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109-509: The precursor to the N.K.V.M. was the "Brotherhood of St. Luke", which the Russian painter Marianne von Werefkin had gathered around her in 1897 in her adopted home of Munich in the district of Schwabing in her "pink salon". The members saw themselves as standing in the tradition of the Guild of Saint Luke . Already at that time, one planned "Manifestations, that is, Exhibitions". The idea for

218-493: A heart attack , the morning after he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. He was interred at the Château of Vauvenargues near Aix-en-Provence , a property he had acquired in 1958 and occupied with Jacqueline between 1959 and 1962. Jacqueline prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral. Devastated and lonely after the death of Picasso, Jacqueline killed herself by gunshot in 1986 when she

327-522: A series of works based on Velázquez 's painting of Las Meninas . He also based paintings on works by Goya , Poussin , Manet , Courbet and Delacroix . In addition to his artistic accomplishments, Picasso made a few film appearances, always as himself, including a cameo in Jean Cocteau 's Testament of Orpheus (1960). In 1955, he helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso ( The Mystery of Picasso ) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot . He

436-456: A German art historian and art collector who became one of the premier French art dealers of the 20th century. He was among the first champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubism that they jointly developed. Kahnweiler promoted burgeoning artists such as André Derain , Kees van Dongen , Fernand Léger , Juan Gris , Maurice de Vlaminck and several others who had come from all over

545-616: A beautiful young model. Jacqueline Roque (1927–1986) worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera , where Picasso made and painted ceramics. She became his lover, and then his second wife in 1961. The two were together for the remainder of Picasso's life. His marriage to Roque was also a means of revenge against Gilot; with Picasso's encouragement, Gilot had divorced her then-husband, Luc Simon, with

654-695: A certain extent explains his hesitation when he was offered to take over the chairmanship of the N.K.V.M. in January 1909. On 22 January 1909, the founding statutes was written. Initially, the members were: Vladimir Georgievich Bekhteev  [ de ] (aka Wladimir von Bechtejeff), Th. E. Buttler, Adolf Erbslöh, Leonhard Frank , Gustav Freytag , Thomas de Hartmann , Alexej von Jawlensky, Wassily Kandinsky, Alexander Kanoldt , Marga Kanoldt-Zerener, Johanna Kanoldt, Alfred Kubin , Gabriele Münter, Charles Johann Palmié , Hugo Schimmel, art historian Heinrich Schnabel, Marianne von Werefkin and Oscar Wittenstein. In

763-485: A coastal region of north-western Italy. Pablo's maternal great-grandfather, Tommaso Picasso, moved to Spain around 1807. Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were "piz, piz", a shortening of lápiz , the Spanish word for "pencil". From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz

872-500: A comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. Picasso met Fernande Olivier , a bohemian artist who became his mistress, in Paris in 1904. Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings, many of which are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period

981-556: A general and finally commander of the Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg . Her mother belonged to an old family of Cossack princes, whose father, Lieutenant general Peter Mikhailovich Daragan (1800–1875), was the governor of Tula from 1850 to 1866, the official palace is where her daughter Marianne was born. In 1874, Werefkin's talent for drawing was discovered. Werefkin immediately received academic drawing lessons. As

1090-548: A known artist), at the time of the birth both Nesnakomoff and Jawlensky had returned for more than one year to Russia. In November 1902 Werefkin began writing her Lettres à un Inconnu (Letters to an Unknown) as a kind of diary, which she finished in 1906. A year later she went to Normandy with the Russian painter Alexander von Salzmann  [ de ] , while Jawlensky stayed in Munich. Jawlensky's painting Die Werefkin im Profil  [ de ] (The Werefkin in profile)

1199-513: A large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa , a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called "without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting." In 1897, his realism began to show a Symbolist influence, for example, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non-naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899–1900) followed. His exposure to

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1308-409: A long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter with her, named Maya. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death. In February 1917, Picasso made his first trip to Italy. In the period following the upheaval of World War I, Picasso produced work in a neoclassical style. This " return to order "

1417-759: A nearly bare table. Blindness, a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, is also represented in The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art ) and in the portrait of Celestina (1903). Other Blue Period works include Portrait of Soler and Portrait of Suzanne Bloch . The Rose Period (1904–1906) is characterized by a lighter tone and style utilizing orange and pink colours and featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins known in France as saltimbanques. The harlequin,

1526-511: A paragraph into the statutes of the N.K.V.M. the "four square meter clause" - that would give him the lever to leave the association in 1911: Each full member has the right to exhibit two works jury free, provided that these [two pictures] together do not exceed the area of 4 square meters (2 x 2 m). In 1910, Erbslöh was appointed secretary of the N.K.V.M. When the conservative forces in the N.K.V.M. increasingly had disagreements, which were sparked by Kandinsky's increasingly abstract painting - he

