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83-863: In January 1946, its name was changed to the Allied Military Administration–Civil Affairs Branch ( AMACAB ). After the disengagement of the British South East Asia Command (SEAC) from the Indonesian Archipelago, the organization was renamed as the Temporary Administrative Service ( Dutch : Tijdelijke Bestuursdienst ) in June 1946. The NICA was established on 3 April 1944 in Australia and operated as

166-624: A British responsibility, while the rest of the archipelago became an Australian responsibility. On 24 August, the Dutch signed the new Anglo–Dutch Civil Affairs Agreement with Lord Mountbatten , supreme commander of the SEAC. In September 1945, the first NICA representatives set foot in Batavia (present-day Jakarta ). In response to the strong, averse reaction of the Indonesian revolutionaries to

249-537: A company or organization, which solicits and recruits qualified individuals who are willing to mentor, provides training to the mentors, and helps to match the mentors with a person in need of mentoring. While formal mentoring systems contain numerous structural and guidance elements, they usually allow the mentor and mentee to have an active role in choosing who they want to work with. Formal mentoring programs that simply assign mentors to mentees without allowing input from these individuals have not performed well. Even though

332-403: A defence of Dutch interests, and withdrew from Indonesia. As 1946 drew on, under its second and final commander, Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford (June to November 1946), SEAC discharged its final tasks and was disbanded. It was no longer felt that a joint command was needed in the area. . Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9 Mentorship is the patronage, influence, guidance, or direction given by

415-402: A distinct third factor. In mentoring for college success , a fourth function concerning knowledge transfer was additionally identified, which was also discovered in the context of mentoring creativity . There are also many benefits for an employer to develop a mentorship program for new and current employees: Hetty van Emmerik did a similar study that looked at the effects of mentorship in

498-470: A framework for explaining the achievement gap. Resilience does not provide a solution to the struggles and trauma that these students experience, but instead focuses on giving them the tools to adapt to these situations and respond to them in ways that avoid negative outcomes and enables them to grow stronger and learn from the experience. Protective factors "modify or transform responses to adverse events so that [students] avoid negative outcomes" and encourage

581-414: A genuine relationship create their additional roles as a mentor and advocate—an extra familial support system that can serve as an additional protective factor. A supportive adult can help reduce the negative impact of certain events and risk factors while strengthening the positive factors that help them cope effectively. Some of the components that facilitate the development of resilience when combined with

664-654: A hands-on, practical fashion, about the organization's structure, culture, and methods. Learners are matched with mentors by a designated mentoring committee that usually consists of senior members of the training, learning and development group and/or the human resources departments The matching committee reviews the mentors' profiles and the coaching goals sought out by the learners and makes matches based on areas for development, mentor strengths, overall experience, skill set, location, and objectives. Mentoring technology, typically based on computer software, can be used to facilitate matches allowing learners to search for and select

747-457: A junior employee by supporting them in their work and career, providing comments on their work, and, most crucially, offering direction to mentees as they work through problems and circumstances at work. Interaction with an expert may also be necessary to gain proficiency with cultural tools. Mentorship experience and relationship structure affect the "amount of psychosocial support, career guidance, role modeling and communication that occurs in

830-826: A link between the Netherlands East Indies government-in-exile in Melbourne and the Allied high command in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA). Based at Camp Columbia in Brisbane, it originally reported into the Allied command structure. In early 1944, Dutch Lieutenant Governor-General Hubertus van Mook and US General Douglas MacArthur , supreme commander of the SWPA, agreed that territory of

913-438: A mentor and a mentee may seem perfectly matched "on paper", in practice, they may have different working or learning styles. As such, giving the mentor and the mentee the opportunity to help select who they want to work with is a widely used approach. For example, youth mentoring programs assign at-risk children or youth who lack role models and sponsors to mentors who act as role models and sponsors. In business, formal mentoring

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996-668: A mentor based on their own development, coaching needs, and interests. This learner-driven methodology increases the speed of matches being made and reduces the amount of administrative time required to manage the program. The quality of matches increases with self-match programs because mentorships tend to be more successful when the learner is involved in selecting their mentor. There are a variety of online mentoring technology programs available that can be used to facilitate this mentee-driven matching process. In speed networking , Mentors and learners are introduced to each other in short sessions, allowing each person to meet potential matches in

