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99-496: The Netziv was the eldest son of Yaakov Berlin, a merchant and Torah scholar in the city of Mir . His paternal lineage traces back to Rabbi Elchanan of Berlin, known as "R' Elchanan Ba'al HaTosafot" due to his profound Torah knowledge, comparable to that of the Tosafists . On his maternal side, his lineage goes back to Rabbi Meir Eisenstadt , author of the responsa "Panim Meirot." Rabbi Sholom Schwadron recounted that in his youth,

198-674: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in

297-519: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to

396-687: A half later, on the morning of August 10, 1893, he died in Warsaw . He was buried the next day in the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw . Later, his son-in-law, Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik, was buried beside him. His son, R' Chaim Berlin, served as the rabbi of Moscow , and after making aliyah to Eretz Yisrael following his father’s death, he became the rabbi of the Perushim community in Jerusalem after

495-722: A haskamah (approbation) for the first part of his work, "Haamek She'elah," which was published in 1855. At the age of 11, the Netziv began studying at the Volozhin Yeshiva, and at 13 and a half, he was betrothed to Reina-Batya, the daughter of R' Yitzhak of Volozhin , head of the Volozhin Yeshiva . Upon marriage, the Netziv devoted himself to deep Torah study for about twenty-five years, where he became known for his dedication. The Netziv's son, Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan , recalls that at first, his father’s exceptional greatness

594-484: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but

693-588: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between

792-622: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it

891-526: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in

990-539: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,

1089-481: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under

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1188-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of

1287-610: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this

1386-488: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to

1485-624: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There

1584-573: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially

1683-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which

1782-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and

1881-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to

1980-585: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in

2079-586: Is the Ein HaNetziv kibbutz in the Beit She'an Valley . Mir, Belarus Mir ( Belarusian : Мір ; Russian : Мир ; Yiddish : מיר ) is an urban-type settlement in Karelichy District , Grodno Region , Belarus . It is situated on the banks of Miranka River , about 85 kilometres (53 mi) southwest of the capital, Minsk . As of 2024, it has a population of 2,238. Mir village

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2178-532: Is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of

2277-643: Is the Mir Castle as well as memorials erected by the Soviet government and various Jewish groups over the past half century. On the eve of World War II, some 2,400 Jews lived in Mir, about half of the town's population. All of them, except about 150-300 escapees, were murdered by the Germans in 1941. One of the escapees, Elia Miranski, reported in an interview given in 2013 that entire neighborhoods had been destroyed by

2376-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using

2475-470: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population

2574-1000: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian

2673-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in

2772-894: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Mir became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1795, Mir was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Third Partition of Poland . From 1921 until 1939, Mir was part of the Second Polish Republic . On 17 September 1939, the town was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . In the 1920s, somewhere around 3000 Jews lived in

2871-523: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army under Józef Judycki was routed by the invading Imperial Russian army corps under Boris Mellin (see Battle of Mir ). During the Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812, Russian Imperial cavalry, artillery and cossack regiments ambushed and defeated the Duchy of Warsaw 3 uhlan divisions ( Battle of Mir (1812) ). The retreating Russians, withdrawing east, abandoned

2970-827: The Rishonim were compelled to derive their interpretations through reason and dialectic. The Netziv combined these two approaches in his study, striving to return to the foundations of the Geonim while supplementing them with the reasoning of the Rishonim. His understanding of halachic principles and laws was always underpinned by the She’iltot, Ba’al Ha’Itur, and the Rif. His study of the early Rishonim led him to engage in textual criticism and to search for accurate manuscripts, where he demonstrated an impressive scientific rigor. In his quest for

3069-584: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On

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3168-641: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to

3267-558: The "poor functioning" of the yeshiva to the authorities, which brought about the involvement of the Russian Minister of Education. The Volozhin Yeshiva was ultimately closed due to the relentless pressure imposed by the Russian authorities on the Netziv. The prevailing narrative is that the Netziv chose to close the yeshiva rather than introduce the teaching of Russian language within its walls. However, he had agreed to allow