1635-486: A pipe, a guitar or a glass, with an occasional element of collage. "Hard-edged square-cut diamonds", notes art historian John Richardson , "these gems do not always have upside or downside". "We need a new name to designate them," wrote Picasso to Gertrude Stein . The term " Crystal Cubism " was later used as a result of visual analogies with crystals at the time. These "little gems" may have been produced by Picasso in response to critics who had claimed his defection from

1744-581: A private student of Ilya Repin , the most important representative of the Peredvizhniki ("wandering painters"), who represented Russian Realism . Through Repin, Werefkin came into contact with the artists' colony of Abramtsevo and with Valentin Serov , Repin's second private student, at an early stage. From 1883 in Moscow, Werefkin studied painting with Illarion Pryanishnikov and attended lectures by

1853-539: A reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars. According to Jonathan Weinberg, "Given the extraordinary quality of the show and Picasso's enormous prestige, generally heightened by the political impact of Guernica ... the critics were surprisingly ambivalent". Picasso's "multiplicity of styles" was disturbing to one journalist; another described him as "wayward and even malicious"; Alfred Frankenstein 's review in ARTnews concluded that Picasso

1962-431: A son, Paulo Picasso , who would grow up to be a motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. During the same period that Picasso collaborated with Diaghilev's troupe, he and Igor Stravinsky collaborated on Pulcinella in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to make several drawings of

2071-458: A student, Picasso lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a small room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day, judging his drawings. The two argued frequently. Picasso's father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrid's Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando , the country's foremost art school. At age 16, Picasso set off for

2180-573: A teenager, Werefkin had a large studio in the Peter and Paul Fortress and an atelier on her family's summer estate named "Blagodat" (Grace or Blessing) in Lithuania (at that time occupied by Russia). It is located about 7 kilometres northwest of the provincial town of Utena in Vyžuonėlės Park, which was declared a Lithuanian natural monument in 1958. Werefkin regarded the estate and the landscape there as her real home. In 1880, Werefkin became

2289-548: Is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours. Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities. In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton , poet Guillaume Apollinaire , writer Alfred Jarry and Gertrude Stein . In 1911, Picasso

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2398-570: Is accompanied by 20 reproductions and 2 pages of advertisements. On view from September 1, 1910, at the Moderne Galerie in Munich, this exhibition visited 8 venues in: The third and final N.K.V.M. exhibition showed 58 paintings by 8 artists: Erma Barrera-Bossi , Wladimir von Bechtejeff , Adolf Erbslöh , Pierre Girieud , Alexej von Jawlensky , Alexander Kanoldt , Moissey Kogan and Marianne von Werefkin , and 8 illustrations – one for each participant. On view from December 18, 1911, at

2507-781: Is evident in the work of many European artists in the 1920s, including André Derain , Giorgio de Chirico , Gino Severini , Jean Metzinger , the artists of the New Objectivity movement and of the Novecento Italiano movement. Picasso's paintings and drawings from this period frequently recall the work of Raphael and Ingres . In 1925 the Surrealist writer and poet André Breton declared Picasso as 'one of ours' in his article Le Surréalisme et la peinture , published in Révolution surréaliste . Les Demoiselles

2616-521: Is his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War – Guernica . This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war. Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, "It isn't up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret

2725-865: Is presented in the permanent collection of the Museo communale d'arte moderna in Ascona. The artist is the namesake of the " Marianne-Werefkin-Preis  [ de ] ", which has been awarded by the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen (Association of Berlin Artists) to contemporary female artists every two years. Quoted from: "Marianne von Werefkin in Murnau - Kunst und Theorie, Vorbilder und Künstlerfreunde", Katalog einer Sonderausstellung im Schloßmuseum Murnau , bearbeitet von Brigitte Salmen. Pablo Picasso Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973)

2834-689: Is reminiscent of the 1899–1901 period (i.e., just prior to the Blue Period), and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods. By 1905, Picasso became a favourite of American art collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein . Their older brother Michael Stein and his wife Sarah also became collectors of his work. Picasso painted a portrait of Gertrude Stein and one of her nephew Allan Stein . Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal Salon at her home in Paris. At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse , who

2943-533: The Neue Zürcher Zeitung , in which her impressions of a trip to Italy with Ernst Alfred Aye  [ de ] were subsequently printed. In 1928, Werefkin wrote and painted her Ascona Impressions, which she dedicated to the Zürich art critic Hans Trog (1864–1928). In the same year, she met Diego Hagmann (1894-1986) and his wife Carmen (1905-2001), who saved her from greater economic hardship. In