1079-404: A mentor's network and developing one's own is central to advancement", which likely explains why those mentored tend to do well in their organizations. In the organizational setting, mentoring usually "requires unequal knowledge", but the process of mentorship can differ. Bullis describes the mentoring process in the form of phase models. Initially, the "mentee proves himself or herself worthy of

1162-405: A mentor. A mentor is someone who teaches or gives help and advice to a less experienced and often younger person. In an organizational setting, a mentor influences the personal and professional growth of a mentee. Most traditional mentorships involve having senior employees mentor more junior employees, but mentors do not necessarily have to be more senior than the people they mentor. What matters

1245-579: A mentoring profile. Mentoring profiles are completed as written forms on paper or computer or filled out via an online form as part of an online mentoring system. Learners are matched with a mentor by a program administrator or a mentoring committee, or they may self-select a mentor depending on the program format. Informal mentoring takes place in organizations that develop a culture of mentoring but do not have formal mentoring in place. These companies may provide some tools and resources and encourage managers to accept mentoring requests from more junior members of

1328-694: A person who is perceived to have less (the protégé). Mentoring in Europe has existed as early as Ancient Greek . The word's origin comes from Mentor , son of Alcimus in Homer 's Odyssey . Since the 1970s it has spread in the United States mainly in training contexts, associated with important historical links to the movement advancing workplace equity for women and minorities and has been described as "an innovation in American management". The word

1411-700: A plan designating the Pacific Ocean Areas as the focus of the main effort against Japan. Their reasoning was that advances in the Central Pacific were the most rapid route towards sustained, direct attacks on the Japanese Home Islands – e.g. subjecting Tokyo and other major cities to attacks by strategic bombers . A secondary line of advance – by US and Australian forces – "along the New Guinea- N.E.I. -Philippine axis",

1494-404: A range of roles. Articulating these roles is useful not only for understanding what role an employee plays, but also for writing job applications. Two of Schein's students, Davis and Garrison, studied successful leaders who differed in ethnicity and gender. Their research presented evidence for the roles of: cheerleader, coach, confidant, counsellor, developer of talent, "griot" (oral historian for

1577-636: A strong adult-student relationship include afterschool programs, more challenging classes, peer support programs, summer programs, and gifted programs. By getting to know students better—especially their home life and individual circumstances—teachers and counselors can provide specific support to each student by looking beyond their disadvantaged backgrounds, recognizing their abilities, nurturing their strengths, and maintaining high expectations. Instructional coaches are former teachers or principals that have shown effectiveness in their work of teaching or leading and go through additional training to learn more about

1660-482: A study by Daniel Levinson , research in the 1970s led some women and African Americans to question whether the classic "white male" model was available or customary for people who are newcomers in traditionally white male organizations. In 1978 Edgar Schein described multiple roles for successful mentors. He identified seven types of mentoring roles in his book Career Dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs (1978). He said that some of these roles require

1743-433: A very short timeframe. Speed networking occurs as a one-time event in order for people "to meet potential mentors to see if there is a fit for a longer term engagement". Mentoring direct reports may be considered a form of Transformational Leadership, specifically that of Individualized Consideration. Mentoring in education involves a relationship between two people where the mentor plays a supportive and advisory role for

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1826-399: Is a process for the informal transmission of knowledge, social capital , and the psychosocial support perceived by the recipient as relevant to work, career, or professional development; mentoring entails informal communication, usually face-to-face and during a sustained period of time, between a person who is perceived to have greater relevant knowledge, wisdom, or experience (the mentor) and

1909-758: Is one of many talent management strategies that are used to groom key employees, newly hired graduates, high-potential employees, and future leaders. Matching mentors and mentees is often done by a mentoring coordinator with the help of a computerized database registry, which usually suggests matches based on the type of experience and qualifications being sought. There are formal mentoring programs that are values-oriented, while social mentoring and other types focus specifically on career development. Some mentorship programs provide both social and vocational support. In well-designed formal mentoring programs, there are program goals, schedules, training (for both mentors and protégés), and evaluation. Informal mentoring occurs without

1992-502: Is seen as useful for people who are "non-traditional" in a traditional setting, such as non-white people and women in a traditionally white male organization. The idea has been well received in medical education literature. Corporate mentoring programs may be formal or informal and serve a variety of specific objectives, including the acclimation of new employees, skills development, employee retention , and diversity enhancement. The relationship between mentoring, commitment, and turnover

