147-497: Nevermore was an American heavy metal band from Seattle , Washington, formed in 1991. The band has been inactive since 2011, due to personal issues between the band members. Vocalist Warrel Dane died in December 2017, ending hopes of a reunion. Nevermore started in the beginning of the 1990s, when the band Sanctuary was pressured by its recording label to change its musical style, switching from heavy metal to grunge , which
294-558: A staccato attack created by using a palm-muted technique on the rhythm guitar. Brief, abrupt and detached rhythmic cells are joined into rhythmic phrases with a distinctive, often jerky texture. These phrases are used to create rhythmic accompaniment and melodic figures called riffs , which help to establish thematic hooks . Heavy metal songs also use longer rhythmic figures such as whole note - or dotted quarter note-length chords in slow-tempo power ballads . The tempos in early heavy metal music tended to be "slow, even ponderous". By
441-435: A 1988 article, The New York Times critic Jon Pareles wrote, "In the taxonomy of popular music, heavy metal is a major subspecies of hard-rock—the breed with less syncopation , less blues, more showmanship and more brute force." The typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are sometimes used to enhance
588-475: A Japanese study found that the fungal microbiota in Crohn's patients differs significantly from that of healthy individuals, particularly with an abundance of Candida . Diagnosis of Crohn's disease may be challenging since its symptoms overlap with other gastrointestinal diseases. An accurate diagnosis requires a combined assessment of clinical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Ileocolonoscopy
735-513: A colonoscopy to check for inflammation, using the Rutgeerts scoring system to assess the likelihood of recurrence. About 50% may experience a return of symptoms within five years, and nearly 40% may need a second surgery within ten years, often due to inflammation near the anastomosis. While drug therapy aims to prevent recurrences, its effectiveness remains uncertain. Crohn's disease is a chronic condition requiring ongoing management, as there
882-433: A combination of clinical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. Key methods include ileocolonoscopy , which identifies the disease in about 90% of cases, and imaging techniques like CT and MRI enterography , which help assess the extent of the disease and its complications. Histological examination of biopsy samples is the most reliable method for confirming diagnosis. Management of Crohn's disease
1029-469: A combined use of high volumes and heavy fuzz . For classic heavy metal guitar tone, guitarists maintain gain at moderate levels, without excessive preamp or pedal distortion, to retain open spaces and air in the music; the guitar amplifier is turned up loud to produce the "punch and grind" characteristic. Thrash metal guitar tone has scooped mid-frequencies and tightly compressed sound with multiple bass frequencies. Guitar solos are "an essential element of
1176-613: A deficient innate immune response enable bacteria to enter intestinal tissue, causing an excessive inflammatory response from T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. An altered microbiome may also be causatory and serve as the link to environmental factors. The epithelial barrier is a single layer of epithelial cells covered in antimicrobial mucus that protects the intestine from gut bacteria. Epithelial cells are joined by tight junction proteins , which are reduced by Crohn's-linked polymorphisms. In particular, claudin-5 and claudin-8 are reduced, while pore-forming claudin-2
1323-473: A heavy metal direction. A few commentators – mainly American – argue for other groups, including Iron Butterfly , Steppenwolf , Blue Cheer , or Vanilla Fudge , as the first to play heavy metal. In 1968, the sound that would become known as heavy metal began to coalesce. That January, San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a cover of Eddie Cochran 's classic " Summertime Blues " as a part of their debut album, Vincebus Eruptum , and many consider it to be
1470-527: A heavy-metals blues sound". In January 1970, Lucian K. Truscott IV , reviewing Led Zeppelin II for the Village Voice , described the sound as "heavy" and made comparisons with Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge . Other early documented uses of the phrase are from reviews by critic Metal Mike Saunders . In the 12 November 1970 issue of Rolling Stone , he commented on an album put out the previous year by