3052-721: The Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period . Much of Picasso's work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style, and his work in the mid-1920s often has characteristics of Surrealism . His later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Exceptionally prolific throughout

3161-476: The Fauvist work of the older artist Henri Matisse motivated Picasso to explore more radical styles, beginning a fruitful rivalry between the two artists, who subsequently were often paired by critics as the leaders of modern art . Picasso's output, especially in his early career, is often periodized. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are

3270-543: The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . He was an international celebrity, with often as much interest in his personal life as his art. Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in mid-1949. In the 1950s, Picasso's style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made

3379-761: The Still Life with Guitar (1942) and The Charnel House (1944–48). Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French Resistance . Around this time, Picasso wrote poetry as an alternative outlet. Between 1935 and 1959 he wrote more than 300 poems. Largely untitled except for a date and sometimes the location of where they were written (for example "Paris 16 May 1936"), these works were gustatory, erotic, and at times scatological , as were his two full-length plays, Desire Caught by

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3488-505: The proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War . Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. After 1906,

3597-505: The "Russian Rembrandt " of the Tsarist Empire . Some works have been preserved, others can only be verified through photos, and many have disappeared. After 1890, Werefkin modernized her painting style and switched to En plein air painting with traits of Eastern European Impressionism . Only two paintings from this period appear to exist. In 1892 Werefkin entered into a 27-year relationship with Alexej von Jawlensky . Werefkin

3706-399: The 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin as a common motif in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists, who often used it as their symbol, and it appears in Picasso's Guernica . The minotaur and Picasso's mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter are heavily featured in his celebrated Vollard Suite of etchings. Arguably Picasso's most famous work

3815-615: The French anti-fascist activist and surrealist photographer, Dora Maar . In addition, her black and white photographs are likely to have influenced the black and white scheme of Guernica , in stark contrast to Picasso's usual colorful paintings. "Maar's practice of photography influenced the art of Picasso – she had a great influence on his work," said Antoine Romand, a Dora Maar expert. "She contested him. She pushed him to do something new and to be more creative politically." Maar had exclusive access to Picasso's studio to observe and photograph

3924-485: The Moderne Galerie in Munich, this exhibition originally was intended for 8 or 9 venues, but probably ceased to travel after the 2nd venue: Marianne von Werefkin Marianne von Werefkin (born Marianna Vladimirovna Veryovkina ; Russian : Мариа́нна Влади́мировна Верёвкина , IPA: [mərʲɪˈanːə vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvnə vʲɪˈrʲɵfkʲɪnə] ; 10 September [ O.S. 29 August] 1860 – 6 February 1938)

4033-564: The Moderne Galerie in Munich, this exhibition traveled to 9 venues: It received mainly negative criticism from the local press. The catalogue of the second N.K.V.M. exhibition lists 115 items by 29 artists: Bechtejew , Bossi , Braque , Derain , Kees van Dongen , Durio, Erbslöh , Le Fauconnier , Girieud , Haller , Hoetger , Jawlensky , von Kahler , Kandinsky , Kanoldt , Kogan , Kubin , Alexander Mogilewski , Münter, Nieder, Picasso , Rouault , Scharff, de Vlaminck, Werefkin, David Burljuk , Wladimir Burljuk, Denissoff, Soudbinine, and

4142-615: The N.K.V.M. With Werefkin and Jawlensky he prepared his big performance at the Odeon in Munich . In 1909 the Swiss painter Cuno Amiet , who at the time belonged to the Brücke (Bridge) artists' group, was a guest in Werefkin's salon. Amiet would later become one of Werefkin's best Swiss friends alongside Paul Klee and his wife Lily. On 1 December 1909 was the opening of the first exhibition of

4251-437: The N.K.V.M. was also born in Werefkin's salon (before Christmas 1908). Apart from Werefkin, Alexej von Jawlensky , Adolf Erbslöh and the German entrepreneur, art collector, aviation pioneer and musician Oscar Wittenstein  [ de ] were involved in founding "the new artists' association". Gabriele Münter and Wassily Kandinsky were initially not informed of the project. This annoyed Kandinsky years later, which to

4360-457: The N.K.V.M. with 16 artists. Werefkin exhibited six paintings, including Schuhplattler , her commitment to Bavarian folk art. In 1909 the painting Zwillinge (Werefkin)  [ de ] (Twins) was created. Shortly thereafter, Werefkin went to Lithuania to her brother Peter (1861-1946), who was governor in Kaunas . Many drawings and quite a few paintings were made there that winter. At