2075-485: Is that mentors have experience that others can learn from. According to the Business Dictionary, a mentor is a senior or more experienced person who is assigned to function as an advisor, counsellor, or guide to a junior or trainee. The mentor is responsible for offering help and feedback to the person under their supervision. A mentor's role, according to this definition, is to use their experience to help

2158-468: Is the fostering of resilience . Resilience has been found to be a useful method when working with students from low socioeconomic backgrounds who often encounter crises or challenges and suffer specific traumas. Education, students' performance, and achievement in school are directly affected by these challenges, so certain negative psychological and environmental situations that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds disproportionately encounter provide

2241-646: The Battle of Hollandia . NICA staff consisted of Dutch totoks , Indos , and native Indonesian military or militarized personnel that wore uniforms. The general management was in the hands of Colonel Conrad Giebel , who had the rank of Staff Officer NICA (SONICA). Each detachment was headed by a Commanding Officer NICA (CONICA) responsible for local governance. Before the capitulation of Japan , NICA units already established civil administration in Western New Guinea (i.e. at Hollandia, Manokwari , and on

2324-617: The Central Pacific (i.e. the "Pacific Ocean Areas" in contemporaneous Allied terminology) and the South-West Pacific , resulted from compromises reached at the Casablanca Conference . UK participants were focused on Nazi Germany, and saw the war against Japan being limited "to the defense of a fixed line in front of those positions that must be held". However, because such an approach was unacceptable to

2407-498: The Christian church and apprenticeship under the medieval guild system. In the United States, advocates for workplace equity in the second half of the twentieth century popularized the term "mentor" and the concept of career mentorship as part of a larger social capital lexicon that also includes terms such as glass ceiling , bamboo ceiling , networking , role model and gatekeeper , which serves to identify and address

2490-740: The Schouten Islands ), in the Moluccas (on Morotai ), and in Borneo (on Tarakan and at Balikpapan ). US support and supplies to the NICA virtually ended when it became clear that after 15 August 1945, military command was transferred from the American SWPA to the British South East Asia Command (SEAC). The 250 NICA detachments planned for deployment to Java were halted. The reoccupation of Sumatra , Java, Bali , and Lombok became

2573-667: The South West Pacific Area , which was made responsible for the water areas of the South China Sea, Borneo, and Java. In August 1943, the Allies created the combined South East Asian Command, to assume overall command of air, sea and land operations in the theatre. In August 1943, with the agreement of the Combined Chiefs of Staff , Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia. US Army General Joseph Stilwell

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2656-701: The South-East Asian Theatre during the Second World War . The initial supreme commander of the theatre was General Sir Archibald Wavell while head of the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) which was dissolved after the fall of Singapore and the Dutch East Indies . On 30 March 1942 the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued instructions naming General Douglas MacArthur as commander-in-chief of

2739-770: The resident of the Moluccas . In 1947, Widjojoatmodjo served as the Government Commissioner for Administrative Affairs for the State of Pasundan and as Director-General of General Negotiation Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with the Republic of Indonesia. South East Asia Command South East Asia Command ( SEAC ) was the body set up to be in overall charge of Allied operations in

2822-680: The British, except that one Japanese unit in Borneo refused to surrender until November 1945. Thailand, although it had officially been an ally of Japan, quickly resumed both its independence and its ties with the western powers. Because of shortages of personnel, some use was made of Japanese Surrendered Personnel (JSP) in these areas. The Allies found that their war-time allies in the Viet Minh in Indochina, and Indonesian nationalist forces in

2905-540: The China. RAF aircraft destined for SEAC had the word "SNAKE" applied after the serial during ferrying to prevent them being appropriated by other commands along the route. In February 1945 Air Marshal Keith Park was appointed Allied Air Commander of South-East Asia Command [SEAC] where he served until the end of the war. Once most of Burma was re-captured by Fourteenth Army, the command turned its attention towards its next major operational objective: Malaya. However,

2988-772: The Dutch East Indies recaptured by Allied troops was to be transferred to the civil administration of the NICA. Due to political procrastination by the United States Department of State , it was 10 December 1944 before the Van Mook–MacArthur Civil Affairs Agreement was officially signed. Still in April 1944, the first NICA detachments went ashore at Hollandia (present-day Jayapura ) in Western New Guinea , during

