance, she received additional Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. Her only film release of 2020 was the musical comedy The Prom , based on the Broadway musical of the same name , starring alongside Meryl Streep, James Corden and Keegan-Michael Key . In August 2021, she starred and served as executive producer on
23085-449: The show's director, Susanne Bier , and David E. Kelley , who previously adapted and produced Big Little Lies . Throughout its season, the series gained increasing momentum and broke records. HBO celebrated a historic achievement as the show became the network's first original series to grow its viewership consistently week by week. The finale marked the most-watched night on HBO since the season 2 finale of Big Little Lies . Furthermore,
23256-597: The show. Kidman next played Martha Farnsworth, the headmistress of an all-girls school during the American Civil War, in Sofia Coppola 's drama The Beguiled , a remake of the 1971 film of the same name , which premiered at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival , competing for the Palme d'Or . Both films were adaptations of a novel by Thomas P. Cullinan . The film was an arthouse success, and Katie Walsh of
23427-566: The side of then-husband Tom Cruise, to that impeccable red Balenciaga moment at the 2007 Oscars, to the unforgettable Calvin Klein ballerina dress she wore to the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, the Australian native has mastered the art of red carpet dressing, always piquing our [interest] and taking risks while never overdoing it." Insider stated that "over the years, Kidman has experimented with all sorts of trends, including bold colors, statement jewelry, and everything in between, making herself one of
23598-661: The source material had been "watered down a little" and that her religious beliefs would prevent her from taking a role in a film she perceived as anti-Catholic. Since her divorce from Tom Cruise, she has been reluctant to discuss Scientology. A supporter of women's rights , Kidman testified before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs to support the International Violence Against Women Act in 2009. In January 2017, she stated her support for
23769-441: The specific circumstances in her world" and described her work as "kinetic". Dennis Bingham, a professor of English and director of film studies at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis , stated that "Kidman acts always a step or two outside the character, telegraphing her reactions, elongating the time she takes to articulate her decisions and conclusions. Even her emotional responses are presented as signs." Pam Cook ,
23940-474: The state gained force. Matthew Battles states that: It was in these years of class conflict and economic terror that the public library movement swept through Britain, as the nation's progressive elite recognized that the light of cultural and intellectual energy was lacking in the lives of commoners. Public libraries were often started with a donation , or were bequeathed to parishes , churches, schools or towns. These social and institutional libraries formed
24111-600: The summer reading program as well other programs and collection development. The Nashville Public Library Foundation is a non-profit founded in 1997 to raise funds for the Nashville Public Library. Depending on private donors, the Nashville Public Library Foundation offers funds for various programs, services, and building improvements in the library system. These include funding of the Bringing Books to Life pre-school literacy program,
24282-504: The sun drove her to rehearse in the halls of the theatre. A regular at the Phillip Street Theatre, she was encouraged to pursue acting full-time, which she did by dropping out of high school. In 1983, 16-year-old Kidman made her film debut in a remake of the Australian holiday classic Bush Christmas . By the end of that year, she had a supporting role in the television series Five Mile Creek . In 1984, her mother
24453-577: The time of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC) was home to some outstanding libraries that were serving two main functions: keeping the records of administrative documents (e.g., transactions, governmental orders, and budget allocation within and between the Satrapies and the central ruling State) and collection of resources on different sets of principles e.g. medical science, astronomy, history, geometry and philosophy. A public library
24624-692: The time, Nashville's library only allowed African-Americans to check out books from bookmobiles. Carnegie had previously donated $ 20,000 to construct the first library at Fisk University , known today as the Carnegie Academic Building . The Negro Branch of the Carnegie Library (later the Negro Branch of the Nashville Public Library) opened in 1916. At the time, about a third of the city's population
24795-544: The time. The following year, she starred in the science-fiction film The Invasion , a remake of the 1956 Invasion of the Body Snatchers , directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel , and starred opposite Jennifer Jason Leigh and Jack Black in Noah Baumbach 's comedy-drama Margot at the Wedding , which earned her a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy. Also in 2007, she starred as
24966-540: The use and instruction of the working classes." There was also the Artizans' library established at Birmingham in 1799. The entrance fee was 3 shillings, and the subscription was 1 shilling 6 pence per quarter. This was a library of general literature. Novels, at first excluded, were afterwards admitted on condition that they did not account for more than one-tenth of the annual income. In 1835, and against government opposition, James Silk Buckingham , MP for Sheffield and