4469-711: The N.K.V.M., which not until 1920 was officially removed from the Munich Register of Associations. Werefkin also exhibited with the members of the N.K.V.M. and the Blue Rider together with the artists of the Bridge from 18 November 1911 to 31 January 31, 1912 in the New Secession in Berlin. Werefkin exhibited there her painting Schlittschuhläufer (Ice Skaters). In 1913, Werefkin and Jawlensky participated in

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4578-720: The Tail (1941), The Four Little Girls (1949) and The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1959). In 1944, after the liberation of Paris, Picasso, then 63 years old, began a romantic relationship with a young art student named Françoise Gilot . She was 40 years younger than he was. Picasso grew tired of his mistress Dora Maar ; Picasso and Gilot began to live together. Eventually, they had two children: Claude Picasso , born in 1947 and Paloma Picasso , born in 1949. In her 1964 book Life with Picasso , Gilot describes his abusive treatment and myriad infidelities which led her to leave him, taking

4687-740: The Venice Biennale . Werefkin always lived in Switzerland as a stateless person, issued with a Nansen passport since 1922. In 1921 Jawlensky separated from Werefkin and moved to Wiesbaden , where in 1922 he married Werefkin's housekeeper Helene Nesnakomoff, the mother of his son Andreas. During this difficult time, Werefkin became friends with the Zürich painter Willy Fries and his wife Katharina, née Righini (1894–1973). In 12 letters to Zürich between 1921 and 1925, Werefkin described her desperate situation, which, however, could not break her courage and her ability to work. In 1924 Werefkin

4796-447: The Werefkin's household at age 9, after the death of the child's stepfather who was a local police officer, leaving the mother, who drank heavily, with three children as a beggar. Werefkin's father allowed Helene to come into the household. Her sister, Marie, was placed in a girls' asylum, and her brother stayed with his mother and was a thief […] who could not be changed. Since the mother was unreliable, Werefkin's administrator advised that

4905-461: The art dealer Léonce Rosenberg . After the loss of Eva Gouel, Picasso had an affair with Gaby Lespinasse . During the spring of 1916, Apollinaire returned from the front wounded. They renewed their friendship, but Picasso began to frequent new social circles. Towards the end of World War I, Picasso became involved with Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . Among his friends during this period were Jean Cocteau , Jean Hugo , Juan Gris, and others. In

5014-401: The children with her. This was a severe blow to Picasso. Picasso had affairs with women of an even greater age disparity than his and Gilot's. While still involved with Gilot, in 1951 Picasso had a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte , who was four years younger than Gilot. By his 70s, many paintings, ink drawings and prints have as their theme an old, grotesque dwarf as the doting lover of

5123-601: The collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona , which provides one of the most comprehensive extant records of any major artist's beginnings. During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun. The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in The First Communion (1896),

5232-407: The composer. In 1927, Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on

5341-840: The couple moved in September/October 1917. As a result of the Russian October Revolution , Werefkin lost her Tsarist pension. Participation in Cabaret Voltaire followed after Werefkin had met its initiators. In 1918 Werefkin and Jawlensky moved to Ascona on Lake Maggiore . In 1919 Werefkin was involved in an exhibition "Painters of Ascona" in the Zürich Kunstsalon Wolfsberg  [ de ] together with Jawlensky, Robert Genin , Arthur Segal and Otto Niemeyer-Holstein . In 1920 some of Werefkin's works were shown at

5450-406: The course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one of the best-known figures in 20th-century art . Picasso was born at 23:15 on 25 October 1881, in the city of Málaga , Andalusia, in southern Spain. He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso's family

5559-572: The creation of Guernica . At Picasso's request, Maar painted parts of the dying horse. In 1939 and 1940, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, under its director Alfred Barr , a Picasso enthusiast, held a major retrospective of Picasso's principal works until that time. This exhibition lionized Picasso, brought into full public view in America the scope of his artistry, and resulted in

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5668-502: The end of September 1910, Franz Marc made contact with the artists of the N.K.V.M. We learn from him that it was primarily Werefkin and Jawlensky who opened his eyes to a new art form. From the beginning of May 1911, Pierre Girieud (1876–1948) lived with Werefkin and Jawlensky on Giselastrasse 23 when he and Marc showed his paintings in an exhibition at the Modern Gallery Heinrich Thannhauser . In

5777-520: The eroticism that had been largely contained or sublimated since 1909", writes art historian Melissa McQuillan. Although this transition in Picasso's work was informed by Cubism for its spatial relations, "the fusion of ritual and abandon in the imagery recalls the primitivism of the Demoiselles and the elusive psychological resonances of his Symbolist work", writes McQuillan. Surrealism revived Picasso's attraction to primitivism and eroticism. During