1617-462: A later interview, that while he wanted to do another Nevermore record, he would not do it without Loomis. On December 13, 2017, Dane died of a heart attack in São Paulo , Brazil, at the age of 56, putting an end to any possibilities of a Nevermore reunion. Former guitarist Tim Calvert died on April 30, 2018, of complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . He was 52. Nevermore's main sound
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#17327930103981764-428: A major influence on heavy metal since the genre's earliest days, and that metal's "most influential musicians have been guitar players who have also studied classical music. Their appropriation and adaptation of classical models sparked the development of a new kind of guitar virtuosity [and] changes in the harmonic and melodic language of heavy metal." In an article written for Grove Music Online , Walser stated that
1911-491: A massive, heavy sound from unison riffing between guitarist Eric Clapton and bassist Jack Bruce , as well as Ginger Baker 's double bass drumming. Their first two LPs – Fresh Cream (1966) and Disraeli Gears (1967) – are regarded as essential prototypes for the future style of heavy metal. The Jimi Hendrix Experience 's debut album, Are You Experienced (1967), was also highly influential. Hendrix 's virtuosic technique would be emulated by many metal guitarists, and
2058-671: A party without limits ... [T]he bulk of the music is stylized and formulaic." Music critics have often deemed metal lyrics juvenile and banal, and others have objected to what they see as advocacy of misogyny and the occult. During the 1980s, the Parents Music Resource Center petitioned the U.S. Congress to regulate the popular music industry due to what the group asserted were objectionable lyrics, particularly those in heavy metal songs. Andrew Cope stated that claims that heavy metal lyrics are misogynistic are "clearly misguided" as these critics have "overlook[ed]
2205-557: A replacement, the band decided to continue as a quartet, hiring session guitarists for live appearances, such as Curran Murphy (who went on to play in Annihilator ) and Chris Broderick of Jag Panzer and Megadeth . Nevermore proceeded to record Dead Heart in a Dead World , which was followed by tours with several bands, most notably with In Flames and Shadows Fall in late 2000 and Savatage in 2001. The band's fifth album, Enemies of Reality , remained in production for over
2352-447: A significant role, with first-degree relatives facing a five-fold increased risk, particularly due to mutations in genes like NOD2 that affect immune response. The condition results from a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria and increased intestinal permeability, alongside changes in the gut microbiome . Diagnosing Crohn's disease can be complex due to symptom overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders. It typically involves
2499-411: A touring guitarist for the band until Tim Calvert (who played for the band Forbidden ) was able to join the band. Three years without releases followed, but in 1999, the album Dreaming Neon Black was released. The album's lyrics, based partly on the events Warrell Dane underwent after the disappearance of his longtime girlfriend, narrate the story of a man's slow decline into madness, subsequent to
2646-794: A trippy, distorted haze". During the late 1960s, many psychedelic singers, such as Arthur Brown , began to create outlandish, theatrical, and often macabre performances that influenced many metal acts. The American psychedelic rock band Coven , who opened for early heavy metal influencers such as Vanilla Fudge and the Yardbirds, portrayed themselves as practitioners of witchcraft or black magic , using dark – Satanic or occult – imagery in their lyrics, album art and live performances, which consisted of elaborate, theatrical " Satanic rites ". Coven's 1969 debut album, Witchcraft Destroys Minds & Reaps Souls , featured imagery of skulls, black masses , inverted crosses , and Satan worship, and both
2793-459: A week, but full effects can take up to six weeks. Loss of response can happen due to the development of antidrug antibodies , necessitating a switch in agents or drug classes. Anti-TNF agents are often combined with thiopurines or methotrexate to minimize antibody development. Side effects include injection-site reactions, a higher risk of infection, a slight increase in melanoma risk, and rare cases of cytopenias and liver toxicity . Vedolizumab
2940-513: A year, and was released in 2003. This album faced much criticism for its production and was re-released in 2005, after being remixed by Andy Sneap . On tour, the band was joined by second lead guitarist Steve Smyth , formerly of Vicious Rumors and Testament ; Smyth was eventually added to the line-up on a permanent basis. A sixth album, This Godless Endeavor , was released in July 2005. Nevermore then toured on Dave Mustaine 's Gigantour during