25137-506: The world , and in 2020, The New York Times named her one of the greatest actors of the 21st century. Nicole Mary Kidman was born on 20 June 1967, in Honolulu , Hawaii, while her Australian parents were temporarily in the United States on student visas. Her mother, a nursing instructor and member of the Women's Electoral Lobby , edited her husband's books; her father, Antony Kidman ,
25308-700: The world supported by taxes was the Peterborough Town Library in Peterborough, New Hampshire . It was "established in 1833". This was a small public library. The first large public library supported by taxes in the United States was the Boston Public Library , which was established in 1848 but did not open its doors to the public until 1854. Nicole Kidman Nicole Mary Kidman AC (born 20 June 1967)
25479-613: The young and adults. Public libraries typically allow users to borrow books and other materials outside the library premises temporarily, usually for a given period of time. They also have non-circulating reference collections and provide computer and Internet access to their patrons. The culmination of centuries of advances in the printing press , moveable type , paper , ink , publishing, and distribution, combined with an ever-growing information-oriented middle class , increased commercial activity and consumption, new radical ideas, massive population growth and higher literacy rates forged
25650-528: Was African-American. It was one of the few libraries in the South that rendered library services to African-Americans. The library closed in 1949, years before Nashville desegregated its libraries. The Hadley Park Branch Library opened in 1952 and was built to serve the African-American community. It continues to serve a predominantly African-American population today. There are 20 library branches in
25821-595: Was a biochemist , clinical psychologist , and author. She has a younger sister, Antonia , who is a journalist and television presenter. Having been born in the US to Australian parents, Kidman holds dual Australian and US citizenship. She has English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Being born in Hawaii, she was given the Hawaiian name "Hōkūlani" ( [hoːkuːˈlɐni] ), meaning "heavenly star". The inspiration came from
25992-488: Was a critical success, earning several awards and nominations, including a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture . The New York Times wrote that "Ms. Kidman, in a performance of astounding bravery, evokes the savage inner war waged by a brilliant mind against a system of faulty wiring that transmits a searing, crazy static into her brain." She won numerous critic and industry awards for her performance, including her first BAFTA Award, third Golden Globe Award , and
26163-477: Was a loving potential stepmother to her. In 2003, she briefly dated A Tribe Called Quest rapper Q-Tip . In January 2005, Kidman met Australian-American country singer Keith Urban at G'Day LA , an event honouring Australians. In May 2006, she revealed they were engaged. Kidman married Urban on 25 June 2006 at Cardinal Cerretti Memorial Chapel on the grounds of St Patrick's Estate , Manly , in Sydney. For their honeymoon, they went to French Polynesia . In
26334-408: Was also uncommon for these libraries to have buildings designated solely as the library building during the 1790s, though in the 19th century, many libraries would begin building elaborate permanent residences. Bristol, Birmingham, and Liverpool were the few libraries with their own building. The accommodations varied from the shelf for a few dozen volumes in the country stationer's or draper's shop, to
26505-606: Was born in 2008, in Nashville. In 2010, Kidman and Urban welcomed their second daughter (Faith Margaret) via gestational surrogacy at Nashville's Centennial Women's Hospital. Kidman was brought up in a Catholic family and remains practising. She attended Mary Mackillop Memorial Chapel and Museum in North Sydney . Following criticism by Catholic leaders regarding her role in The Golden Compass as anti-Catholic , Kidman told Entertainment Weekly that
26676-491: Was brief in comparison to the other actresses, performed the musical number "Unusual Way" alongside Day-Lewis. The film received several Golden Globe Award and Academy Award nominations, with Kidman earning her fourth Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as part of the Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture award. Kidman began the 2010s by producing and starring in the film adaptation of
26847-458: Was diagnosed with breast cancer, which caused Kidman to halt her acting work temporarily while she studied massage therapy to help her mother with physical therapy. She began gaining recognition during this decade after appearing in several Australian films, such as the action comedy BMX Bandits (1983) and the romantic comedy Windrider (1986). Throughout the rest of the 1980s, she appeared in various Australian television programs, including
27018-575: Was enrolled in ballet at the age of three and showed her natural talent for acting during her primary and high school years. Kidman has said she first aspired to become an actress upon watching Margaret Hamilton 's performance as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz . She revealed that she was timid as a child, saying, "I am very shy – really shy – I even had a stutter as