3366-519: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as

3465-471: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home

3564-485: The Druskininkai Conference (1887), he was appointed one of the three "advisory trustees" to lead the movement. Later that year, they issued a circular letter to all community rabbis about establishing charity boxes to collect funds for the settlement of Eretz Yisrael. As part of his duties, the Netziv worked to instill religious values in the movement. In his letters, he pointed out "flaws" he observed in

3663-521: The Germans and the town today is significantly smaller than it was; outlines of the former neighborhood streets can be seen on Google Earth to the northeast of the castle along the river. Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is

3762-532: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,

3861-590: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this

3960-526: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of

4059-681: The Netziv struggled with his studies, and his father considered sending him to learn a trade. In response, the boy cried for a long time until the gates of wisdom were opened for him. Some of the Netziv's family members strongly deny this story, and in another version, his brother-in-law and nephew, Rabbi Baruch Epstein , recounts in his book "Mekor Baruch" that during the period following the Netziv’s marriage, there were times when he felt despair and considered entering commerce. However, during this time, he formed scholarly connections with Rabbi David Luria , which greatly encouraged him. Rabbi Luria even gave him

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4158-534: The Netziv was also famous for answering halachic queries. In the lengthy introductions to each part of "Haamek She’elah," the Netziv outlined his approach to learning. Torah study, he explained, consists of two foundations: received tradition and dialectical reasoning (which he termed "Esh-Dat" — the "dat" being the tradition and the "esh" the fiery dialectic). The Geonim , being close to the Talmudic era, based all of their words on tradition ( Kabbalah ). In contrast,

4257-439: The Netziv was appointed head of the yeshiva, with R' Joseph Dov Ber Soloveitchik as his deputy. The two served together for a time, but there were many disagreements and conflicts between them. The Netziv emphasized mastery and simplicity in study, while R' Joseph Dov preferred dialectical analysis and sharpness in reasoning. Four prominent rabbis of that generation, including R' Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor of Kovno , intervened in

4356-520: The Netziv, leading to the closure of the yeshiva. When the yeshiva was closed in February 1892, the yeshiva's leaders were expelled from the area. The closure, after the Netziv had invested his life into the yeshiva for 38 years, took a toll on his health, as did the concern over the 9,000 ruble debt left behind. His condition worsened to the point of paralysis. His poor health prevented him from fulfilling his dream of moving to Eretz Yisrael. A year and

4455-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated

4554-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from

4653-458: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian

4752-467: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of

4851-770: The body of the nation and its existence." The Netziv's approach to Torah study was unique in its focus on Midrashic literature and the literature of the Geonim . His seminal work, "Haamek She’elah," was written on the She'iltot of Rabbi Ahai Gaon of Shabha . His methodology closely aligned with the school of the Vilna Gaon (whose influence led to the founding of the Volozhin Yeshiva), making extensive use of textual emendations. While yeshiva study often focuses on theoretical learning detached from practical halachic rulings,

4950-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter

5049-572: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language

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5148-401: The daughter of his sister and his brother-in-law, Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (author of the " Aruch HaShulchan "). She assisted him in managing the financial affairs of the Volozhin Yeshiva. Despite the significant age gap, she married him at the age of 28, driven by her desire to marry a Torah scholar. The couple had two children: Streets in numerous cities in Israel are named after him, as

5247-746: The death of R' Shmuel Salant . His other son, Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan , became a prominent leader in Religious Zionism . The Ein HaNetziv kibbutz in the Beit She'an Valley is named in his honor, with three springs named after him: Ein Naftali, Ein Tzvi, and Ein Yehuda. The Netziv was a great supporter of the settlement of Eretz Yisrael and an active member of the Chovevei Zion movement. He

5346-441: The dispute that threatened the yeshiva’s existence, ruling in favor of the Netziv, who continued to serve as the primary head of the yeshiva, with R' Joseph Dov as his deputy. The two served in this capacity for twelve years, during which conflicts periodically erupted between the Netziv’s students and those of R' Joseph Dov. After twelve years, R' Joseph Dov left to accept a rabbinic position in Brisk , and to prove that his departure

5445-526: The distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate

5544-428: The existing Jewish community. Three months after the occupation began, a ghetto was formally established within the city by German authorities, and all Jews living within the town – the amount of which had by then swollen to over 3,000 people – were forcibly resettled within it. It was finally liquidated on 13 August 1942 – in the final days before its liquidation, a resistance group of around 80 people, under