3071-484: The East Indies, were well armed, well-organised and determined. It was intended that British forces would temporarily enforce military government over a small section of Indochina, because of local resistance, logistics and French sensibilities. However, in the end the commander of British forces declared de facto military government, to make it possible for French forces to return. Aided by armed militias formed by

3154-661: The Japanese during the occupation, Indonesian nationalists in Java declared the Dutch East Indies a republic, and independent from the Netherlands . The British intended that the Dutch colonial administration should return, and assisted a small military contingent, the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA). However they initially avoided significant conflict with the nationalists. It

3237-400: The Japanese military during the war had encouraged the hoarding but discouraged the growing of rice. Migrations to urban areas, where rations were rumored to be more available, worsened the situation. In Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, Kelantan, Trengganu, and Singapore, over 20 per cent of children were undersized or malnourished for their age. The British tried to bring in as much food as they could, but

3320-496: The Pacific Ocean Areas, in which the supreme commander was US Admiral Chester Nimitz . Some saw SEAC as an organization for recapturing colonial possessions. The British also sometimes appeared to be more interested in liberating their own Asian possessions than the Americans did. This led Washington to try to distance itself from SEAC politically. On 2 December 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff officially approved in principle

3403-672: The Socratic technique of harvesting to the accompaniment used in the apprenticeship of itinerant cathedral builders during the Middle Ages. Leadership authors Jim Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner advise mentors to look for "teachable moments" in order to "expand or realize the potentialities of the people in the organizations they lead" and underline that personal credibility is as essential to quality mentoring as skill. There are different types of mentors, such as: Formal mentoring relationships are set up by an administrative unit or office in

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3486-720: The Supreme Commander a Commander in Chief for each of the land sea and air forces. This was implemented for the naval and air forces (including the establishment of Air Command, South East Asia ) but the British 11th Army Group , under SEAC itself, controlled only British land forces. US and Chinese forces serving in the South East Asian theatre, organised as the Northern Combat Area Command or NCAC commanded by Stilwell, answered directly to

3569-700: The Supreme Commander because Stilwell refused to serve under the 11th Army Group commander George Giffard . The Eleventh Army Group had the Fourteenth Army on the Burma front, and the British garrison in Ceylon under its direct command. Stilwell also served as Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek , who was officially the Supreme Allied Commander in China. Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Peirse

3652-694: The United States, it was agreed that there would be offensive actions in Burma, operations in support of China, and other activity beyond holding a defensive line in South East Asia, as a result of US demands that the Japanese be kept off-balance, throughout any areas in which they might encounter Allied forces. Nevertheless, for the Western Allies, the South East Asia theatre, China , and the North Pacific (including Alaska), were destined to become secondary theatres, relative to efforts in

3735-647: The arrival of the NICA and the inclusion of the colonial term 'Netherlands Indies' in its name, it was renamed to the Allied Military Administration–Civil Affairs Branch (AMACAB) in January 1946. After the departure of British and Australian forces from the Indonesian Archipelago, its name was changed into the Temporary Administrative Service in June 1946. NICA's highest commander was the Dutch totok Acting Lieutenant Governor-General Hubertus Johannes van Mook (Semarang, 1894 – L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, 1965). His most senior adviser (in 1944) and second in command (by 1947)

3818-658: The context of difficult working situations. Several major findings were made as a result of this research: 1. Mentoring has been linked to improved job performance (i.e. intrinsic job satisfaction and career satisfaction). 2. Mentoring diminishes the negative association between unfavourable working circumstances and positive job outcomes, making the relationship stronger for those without a mentor than for those who have one. 3. Mentoring has been found to be negatively connected with all three characteristics of burnout (emotional weariness, depersonalization, and decreased personal accomplishment) employee outcomes. Partly in response to

3901-438: The development of resilience. Their development enables students to apply them to challenges and engage in them positively that does not negatively affect their education, personal lives, or successes. Examples of these protective factors identified by Reis, Colbert and Hebert in their three-year study of economically disadvantaged and ethnically diverse students include "supportive adults, friendships with other achieving students,

3984-440: The different functions being performed by the mentor. Originally, the concept of mentoring functions developed from qualitative research in an organizational context with functions that belong under two major factors: psychosocial support (e.g. role modeling , friendship, emotional support, encouragement) and career-related support (e.g. providing advice, discussing goals). An early quantitative approach found role modeling to be