3087-831: Is a chronic condition with no cure, often leading to a higher risk of related health issues and reduced life expectancy. The disease is most prevalent in North America and Western Europe , particularly among Ashkenazi Jews , with prevalence rates of 322 per 100,000 in Germany , 319 in Canada , and 300 in the United States . There is also a rising prevalence in newly industrialized countries, such as 18.6 per 100,000 in Hong Kong and 3.9 in Taiwan . The typical age of onset
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#17327930103983234-422: Is a scoring system to assess the symptoms associated with Crohn's disease. It assigns a score based on eight clinical factors, including overall well-being, frequency of loose stools, abdominal pain, presence of abdominal masses, changes in weight, low hemoglobin levels, and use of opiates for diarrhea. The CDAI is primarily used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and to determine whether
3381-499: Is a scoring system used during endoscopy to evaluate Crohn's disease severity. It assesses six factors: deep and shallow ulcers, nonulcerated and ulcerated stenosis, the area covered by ulcers, and the overall disease-affected area across five intestinal sections. Scores range from 0 to 44, with higher scores indicating more severe disease. While often seen as the standard for measuring severity, CDEIS can be complex to calculate and may underestimate severity if only one segment, particularly
3528-601: Is and whether there are any complications, like blockages or abnormal connections between organs. All three methods are quite accurate for diagnosing Crohn's disease and spotting these complications. The most reliable way to confirm a diagnosis of Crohn's disease is through a histological examination of biopsy samples or tissue removed during surgery. This process helps distinguish Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis and other types of colitis, particularly infections. While no features are unique to Crohn's disease, typical signs include patchy chronic inflammation, irregularities in
3675-401: Is approved for treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease, with a large multi-centre randomized control trial demonstrating its effectiveness in induction and maintenance of disease. Many individuals with Crohn's disease may require a bowel resection to remove part of the intestine due to blockages, lesions, infections, or ineffective medications. Since surgery is not a cure, the goal
3822-792: Is assessed and Epstein-Barr virus is tested in patients under 25. Around 15% to 20% of patients stop thiopurines due to side effects, including low blood cell counts, liver problems, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions, and acute pancreatitis. Thiopurines also raise the risk of certain cancers and serious conditions, necessitating regular lab monitoring. Methotrexate is used to induce and maintain remission in Crohn's disease, being slightly more effective than thiopurines and taking 8 to 16 weeks to work. About 17% of patients stop taking it due to side effects like nausea, vomiting, headaches, and fatigue. It can affect liver health and, rarely, lower blood cell counts, requiring regular blood tests. Methotrexate may also cause anemia and mouth sores, so daily folic acid
3969-408: Is attributed to a few key polymorphisms. Crohn's disease is believed to be caused by a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria, though the exact mechanism is unknown. This is evidenced by the disease's links to genes involved in bacteria defense and its occurrence in the ileum and colon , the most bacteria-dense segments of the intestine. In Crohn's disease, a permeable intestinal barrier and
4116-437: Is between 20 and 30 years, with an increasing number of cases among children. Crohn's disease is characterized by recurring flares of intestinal inflammation, with diarrhea and abdominal pain as the primary symptoms. Symptoms may be non-specific and progress gradually, and many people have symptoms for years before diagnosis. Unlike ulcerative colitis , inflammation can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, most often in
4263-506: Is considered vital. In his book, Metalheads , psychologist Jeffrey Arnett refers to heavy metal concerts as "the sensory equivalent of war". Following the lead set by Jimi Hendrix , Cream and the Who , early heavy metal acts such as Blue Cheer set new benchmarks for volume. As Blue Cheer's Dick Peterson put it, "All we knew was we wanted more power." A 1977 review of a Motörhead concert noted how "excessive volume in particular figured into