5643-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,

5742-402: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or

5841-505: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to

5940-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and

6039-400: The independent Republic of Belarus . Mir was the site of two very famous horse fairs associated with Saint Nikolaus feast days, first held on May 9 and the second fair on December 6 each year. Both fairs lasted four weeks each and were very popular and well known throughout the country until 1939. Roma practically dominated the fairs as horse traders, and numerous Roma community thrived in

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6138-448: The leadership of Oswald Rufeisen , operated in it. The group organised a plan that managed to help a group of 150 to 300 of the ghetto's inhabitants escape into the forest, where they joined the Bielski and Soviet partisans . It has been estimated that in total, approximately 2,900 Jews were killed in Mir during the German occupation. After the end of the war, it remained within the Byelorussian SSR until 1991, when it became part of

6237-410: The most precise version of the She’iltot, he acquired various rare manuscripts. During his lifetime, his works "Haamek She’elah" on the She’iltot of Rabbi Ahai Gaon , his commentary Haamek Davar on the Torah, and "Rinah Shel Torah" on the Song of Songs were published. Additionally, he wrote a Responsa titled "Meishiv Davar," and a collection of novellae on the Talmud called "Meromei Sadeh" (based on

6336-451: The movement's activities and often aroused the anger of the secular leaders. For instance, when they wanted to appoint Yehuda Leib Pinsker as the head of the movement, he vehemently opposed the decision due to Pinsker’s distance from religion. His spirit was particularly stirred by reports of the secular behavior of the BILU pioneers who settled in Gederah . The Netziv demanded action be taken against them, even suggesting their removal from

6435-486: The native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It

6534-420: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of

6633-427: The number of students increased from about 100 to more than 500. The character of the yeshiva was reflected in "The Talmid" written by Chaim Nachman Bialik , who had studied there. In 1871, the Netziv's wife, Reina-Batya, died. With her he had a son, R' Chaim Berlin . After her death, the Netziv married his niece, Batya Miriam Epstein, daughter of Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein (author of the " Aruch HaShulchan "), who

6732-431: The obligation of Gedolei Yisrael to contribute to the process of the return to Zion. All of the Netziv's activities with the Chovevei Zion took place outside the walls of the yeshiva, which he considered a sacred institution devoted solely to Torah study. It was not without reason that secret Zionist societies were established within his yeshiva. The first, named "Nes Tzionah," was founded in 1885 without his knowledge but

6831-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to

6930-401: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,

7029-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held

7128-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or

7227-459: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian

7326-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in

7425-479: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration

7524-472: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,

7623-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed

7722-448: The returnees were Shabbat desecrators and intermarried with non-Jews. However, he emphasized that the settlement of the land must be accompanied by the observance of mitzvot in general and especially the mitzvot dependent on the land , without which the entire endeavor would be unworthy. Though the Netziv initially did not actively participate in the movement due to the heavy workload of the yeshiva, he gradually became involved until, at

7821-545: The school to close and relocate to then still free Lithuania. (Current incarnations of the yeshiva are located in Brooklyn, New York , Jerusalem and Modi'in Illit .) Today, Mir has little industry and is no longer an internationally renowned center of Jewish learning or Roma horse trade. Home to about 2,500 people, virtually none of whom are descended from the once thriving Jewish and Roma communities, its primary attraction

7920-619: The settlement. Eventually, he retracted this demand. At the "Chovevei Zion" convention in Vilnius in 1889, he was re-elected as an advisory trustee. At the beginning of 1891, he published his essay "Acharit KeReshit" (The End as the Beginning), calling for enlistment in the work of settling the land "whether through material action — working the land or engaging in industry or commerce — or through spiritual action, that is, publishing beneficial books on this important subject." He also emphasized

8019-567: The six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and

8118-679: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In

8217-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to

8316-447: The teaching of Russian outside the yeshiva, as he wrote: "If, by royal decree, secular studies must be taught, they should be overseen by a God-fearing teacher." However, this did not satisfy the Russian Minister of Education, who, in 1891, demanded extensive secular studies from 9 AM to 3 PM, no studies in the evening, no more than ten hours of study per day, and that all yeshiva staff have diplomas. These demands were unacceptable to