4067-466: The focus of mentorship is to develop the whole person, the techniques used are broad and require wisdom to be appropriately used. A 1995 study of mentoring techniques most commonly used in business found that the five most commonly used techniques among mentors were: Different techniques may be used by mentors according to the situation and the mindset of the mentee. The techniques used in modern organizations can be found in ancient education systems, from

4150-410: The mentor and the learner: for example, the mentor can show leadership by teaching; the organization receives an employee that is shaped by the organization's culture and operation because they have been under the mentorship of an experienced member; and the learner can network, integrate easier into the organization, and acquire experience and advice. Donnalyn Pompper and Jonathan Adams say that "joining

4233-418: The mentor's time and energy". Then cultivation occurs which includes the actual "coaching...a strong interpersonal bond between mentor and mentee develops". Next, under the phase of separation, "the mentee experiences more autonomy". Ultimately, there is more equality in the relationship, termed by Bullis as Redefinition. High-potential mentoring programs are used to groom up-and-coming employees deemed to have

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4316-421: The mentoring relationships in which the protégés and mentors engaged". The person receiving mentorship may be referred to as a protégé (male), a protégée (female), an apprentice , a learner or, in the 2000s, a mentee. Mentoring is a process that always involves communication and is relationship-based, but its precise definition is elusive, with more than 50 definitions currently in use, such as: Mentoring

4399-505: The naval commander under Mountbatten. It was not until late 1944 that the land forces chain of command was clarified, after Stilwell was recalled to Washington. His overall role, and the CBI command were then split among three people: Lt Gen. Raymond Wheeler became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia; Maj. Gen. Albert Wedemeyer became Chief of Staff to Chiang, and commander of US Forces, China Theater (USFCT). Lt Gen. Daniel Sultan

4482-447: The opportunity to take honors and advanced classes, participation in multiple extracurricular activities both after school and during the summer, the development of a strong belief in the self, and ways to cope with the negative aspects of their school, urban and family environment." On the other hand, risk factors impede the student's ability to positively engage in their challenges and in many cases prevent these students from achieving at

4565-541: The organization or profession), guardian, guru, inspiration, master, "opener of doors", patron, role model, pioneer, "seminal source", "successful leader", and teacher. They described multiple mentoring practices which have since been given the name of "mosaic mentoring" to distinguish this kind of mentoring from the single mentor approach. Mosaic mentoring is based on the concept that almost everyone can perform one or another function well for someone else — and also can learn along one of these lines from someone else. The model

4648-964: The organization. A study of 1,162 employees found that "satisfaction with a mentoring relationship had a stronger impact on attitudes than the presence of a mentor, whether the relationship was formal or informal, or the design of a formal mentoring program". Even when a mentoring relationship is established, the actual relationship is more important than the presence of a relationship. Fortune 500 companies are also implementing formal mentoring programs globally. Cardinal Health has had an enterprise-wide formal mentoring initiative in place since 2011. The initiative encompasses nine formal mentoring programs, some enterprise-wide and some limited to specific business segments and functions. Goals vary by program, with some focused on employees facing specific challenges or career milestones and others enabling more open-ended learning and development. New-hire mentoring programs are set up to help new employees adjust more quickly to

4731-463: The organization. In new-hire mentoring programs, newcomers to the organization (learners) are paired with more experienced people (mentors) in order to obtain information, good examples, and advice as they advance. Beverly Kaye and Sharon Jordan-Evans claim that new employees who are paired with a mentor are twice as likely to remain in their job than those who do not receive mentorship. These mentoring relationships promote career growth and benefit both

4814-569: The outset, Western Allied forces available for the wider war against Japan were limited – by an overall Allied commitment towards defeating Nazi Germany , before the Empire of Japan . This was especially the case for the UK, and major advances were not anticipated in Asia until mid-late 1944 at least – that is, not until the defeat of Germany had become inevitable. A strategic focus by the Western Allies on

4897-558: The potential to move up into leadership or executive roles. The employee (learner) is paired with a senior-level leader (or leaders) for a series of career - coaching interactions. These programs tend to be smaller than general mentoring programs and learners that meet a list of criteria can be selected to participate. Another method of high-potential mentoring is to place the employee in a series of jobs in disparate areas of an organization (e.g. human resources, sales, operations management, etc.) for short periods of time, so they can learn in