5886-530: The exhibition of the editors of Der Blaue Reiter in the Berlin gallery Der Sturm (The Storm) by Herwarth Walden . In the same year, Werefkin intended the final separation from Jawlensky and travelled to Vilnius in Lithuania, where her brother Peter had meanwhile become governor. At the end of July 1914, Werefkin returned to Germany from Lithuania. She arrived in Munich on 26 July. When World War I broke out on 1 August 1914, Werefkin and Jawlensky had to leave Germany within 24 hours and fled to Switzerland with

5995-411: The family moved to Barcelona , where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home. Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the jury admitted him, at just 13. As

6104-412: The father found his son painting over his unfinished sketch of a pigeon. Observing the precision of his son's technique, an apocryphal story relates, Ruiz felt that the thirteen-year-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give up painting, though paintings by him exist from later years. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his seven-year-old sister, Conchita, died of diphtheria . After her death,

6213-409: The first N.K.V.M. exhibition lists 128 items by 16 artists: Paul Baum , Vladimir Georgievich Bekhteev  [ de ] , Erma Bossi , Dresler, Eckert, Erbslöh, Pierre Girieud  [ fr ] , Karl Hofer , Jawlensky, Kandinsky, Kanoldt, Kogan , Alfreds Kubin , Münter, Pohle, Werefkin, and is accompanied by 14 reproductions and a list of prices. On view beginning on December 1, 1909, at

6322-403: The first secretary, and Johanna Kanoldt as treasurer. On 10 May, the N.K.V.M. was registered in the municipal register of associations in Munich. In a circular letter to influential personalities bearing the signet of the artists' association, the artists' group made aware, among other things, their goals: We start from the idea that the artist, in addition to the impressions he receives from

6431-499: The first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrollment. Madrid held many other attractions. The Prado housed paintings by Diego Velázquez , Francisco Goya , and Francisco Zurbarán . Picasso especially admired the works of El Greco ; elements such as his elongated limbs, arresting colours, and mystical visages are echoed in Picasso's later work. Picasso's training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in

6540-548: The globe to live and work in Montparnasse at the time. Picasso's African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon . The three figures on the left were inspired by Iberian sculpture , but he repainted the faces of the two figures on the right after being powerfully impressed by African artefacts he saw in June 1907 in the ethnographic museum at Palais du Trocadéro . When he displayed

6649-538: The journal, mostly contributing grim cartoons depicting and sympathizing with the state of the poor. The first issue was published on 31 March 1901, by which time the artist had started to sign his work Picasso . From 1898 he signed his works as "Pablo Ruiz Picasso", then as "Pablo R. Picasso" until 1901. The change does not seem to imply a rejection of the father figure. Rather, he wanted to distinguish himself from others; initiated by his Catalan friends who habitually called him by his maternal surname, much less current than

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6758-558: The language and its literature. Soon they shared an apartment; Max slept at night while Picasso slept during the day and worked at night. These were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work was burned to keep the small room warm. During the first five months of 1901, Picasso lived in Madrid , where he and his anarchist friend Francisco de Asís Soler founded the magazine Arte Joven ( Young Art ), which published five issues. Soler solicited articles and Picasso illustrated

6867-567: The last two years before the First World War in Munich, stylistic changes in Werefkin's pictures, which lead to her late work, had already become noticeable, but she continued to develop them in Switzerland. Her paintings no longer triggered the sudden 'shocks' in the viewer in the same way as they used to. Her works generally became more narrative, internalized and even more enigmatic than before. Writers in particular were attracted to them, encouraged to interpret and create their own, such as

6976-604: The mother cede all her child care rights to Werefkin, which she did. Despite Nesnakomoff's tragic circumstance, in return for the warmth and sustenance, she had to earn her keep as an apprentice to Werefkin's [then] lady's maid in Tula. In Munich, Werefkin rented a comfortable double apartment on the third floor of Giselastrasse 23 in the Schwabing district, which she furnished partly with Empire and Biedermeier style furniture, which she contrasted with folk art furniture made in

7085-498: The movement, through his experimentation with classicism within the so-called return to order following the war. After acquiring some fame and fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, also known as Eva Gouel . Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works. Picasso was devastated by her premature death from illness at the age of 30 in 1915. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Picasso

7194-467: The museum's collection to Geneva. The war provided the impetus for Picasso's first overtly political work . He expressed anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists in The Dream and Lie of Franco (1937), which was produced "specifically for propagandistic and fundraising purposes". This surreal fusion of words and images was intended to be sold as a series of postcards to raise funds for

7303-412: The original group and artists invited; the second exhibition expanded to include French and Russian avant-garde artists such as Pablo Picasso , Georges Braque ; the third and final exhibition excluded most of the previous exhibitors, especially the secessionists of Der Blaue Reiter who launched their parallel exhibition in the same gallery, as a result of tensions within the N.K.V.M. The catalogue of