8415-690: The town and destroyed the castle with gunpowder. During the Middle Ages it was first located in the Principality of Polotsk , after the Battle on the river Nemiga in the Principality of Minsk , then was taken over by Kievan Rus' but after the Mongol Invasion the Rus' rule diminished and since 1242 Mir belonged to the expanding and dynamic Duchy of Lithuania . In 1569, along with the rest of

8514-648: The town until 1939. The fairs collapsed in 1941, when Nazi Germany invaded the Belorussian Soviet Republic and murdered the Roma people of Mir. Mir's claim to fame in Jewish diaspora history is that it was the original home of the Mir Yeshiva which operated there intermittently from 1815 until the fall of Poland in 1939, when the invading communist Soviet Red Army and security forces pressured

8613-710: The town. By the eve of World War II however, the Jewish population had decreased to around 2000 people. From 27 June 1941 until 7 July 1944, Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of the Reichskommissariat Ostland . With the city being occupied only 35 days after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa , there was little time to escape, and Jews who had fled nearby settlements and western Poland had accumulated in Mir alongside

8712-786: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic  * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature

8811-511: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to

8910-759: The verse "And Naphtali is on the heights of the field," Judges 5:18), which were published posthumously. His sons, who published his responsa, refused to include a biographical introduction, as their father believed that such biographies constituted a Bitul Torah (distraction from Torah study) and were thus the "counsel of the Yetzer Hara ." The Netziv had five children. From his first wife, Reina-Batya, whom he married shortly after his Bar Mitzvah , he had three children: His first wife died in 1873 or 1874, after more than forty years of marriage. After her death, he married Batya-Miriam (who died in Jerusalem in 1933 ),

9009-402: Was about thirty years younger than him. They had two sons, Rabbi Yaakov and Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan . In his later years, the Netziv strongly desired to move to Eretz Yisrael , and he sought to appoint his son, R' Chaim Berlin , the rabbi of Moscow , as his successor. However, some students opposed this and preferred Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik . This unrest eventually led to an informant reporting

9108-518: Was closed after the police discovered it. The second, named "Netzach Yisrael," was founded in 1890 with his knowledge. The Netziv emphasized the importance of unity and opposed rabbis who called for the establishment of separate communities, as had been done in Hungary and Germany . When Orthodox leaders sought to promote this idea in Galicia , he wrote that their counsel was "as harmful as swords to

9207-588: Was convinced that the awakening for aliyah to Eretz Yisrael stemmed from a Divine plan for the redemption of Israel. These ideas, scattered throughout his writings, were expressed succinctly in two letters he sent in 1886 to the Chovevei Zion associations. He compared the secular youth leading the rebuilding of the land to the returnees of the Second Temple period under Ezra the Scribe , where many of

9306-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian

9405-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of

9504-751: Was founded sometime prior to 1345. It is home to a late medieval castle , which made the town the target of many attacks over the centuries. The town belonged to the Illinič family ( Korczak coat of arms ) first and then to the Radziwiłł family. It was destroyed by the Swedish forces in 1655 ( Deluge ) and again by the Swedes during the Great Northern War in 1706. In 1792, the Lithuanian division of

9603-424: Was not due to the dispute, he married his son, Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik , to the Netziv’s granddaughter (the daughter of his son-in-law, Rabbi Refael Shapiro ). From 1853 until the yeshiva's closure in 1892, the Netziv led the yeshiva with great dedication, as he wrote: "In it lies my entire spirit, and I have no one to help me bear its burden." Under the Netziv's leadership, the yeshiva's reputation grew, and

9702-426: Was not widely known due to his humility. A correspondence between the Netziv and Rabbi Luria made R' Yitzchak of Volozhin aware of his greatness. From 1847 onward, the Netziv began delivering lectures at the Volozhin Yeshiva. When his father-in-law died in 1849, his first son-in-law, R' Eliezer Yitzchak, was appointed as the head of the yeshiva, with the Netziv as his deputy. When R' Eliezer Yitzchak died young in 1853,

9801-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between

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