4410-543: Is delayed and autophagy is impaired, allowing bacteria to survive in intestinal tissue. Dysfunction in neutrophil secretion of reactive oxygen species , which are toxic to bacteria, is associated with very early onset Crohn's disease. Although neutrophils are important in bacterial defense, their subsequent accumulation in Crohn's disease damages the epithelial barrier and perpetuates inflammation. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) consist of subtypes including ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. ILC3s are particularly important for regenerating
4557-536: Is difficult to categorize, containing various styles such as progressive metal , thrash metal , power metal , and classic heavy metal . and They also have used death metal traits such as low-tuned and fast-paced riffing . The press have used several other genres to describe Nevermore's sound, including groove metal . In an interview on The Hard Report, singer Warrel Dane casually remarked "...power metal, or whatever Metal this is." However, in an interview at Metalmania in 2006, Dane did not explicitly disagree with
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4704-426: Is emphatic, with deliberate stresses. Weinstein observes that the wide array of sonic effects available to metal drummers enables the "rhythmic pattern to take on a complexity within its elemental drive and insistency". In many heavy metal songs, the main groove is characterized by short, two- or three-note rhythmic figures – generally made up of eighth or 16th notes . These rhythmic figures are usually performed with
4851-400: Is hypothesized that inflammatory signals from the immune system and alterations to the gut microbiome influence IELs to produce inflammatory signals, contributing to Crohn's disease. Normally, intestinal macrophages have reduced inflammatory behavior while retaining their ability to consume and destroy pathogens. In Crohn's disease, the number and activity of macrophages is reduced, enabling
4998-477: Is increased, causing intestinal permeability. Epithelial cells under stress emit inflammatory signals such as the unfolded protein response to stimulate the immune system, and Crohn's-linked polymorphisms to the ATG16L1 gene lower the threshold at which this response is triggered. In a functional state, the intestinal epithelium and IgA dimers work together to manage and keep the luminal microflora distinct from
5145-439: Is individualized, focusing on disease severity and location to achieve mucosal healing and improve long-term outcomes. Treatment may include corticosteroids for quick symptom relief, immunosuppressants for maintaining remission, and biologics like anti-TNF therapies , which are effective for both induction and maintenance. Surgery may be necessary for complications such as blockages. Despite ongoing treatment, Crohn's disease
5292-490: Is limited. However, patients who respond well can maintain remission for up to a year. Since it specifically targets the gut, it does not significantly increase the risk of serious side effects or infections, except for mild nasal infections . Ustekinumab , approved for moderate to severe Crohn's disease in October 2016, has been FDA-approved for psoriasis since 2009. It appears to be comparable to anti-TNF therapy in both
5439-451: Is particularly important, and IL-23 receptor polymorphisms that increase activity are linked with Crohn's disease. Tregs suppress inflammation via IL-10 , and mutations to IL-10 and its receptor cause very early onset Crohn's disease. People with Crohn's disease tend to have altered microbiomes, although no disease-specific microorganisms have been identified. An altered microbiome may link environmental factors with Crohn's, though causality
5586-546: Is recommended. Additionally, it may increase the risk of certain skin cancers and lymphoma . Methotrexate is discontinued during pregnancy due to the risks of miscarriage and birth defects . Anti-TNF therapy is the most effective treatment for inducing and maintaining remission, with FDA-approved agents including infliximab , adalimumab , and certolizumab pegol . It blocks the inflammatory protein TNF and induces cell death in activated T cells . Responses may occur within
5733-557: Is speculation as to who started the phenomenon. Attendees of metal concerts do not dance in the usual sense. It has been argued that this is due to the music's largely male audience and "extreme heterosexualist ideology". Two primary body movements used are headbanging and an arm thrust that is both a sign of appreciation and a rhythmic gesture. The performance of air guitar is popular among metal fans both at concerts and listening to records at home. According to Deena Weinstein , thrash metal concerts have two elements that are not part of