7412-445: The outer world, from nature, is constantly collecting experiences in an inner world; and the search for artistic forms which should express the interpenetration of all these experiences - for forms which must be stripped of all extraneous to express strongly only what is necessary - in short, the striving for artistic synthesis, this seems to us a slogan that is currently uniting more and more artists spiritually. Kandinsky had introduced

7521-498: The painting to acquaintances in his studio later that year, the nearly universal reaction was shock and revulsion; Matisse angrily dismissed the work as a hoax. Picasso did not exhibit Les Demoiselles publicly until 1916. Other works from this period include Nude with Raised Arms (1907) and Three Women (1908). Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows. Analytic cubism (1909–1912)

7630-422: The painting's disappearance. Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre of cubism, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art. Between 1915 and 1917, Picasso began a series of paintings depicting highly geometric and minimalist Cubist objects, consisting of either

7739-630: The paternal Ruiz. Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by sombre paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901 or in Paris in the second half of the year. Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In his austere use of colour and sometimes doleful subject matter—prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects—Picasso

7848-406: The philosopher Vladimir Solovyov . In 1888, Repin created the 'Portrait of Marianne Werefkin' ( Bildnis Marianne Werefkin  [ de ] ), Werefkin had suffered in that same year a hunting accident in which she accidentally shot her right hand, the painter's hand. Werefkin's first artistically important work phase was before 1890 when she made a name for herself in the realistic painting as

7957-407: The picture before her colleagues, such as Wassily Kandinsky and Gabriele Münter , who took the first steps towards Expressionism. At that time, the artists Jan Verkade , Hugo Troendle , Hermann Huber and Curt Herrmann frequented Werefkin's salon. In the spring of 1908, Gauguin's Polish friend, Władysław Ślewiński , visited Werefkin. He convinced Jawlensky of surface painting. In the summer,

8066-424: The plan to marry Picasso to secure the rights of her children as Picasso's legitimate heirs. Picasso had already secretly married Roque, after Gilot had filed for divorce. His strained relationship with Claude and Paloma was never healed. By this time, Picasso had constructed a huge Gothic home, and could afford large villas in the south of France, such as Mas Notre-Dame-de-Vie on the outskirts of Mougins , and in

8175-452: The poet Yvan Goll or the poet Bruno Goetz . The typical Russian features in Werefkin's painting, especially in the colouring, which the poet Else Lasker-Schüler had already noticed in Munich, should appear particularly clear in her late work in Ascona. Even if she transferred these to Ticino motifs, Werefkin's pictures were initially foreign to most Swiss and were often misunderstood. When Werefkin died in Ascona on 6 February 1938, she

8284-433: The same year Paul Baum , Erma Bossi , Pierre Girieud  [ fr ] , Karl Hofer , Moissey Kogan and the Russian dancer Alexander Sacharoff joined the association. Of these, over the course of the year, Baum, Buttler, Frank, Kanoldt-Zerener, Palmié and Schimmel dropped out. The following were elected to the board: Kandinsky as the first chairman, Jawlensky as the second, Johanna Kanoldt as deputy, Wittenstein as

8393-544: The service staff Helene Nesnakomoff with son Andreas, and Helene's sister Maria Nesnakomoff, who had earlier joined the household service. Werefkin handed over the keys and custodian of her apartment to Paul Klee and his wife Lily before fleeing to Switzerland. At first, they lived in Saint-Prex on Lake Geneva . As a result of the war, Werefkin's pension was cut in half. In 1916 there was a solo exhibition in Zürich , where

8502-477: The summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova , a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Erik Satie's Parade , in Rome; they spent their honeymoon near Biarritz in the villa of glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz . Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and other dimensions of the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had

8611-459: The summer, Werefkin travelled with Jawlensky to Prerow on the Baltic Sea . At the end of the year, they went to Paris, where they met Henri Matisse personally. In December 1911, Kandinsky left the N.K.V.M., together with Münter and Marc, to present the first exhibition of the editors of Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in the winter of 1911/1912. In 1912, Werefkin and Jewlensky also left

8720-714: The symbols as they understand them." Guernica was exhibited in July 1937 at the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris International Exposition , and then became the centrepiece of an exhibition of 118 works by Picasso, Matisse , Braque and Henri Laurens that toured Scandinavia and England. After the victory of Francisco Franco in Spain, the painting was sent to the United States to raise funds and support for Spanish refugees. Until 1981 it

8829-423: The theories of Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin 's surface painting, Louis Anquetin 's tone-on-tone painting, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 's caricature and bold painting, and the ideas of Les Nabis . In the circle of friends in Munich, Werefkin was given the nickname "The Frenchwoman". In terms of iconology and motifs, Werefkin often drew on the works of Edvard Munch , and she brought the aforementioned artists into