4980-525: The problems barring non-dominant groups from professional success. Mainstream business literature has adopted the terms and concepts and promoted them as pathways to success for all career climbers. These terms were not in the general American vocabulary until the mid-1990s. The European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC) is the leading global body in terms of creating and maintaining a range of industry-standard frameworks, rules and processes for mentorship and related supervision and coaching fields. As

5063-509: The return of forces from the pre-war colonial powers. The formation deployed to the East Indies was the Indian XV Corps under command of Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison , which included 5th Indian Infantry Division , 23rd Indian Infantry Division and 5th Parachute Brigade . Military government was soon established in Burma, Malaya, Singapore and British Borneo . Sarawak and Sumatra did not prove to be major headaches for

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5146-413: The role of educators can be beneficial for students if it extends beyond the basic structures within the classroom. In these environments, students are often exposed to coercive interactions, so positive, personal and harmonious interchanges between the student and a supportive figure can help develop adaptive qualities. Teachers who see students as talented and care about them as individuals by establishing

5229-533: The same level as students who do not encounter the same situations, and can include family tragedy, having an older sibling who became involved in drugs and/or alcohol, family instability, personal pain and academic failure. "Just as risk factors and childhood stressors may co-occur within a particular population or within a particular developmental period, protective factors are also likely to occur together to some degree." Underachieving students who come from risk factor-filled environments often have little support, so

5312-1134: The same time, Western governments expected SEAC to re-establish colonial regimes in territories lost to Japan in 1941–45 where nationalist, anti-colonial forces had gained strength. After Japan's surrender, Lt. General Itagaki Seishiro , who commanded the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Southeast Asia, were sent to Tokyo to stand trial for war crime. His soldiers who guarded the Jurong and Changi prisons in Singapore became captives of their former Allied prisoners. The British soon put these captives to work filling bomb craters, cleaning toilets, and cutting grass. They marched to their work sites each morning and back to their prisons at night. There were bouts of violence targeting former Japanese soldiers, but there were also offers of help to those Japanese civilians that were still waiting to be repatriated. Food shortages were everywhere. Requisitions by

5395-541: The student, the learner. This relationship promotes "the development and growth of the latter's skills and knowledge through the former's experience". Mentorship is crucial to high-quality education because it promotes individual development and growth while also ensuring the "passing on" of skills and professional standards to the next generation. In many secondary and post-secondary schools, mentorship programs are offered to support students in program completion, confidence building, and transitioning to further education or

5478-446: The system of rationing soon broke down. Prices soared, and a black market for British military ration flourished. Rising inflation was made worse after the British demonetized the Japanese occupation currency. A wave of strikes swept Singapore, led by Communist leaning labour unions and hundreds of thousands their members. British Commonwealth troops were landed in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) and French Indochina to facilitate

5561-426: The teacher to be, for example, an "opener of doors, protector, sponsor and leader". Capability frameworks encourage managers to mentor staff. Although a manager can mentor their own staff, they are more likely to mentor staff in other parts of their organisation, staff in special programs (such as graduate and leadership programs), staff in other organisations or members of professional associations. Mentoring covers

5644-445: The technical skills needed to be an effective coach. In her book The Art of Coaching , Elena Aguilar recommends that a coach "must have been an effective teacher for at least five years". Although skills that were effective in the classroom are required, the coach must also be confident in working with adults and bring strong listening, communication, and data analysis skills to the coaching position. Ultimately, an instructional coach

5727-669: The two air forces to be integrated under the name Eastern Air Command. The US Fourteenth Air Force , which was based in China and the US Twentieth Air Force – strategic bomber units based in India – were never controlled by SEAC but their operations were coordinated with SEAC. At sea, the command structure was relatively simple, since the Royal Navy was providing almost all naval forces in the area. Admiral Sir James Somerville , Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Fleet , became

5810-434: The type of mentoring relationship. There are several models that have been used to describe and examine the sub-relationships that can emerge: for example, Cindy Buell describes how mentoring relationships can develop: A meta-analysis of 112 individual research studies found mentoring has significant behavioral, attitudinal, health-related, relational, motivational, and career benefits. For a learner, these benefits depend on

5893-625: The use of atomic bombs on the Japanese mainland brought the war to an abrupt end. The borders of SEAC were adjusted in the aftermath of the war, and its emphasis shifted from combat operations to military government. French Indochina was added, along with Borneo – most of which had already been captured by Australian forces, under the South West Pacific Command – and Java . The command became responsible for over 128 million people, with at least 120,000 of them still under Japanese custody. This added immensely to its problems. At