5880-474: Is suspected and increases to 13% if already diagnosed. To reduce this risk, physicians typically perform small-bowel imaging and use a patency capsule that disintegrates within 48 to 72 hours. Once the patency capsule has passed through the intestine, capsule endoscopy may be performed. Device-assisted enteroscopy is not typically the first choice for diagnosing small-bowel Crohn's disease due to its invasiveness and higher costs. The procedure closely examines
6027-403: Is the first treatment designed specifically for the gut in moderate to severe Crohn's disease. It blocks the molecule α4β7 that helps white blood cells enter the gut, reducing inflammation. Unlike natalizumab , it does not carry a risk of the serious brain infection PML . While vedolizumab can induce remission, it works slowly, taking about 12 weeks to show effects, and its overall effectiveness
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6174-593: Is the primary procedure for diagnosing Crohn's disease in the ileum and colon, accurately identifying it in about 90% of cases. During this exam, doctors closely examine the intestinal lining and take small tissue samples for further testing. Signs of Crohn's disease include uneven inflammation and 'skip lesions', which are patches of inflammation separated by healthy tissue. The ulcers can be small (less than 5 mm) or larger (over 5 mm), often appearing cobblestone-like. Their depth helps determine disease severity. Unlike ulcerative colitis , Crohn's disease usually does not affect
6321-539: Is to achieve mucosal healing, which restores the intestinal lining. Mucosal healing is linked to better outcomes, such as fewer flare-ups, reduced hospitalizations, steroid-free remission, and a longer interval without surgery. Steroids are often used to quickly induce remission and relieve symptoms in Crohn's disease, but they are ineffective for maintaining remission. Options include intravenous steroids, prednisone , and budesonide , with budesonide preferred for its safety, though it's limited to mild to moderate cases in
6468-448: Is to preserve as much of the small bowel as possible, and extensive resections can lead to short bowel syndrome . In cases with widespread strictures, only the most prominent stricture is typically resected, while minor strictures may be dilated through strictureplasty . After a resection, the healthy ends of the intestine are rejoined in a primary anastomosis . Approximately six to twelve months after surgery, patients usually undergo
6615-400: Is uncertain. Firmicutes tend to be reduced, particularly Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , which produces short-chain fatty acids that reduce inflammation. Bacteroidetes and proteobacteria tend to be increased, particularly adherent-invasive E. coli , which attaches to intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, mucolytic and sulfate-reducing bacteria are elevated, contributing to damage to
6762-439: The 13th Floor Elevators epitomized the frenetic, heavier, darker, and more psychotic psychedelic rock sound known as acid rock, a sound characterized by droning guitar riffs, amplified feedback, and guitar distortion, while the 13th Floor Elevators' sound in particular featured yelping vocals and "occasionally demented" lyrics. Frank Hoffman noted that "[Psychedelic rock] was sometimes referred to as 'acid rock'. The latter label
6909-724: The Aeolian and Phrygian modes . Harmonically speaking, this means the genre typically incorporates modal chord progressions such as the Aeolian progressions I-♭VI-♭VII, I-♭VII-(♭VI), or I-♭VI-IV-♭VII and Phrygian progressions implying the relation between I and ♭II (I-♭II-I, I-♭II-III, or I-♭II-VII for example). Tense-sounding chromatic or tritone relationships are used in a number of metal chord progressions. In addition to using modal harmonic relationships, heavy metal also uses " pentatonic and blues-derived features". The tritone, an interval spanning three whole tones – such as C to F# –
7056-776: The ileum and colon , and can involve all layers of the intestine. Disease location tends to be stable, with a third of patients having colonic disease, a third having ileocolic disease, and a third having ileal disease. The disease may also involve perianal, upper gastrointestinal, and extraintestinal organs. Crohn's disease often presents with systemic symptoms, including: Extraintestinal manifestations occur in 21–47% of cases, and include symptoms such as: Bowel damage due to inflammation occurs in half of cases within 10 years of diagnosis, and can lead to stricturing or penetrating disease forms. This can cause complications such as: Malnutrition occurs in 38.9% of people in remission and 82.8% of people with active disease due to malabsorption in