8938-505: The time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. Only later, after Picasso's death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism , did the critical community come to see the late works of Picasso as prefiguring Neo-Expressionism . Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins , France, from pulmonary edema and

9047-521: The two artist couples Werefkin/Jawlensky and Münter/Kandinsky met in Murnau am Staffelsee in Upper Bavaria to paint together. In the winter of the same year, Werefkin, Jawlensky, Adolf Erbslöh and Oscar Wittenstein  [ de ] came up with the idea of founding the N.K.V.M. , of which Kandinsky was appointed its first chairman in 1909. The dancer Alexander Sacharoff became a member of

9156-408: The work of Rossetti , Steinlen , Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch , combined with his admiration for favourite old masters such as El Greco , led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period. Picasso made his first trip to Paris , then the art capital of Europe, in 1900. There, he met his first Parisian friend, journalist and poet Max Jacob , who helped Picasso learn

9265-463: The workshops of the artist Yelena Polenova (1850-1898) in the artists' colony of Abramtsevo . Werefkin initially entrusted Jawlensky's further education to the Slovenian Anton Ažbe , while interrupting her own painting for exactly ten years in favour of his education. Like many women in art, she subordinated her artistic ambitions to the interests of her lover. Werefkin knew that Jawlensky

9374-539: Was 59 years old. Picasso remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement during his youth, despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it. He did not join the armed forces for any side or country during World War I , the Spanish Civil War , or World War II. As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading Germans in either world war. In 1940, he applied for French citizenship, but it

9483-680: Was a Russian artist, whose work is celebrated as a central part of German Expressionism . Werefkin was born to Elizabeth née Daragan (1834–1885) and Vladimir Nikolayevich Veryovkin (1821–1896), commander of the Yekaterinburg Regiment in Tula , the capital of the Tula Governorate . Her father was of Russian nobility whose ancestors came from Moscow. He made a career in the Imperial Russian Army , becoming

9592-519: Was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker , ceramicist , and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France . One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture , the co-invention of collage , and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are

9701-717: Was a co-founder of the artist group Der Große Bär (The Great Bear, after the constellation Ursa Major ) in Ascona together with Walter Helbig , Ernst Frick , Albert Kohler and others. This group of artists had a large exhibition in 1925 in the Kunsthalle Bern , followed by further joint exhibitions, including in 1928 in the Berlin Galerie Nierendorf together with Christian Rohlfs , Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and Robert Genin . Frequently, Werefkin earned her living by painting posters and picture postcards or she wrote articles, for example in 1925 for

9810-474: Was a traditional academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human body from plaster casts and live models. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork. The family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. They stayed for almost four years. On one occasion,

9919-452: Was a womanizer: "Love is a dangerous thing, especially in the hands of Jawlensky." Werefkin refused to marry, not least because of the generous pension from the Tsar, which she would have lost if she were a married woman. But Werefkin was determined to support Jawlensky as an artist in every way. In Werefkin's place, Jawlensky was to achieve and realize everything artistically that a 'weak woman'

10028-557: Was already having a relationship, despite her young age, she modelled for Jawlensky and was madly infatuated with him. In 1897, Werefkin founded the Brotherhood of St. Luke ( Bruderschaft von Sankt Lukas ) in her "pink salon", whose members saw themselves in the tradition of the Guild of Saint Luke and which ultimately formed the nucleus of the New Artists' Association Munich (N.K.V.M) and The Blue Rider . In 1897 Werefkin

10137-624: Was arrested and questioned about the theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre . Suspicion for the crime had initially fallen upon Apollinaire due to his links to Géry Pieret, an artist with a history of thefts from the gallery. Apollinaire in turn implicated his close friend Picasso, who had also purchased stolen artworks from the artist in the past. Afraid of a conviction that could result in his deportation to Spain, Picasso denied having ever met Apollinaire. Both were later cleared of any involvement in

10246-458: Was asked to produce "preferably understandable works" - he resigned as chairman in January 1911. Erbslöh became his successor. Also in January, Franz Marc became a member and third chairman of the N.K.V.M. At the general assembly on 4 February, the members of the artists' association elected Wittenstein as second chairman, Alexander Kanoldt as first secretary, Schnabel as second secretary and Johanna Kanoldt as treasurer. The first exhibition showed

10355-607: Was both charlatan and genius. During World War II , Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the Nazi ideal of art , so he did not exhibit during this time. He was often harassed by the Gestapo . During one search of his apartment, an officer saw a photograph of the painting Guernica . "Did you do that?" the German asked Picasso. "No," he replied, "You did." Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint, producing works such as