5976-559: The use of structured recruitment, mentor training and matching services. It can develop naturally between partners, such as business networking situations where a more experienced individual meets a new employee and the two build a rapport. Apart from these types, mentoring takes a dyadic structure in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). There are many kinds of mentoring relationships from school or community-based relationships to e-mentoring relationships. These mentoring relationships vary and can be influenced by

6059-401: The workforce. There are also peer mentoring programs designed specifically to bring under-represented populations into science and engineering. A specific focus of youth mentoring that addresses the issues that cause students to underachieve in education while simultaneously preparing them to deal with difficult circumstances that can affect their lives in the future and alter their success

6142-840: Was appointed deputy supreme commander. Stilwell was also, officially, deputy to Chiang Kai Shek , as Allied commander in China, and commanded all US forces across both theatres (which were known in the US as the China Burma India (CBI) Theater ). Meanwhile the British Army commander in India, Auchinleck as Commander-in-Chief, India , provided vital base support. Mountbatten arrived in India on 7 October and SEAC came formally into being in Delhi at midnight on 15/16 November. SEAC headquarters moved in April 1944 to Kandy in Ceylon . From

6225-745: Was appointed the Air Commander in Chief under Mountbatten. Air units taking part in the Burma Campaign were, at first, part of either the RAF Third Tactical Air Force or the USAAF Tenth Air Force . Tenth Air Force came under SEAC only through Stilwell as commanding General CBI Theater. To avoid a potentially cumbersome chain of command and overlapping effort Mountbatten gave orders in December for

6308-554: Was inspired by the character Mentor in Homer 's Odyssey . Although the Mentor in the story is portrayed as a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena assumes his appearance to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty. Historically significant systems of mentorship include the guru–disciple tradition practiced in Hinduism and Buddhism , Elders , the discipleship system practiced by Rabbinical Judaism and

6391-401: Was investigated in one study at Texas A&M University. "Mentoring may really contribute to better degrees of emotional and lasting commitment to an organisation," according to the study's findings. (Huffman and Payne, 2005). Formal mentoring programs offer employees the opportunity to participate in an organized mentoring program. Participants join as a mentor, learner, or both by completing

6474-499: Was killed, as he pushed for the nationalists to surrender their weapons. As a result, on 10 November 1945, Surabaya was attacked by British forces, leading to the bloody Battle of Surabaya . The city was secured later that month. The battle for Surabaya was the bloodiest single engagement of the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–49). However, the British were reluctant to devote their scarce resources to

6557-483: Was only possible for British forces to establish military government in parts of Indonesia, and they found that the location of Allied prisoners of war – and civilians interned by Japanese forces – were sometimes used by nationalists in bargaining for political ends. British troops found themselves in increasing conflict with the nationalists. The nationalists attacked JSP garrisons awaiting repatriation, to seize their arms. A British Brigadier, A. W. S. Mallaby ,

6640-654: Was placed under ALFSEA. As the drive to liberate Burma began in earnest however, Chiang Kai-shek and Wedemeyer made increasing demands for NCAC's formations to be moved to the China Theatre to meet the threat of Japanese attacks from the north. Once the Burma Road from Mandalay to Chungking was secured NCAC became passive and in March 1945 Mountbatten agreed to the US and Chinese troops in NCAC being gradually withdrawn to

6723-510: Was promoted, from deputy commander of CBI to commander of US Forces, India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the NCAC. The 11th Army Group was redesignated Allied Land Forces South East Asia (ALFSEA) under a new commander Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese who had relinquished command of the Eighth Army in Italy, and NCAC (which by this time included Chinese, American and British units)

6806-557: Was the Javanese nobleman Raden Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo (Salatiga, 1904 - The Hague, 1992), a graduate from Leiden University and a protégé of Professor Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje . Before the war, he was a senior diplomat in both Jeddah and Mecca . In his roles for NICA he was also appointed colonel in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger , KNIL) and

6889-510: Was to be controlled by the separate South West Pacific Area command under Douglas MacArthur (US Army). The initial land forces operational area for SEAC was India , Burma , Ceylon , Malaya , northern islands of Sumatra , and, for offensive operations, Siam (Thailand). On 15 August 1945 (VJ-Day) this was expanded to include the rest parts of Dutch East Indies and southern part of French Indochina . Command arrangements in SEAC were always complicated. Ideally there should have been under

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