7203-399: The ileum and colon , involving all layers of the intestinal wall. Symptoms may be non-specific and progress gradually, often delaying diagnosis. About one-third of patients have colonic disease, another third have ileocolic disease, and the remaining third have isolated ileal disease. Systemic symptoms such as chronic fatigue , weight loss , and low-grade fevers are common. Organs such as
7350-458: The minor third , major third , perfect fourth , diminished fifth or minor sixth . Most power chords are also played with a consistent finger arrangement that can be slid easily up and down the fretboard . Heavy metal is usually based on riffs created with three main harmonic traits: modal scale progressions, tritone and chromatic progressions, and the use of pedal points . Traditional heavy metal tends to employ modal scales, in particular
7497-443: The perfect fifth , though an octave may be added as a doubling of the root . When power chords are played on the lower strings at high volumes and with distortion, additional low-frequency sounds are created, which add to the "weight of the sound" and create an effect of "overwhelming power". Although the perfect fifth interval is the most common basis for the power chord, power chords are also based on different intervals such as
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#17327930103987644-485: The "1980s brought on ... the widespread adaptation of chord progressions and virtuosic practices from 18th-century European models, especially Bach and Antonio Vivaldi , by influential guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore , Marty Friedman , Jason Becker , Uli Jon Roth , Eddie Van Halen , Randy Rhoads and Yngwie Malmsteen ." Kurt Bachmann of Believer has stated that "if done correctly, metal and classical fit quite well together. Classical and metal are probably
7791-434: The "holiest of heavy metal communions". The metal scene has been characterized as a "subculture of alienation" with its own code of authenticity. This code puts several demands on performers: they must appear both completely devoted to their music and loyal to the subculture that supports it; they must appear uninterested in mainstream appeal and radio hits; and they must never " sell out ". Deena Weinstein stated that for
7938-510: The 1980s and 1990s, heavy metal hair "symbolised the hate, angst and disenchantment of a generation that seemingly never felt at home", according to journalist Nader Rahman. Long hair gave members of the metal community "the power they needed to rebel against nothing in general". The classic uniform of heavy metal fans consists of light-colored, ripped, frayed or torn blue jeans, black T-shirts, boots, and black leather or denim jackets. Deena Weinstein wrote, "T-shirts are generally emblazoned with
8085-418: The 1980s, glam metal became popular with groups such as Bon Jovi , Mötley Crüe and Poison . Meanwhile, however, underground scenes produced an array of more aggressive styles: thrash metal broke into the mainstream with bands such as Metallica , Slayer , Megadeth and Anthrax , while other extreme subgenres such as death metal and black metal became – and remain – subcultural phenomena. Since
8232-466: The British band Humble Pie : " Safe as Yesterday Is , their first American release, proved that Humble Pie could be boring in lots of different ways. Here they were a noisy, unmelodic, heavy metal-leaden shit-rock band with the loud and noisy parts beyond doubt. There were a couple of nice songs ... and one monumental pile of refuse." He described the band's latest, self-titled release as "more of
8379-416: The British bands Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath , with American commentators tending to favour Led Zeppelin and British commentators tending to favour Black Sabbath, though many give equal credit to both. Deep Purple , the third band in what is sometimes considered the "unholy trinity" of heavy metal along with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, fluctuated between many rock styles until late 1969 when they took
8526-702: The British record label Earache Records , in an "unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the label for obscenity". In some predominantly Muslim countries, heavy metal has been officially denounced as a threat to traditional values, and in countries such as Morocco, Egypt, Lebanon and Malaysia, there have been incidents of heavy metal musicians and fans being arrested and incarcerated. In 1997, the Egyptian police jailed many young metal fans, and they were accused of "devil worship" and blasphemy after police found metal recordings during searches of their homes. In 2013, Malaysia banned Lamb of God from performing in their country, on