10464-624: Was buried in the local cemetery according to the Russian Orthodox rite, with the sympathy of almost the entire population. A large part of her artistic and literary legacy is kept in the Fondazione Marianne Werefkin in Ascona  [ de ] in Ascona . Thanks to donations, their holdings have now grown to almost 100 paintings. The foundation also owns 170 sketchbooks and hundreds of drawings. A part of it

10573-559: Was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge 50-foot (15 m)-high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the Chicago Picasso . He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. Picasso said the figure represented the head of an Afghan Hound named Kabul. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago,

10682-512: Was created around 1905. In 1906 Werefkin travelled to France with Jawlensky, Nesnakomoff and son Andreas. First, they went to Brittany. From there Werefkin went via Paris and Arles to Sausset-les-Pins near Marseille, where her painter friend Pierre Girieud (1876–1948) lived. There, on the Mediterranean, Werefkin resumed her artistic activity. In 1907, Werefkin created her first expressionist paintings. Stylistically, Werefkin followed

10791-454: Was entrusted to the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, as it was Picasso's expressed desire that the painting should not be delivered to Spain until liberty and democracy had been established in the country. Before Guernica , Picasso had never addressed political themes in his art. The politicized nature of the work is largely attributed to his romantic relationship at the time with

10900-504: Was in Venice with Ažbe, Jawlensky, Dmitry Kardovsky and Igor Grabar , initially to visit a Repin exhibition. They then studied the painting of old masters in various museums in northern Italy. In 1902 Werefkin's lady's maid Nesnakomoff, then 17 years old, gave birth to a child from Jawlensky, named Andreas Nesnakomoff (died 1984 - named Andreas Jawlensky  [ de ] after his parents' marriage, later in life he would also become

11009-423: Was in any case denied. “Three years passed in tireless nurturing of his mind and heart. Everything, everything he received from me, I pretended to take - everything I put into him I pretended to receive as a gift... so that he should not be jealous as an artist, I hid my art from him" (Werefkin, quoted from Fäthke 1980:17). Jawlensky's gratitude in return was abusing Werefkin's young lady's maid, with whom Jawlensky

11118-491: Was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carles Casagemas . Starting in autumn of 1901, he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La Vie (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art . The same mood pervades the well-known etching The Frugal Repast (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at

11227-582: Was living in Avignon . Braque and Derain were mobilized and Apollinaire joined the French artillery, while the Spaniard Juan Gris remained from the Cubist circle. During the war, Picasso was able to continue painting uninterrupted, unlike his French comrades. His paintings became more sombre and his life changed with dramatic consequences. Kahnweiler's contract had terminated on his exile from France. At this point, Picasso's work would be taken on by

11336-558: Was more advanced in painting than Jawlensky was and had decided to train and support the penniless military officer who was five years her junior. In 1896, after the death of Werefkin's father, which would provide Werefkin with a noble Tsarist pension of 7,000 rubles per annum, she moved to Munich with her 11-year old lady's maid Helene Nesnakomoff  [ de ] and Jawlensky. Werefkin's annual pension at that time corresponded to around twenty-two thousand German mark . Werefkin's rather young 'lady's maid', Nesnakomoff, had come to

11445-506: Was of middle-class background. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life, Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Picasso's birth certificate and the record of his baptism include very long names, combining those of various saints and relatives. Ruiz y Picasso were his paternal and maternal surnames, respectively, per Spanish custom. The surname "Picasso" comes from Liguria ,

11554-592: Was refused on the grounds of his "extremist ideas evolving towards communism". This information was not revealed until 2003. At the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Picasso was 54 years of age. Soon after hostilities began, the Republicans appointed him "director of the Prado, albeit in absentia", and "he took his duties very seriously", according to John Richardson, supplying the funds to evacuate

11663-524: Was reproduced for the first time in Europe in the same issue. Yet Picasso exhibited Cubist works at the first Surrealist group exhibition in 1925; the concept of 'psychic automatism in its pure state' defined in the Manifeste du surréalisme never appealed to him entirely. He did at the time develop new imagery and formal syntax for expressing himself emotionally, "releasing the violence, the psychic fears and

11772-456: Was to become a lifelong friend and rival. The Steins introduced him to Claribel Cone and her sister Etta, who were American art collectors; they also began to acquire Picasso's and Matisse's paintings. Eventually, Leo Stein moved to Italy. Michael and Sarah Stein became patrons of Matisse, while Gertrude Stein continued to collect Picassos. In 1907, Picasso joined an art gallery that had recently been opened in Paris by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler ,

11881-430: Was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $ 100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city. Picasso's final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colourful and expressive, and from 1968 to 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At

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