27189-412: Was established in 1608 (six years after Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library , which was open to the "whole republic of the learned") and Chetham's Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Biblioteca Palafoxiana in Puebla City , Mexico, is recognized by UNESCO for being the first public library in the Americas . It
27360-453: Was established in Rome by the first century BC, in the Atrium Libertatis (see History of libraries § Classical period and Gaius Asinius Pollio § Later life ). However, the first major public library is said to have been established in Athens by Pisistratus in the sixth century BC (see Library of Alexandria § Historical background ), and by the end of the Hellenistic period , public libraries are said to have been widespread in
27531-409: Was formed by the Library State Project in 1941. In 1947, the Nashville Public Library created its bookmobile known as "library-on-wheels". It made weekly rounds throughout the county until the program ended in 2008. In 1912, Andrew Carnegie offered another $ 50,000 to the Nashville City Council for the creation of two new library branches: one for white residents and the other for African-Americans. At
27702-419: Was founded in 1646 by Juan de Palafox y Mendoza . In his seminal work Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1644) the French scholar and librarian Gabriel Naudé asserted that only three libraries in all Europe granted in his times regular access to every scholar, namely the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, the Biblioteca Angelica in Rome, and the Bodleian Library in Oxford. Claude Sallier ,
27873-492: Was huge; still is. To me, he was just Tom, but to everybody else, he is huge. But he was lovely to me and I loved him. I still love him". In addition, she expressed shock about the divorce. In 2015, former Church of Scientology executive Mark Rathbun claimed in a documentary film that he was instructed to "facilitate [Cruise's] break-up with Nicole Kidman". Cruise's auditor further claimed Kidman had been wiretapped on Cruise's suggestion. In an interview with Tina Brown at
28044-415: Was interviewed for a BAFTA event A Life in Pictures , where she reflected on her extensive film career. Forbes ranked her as the fourth highest-paid actress in the world in 2019, with an annual income of $ 34 million. Kidman kicked off 2019 by reprising her role in the second season of the hit series Big Little Lies , which premiered in June. The second season not only drew a larger audience than
28215-511: Was later extended for another year in August 2022. The commercial and Kidman's delivery of her speech proved popular with audiences who viewed it as a way to drive moviegoers back to seeing films theatrically in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic . AMC's CEO Adam Aron described Kidman's viral ad was "iconic and revered" during a 2022 earnings call and CNN reported that the ad "has inspired memes, homages and debate" and became "cultural thing". In April 2022, Kidman appeared in an episode of
28386-399: Was made for a library to be erected in the house of the Kalendars. A reference is made to a deed of that date by which it was "appointed that all who wish to enter for the sake of instruction shall have 'free access and recess' at certain times." In 1598, Francis Trigge established a library in a room above St. Wulfram's Church in Grantham, Lincolnshire and decreed that it should be open to
28557-440: Was not open for browsing. Once a pass to the library had been issued, the reader was taken on a tour of the library. Many readers complained that the tour was much too short. Similarly, the Bibliothèque du Roi in Paris required a potential visitor to be "carefully screened" and, even after this stipulation was met, the library was open only two days per week and only to view medallions and engravings, not books. However, up until
28728-510: Was open to the public and was the first Polish public library, the biggest in Poland, and one of the earliest public libraries in Europe. At the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries . The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries. Before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature, and libraries frequently chained their books to desks. Libraries also were not uniformly open to
28899-415: Was received with widespread acclaim upon its release. In 2023, Kidman began starring in the Paramount+ television series Special Ops: Lioness , on which she also serves as an executive producer. The miniseries received mixed attention upon release and reviewer Anita Singh of The Telegraph criticised "the one thing that lets the show down is Nicole Kidman as a CIA boss, whose frozen face these days
29070-520: Was responsible for the break-up of his marriage. Both denied the allegations, and Kidman won an undisclosed sum from the British tabloids that published the story. She began dating musician Lenny Kravitz in 2003. During an interview for Vanity Fair in 2007, Kidman mentioned that she had been secretly engaged to someone, later revealed to have been Kravitz, but they ultimately decided to break off their engagement. However, they remain on good terms. Kravitz's daughter, Zoë Kravitz , later said that Kidman
29241-437: Was the eleventh library to open, in 1857, after Winchester , Manchester , Liverpool , Bolton , Kidderminster , Cambridge , Birkenhead and Sheffield . The 1850 Act was noteworthy because it established the principle of free public libraries. In 1866, an amending Act was passed which eliminated the population limit for the establishment of a library and replaced the two-thirds majority previously required for adoption with
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