8673-533: The CDAI nor the HBI incorporates diagnostic procedures such as endoscopies or imaging studies; instead, they focus exclusively on symptom tracking. The HBI is generally considered easier to apply than the CDAI and may be more suitable for certain clinical trials and routine practice due to its simplicity in calculation and reduced reliance on patient recall of symptoms. The Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS)
8820-545: The album A Long Time Comin' by U.S. band Electric Flag : "Nobody who's been listening to Mike Bloomfield —either talking or playing—in the last few years could have expected this. This is the new soul music, the synthesis of white blues and heavy metal rock." In the 7 September 1968 edition of the Seattle Daily Times , reviewer Susan Schwartz wrote that the Jimi Hendrix Experience "has
8967-418: The album artwork and the band's live performances marked the first appearances in rock music of the sign of the horns , which would later become an important gesture in heavy metal culture. Coven's lyrical and thematic influences on heavy metal were quickly overshadowed by the darker and heavier sounds of Black Sabbath . Critics disagree over who can be thought of as the first heavy metal band. Most credit
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#17327930103989114-526: The album's most successful single, " Purple Haze ", is identified by some as the first heavy metal hit. Vanilla Fudge , whose first album also came out in 1967, has been called "one of the few American links between psychedelia and what soon became heavy metal," and the band has been cited as an early American heavy metal group. On their self-titled debut album, Vanilla Fudge created "loud, heavy, slowed-down arrangements" of contemporary hit songs, blowing these songs up to "epic proportions" and "bathing them in
9261-546: The area affected by ulcers, the overall extent of the disease, and any narrowing of the intestine (stenosis). The first three factors are scored from 0 to 3 in each of the five sections of the intestine, with a maximum score of 15 for each section. Stenosis is scored separately, ranging from 0 to 11. This results in a total SES-CD score that can range from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating more severe disease. While no lab test can definitively confirm or rule out Crohn's disease, results from serum and stool tests can help support
9408-434: The audience for whom they're playing – engage in headbanging , which involves rhythmically beating time with the head, often emphasized by long hair. The il cornuto , or "devil horns", hand gesture was popularized by vocalist Ronnie James Dio during his time with the bands Black Sabbath and Dio . Although Gene Simmons of Kiss claims to have been the first to make the gesture on the 1977 Love Gun album cover, there
9555-583: The band was forced to cancel their show in Grand Rapids, Michigan, on May 13, 2006, due to an unspecified illness afflicting Dane. On September 12, 2006, Nevermore was supposed to record its first full-length DVD live at the Zeche club in Bochum , Germany. This event was to be captured by 7 cameras and the live recording was to be produced by Andy Sneap . However, according to Nevermore's official website, on
9702-426: The band's impact". Weinstein makes the case that in the same way that melody is the main element of pop and rhythm is the main focus of house music , powerful sound, timbre and volume are the key elements of metal. She argues that the loudness is designed to "sweep the listener into the sound" and to provide a "shot of youthful vitality". Heavy metal performers tended to be almost exclusively male until at least
9849-525: The band's promo videos and past recordings from their 11-year career. The DVD was released on October 20, 2008, and is entitled The Year of the Voyager . On August 30, 2007, it was announced that Steve Smyth would no longer be a member of the band, citing personal and business reasons for the departure. He stated that he would also be touring with Danish metal band Hatesphere as they supported Behemoth and later Dimmu Borgir , and would also be working on
9996-466: The blues rock drumming style started out largely as simple shuffle beats on small kits, drummers began using a more muscular, complex and amplified approach to match and be heard against the increasingly loud guitar. Vocalists similarly modified their technique and increased their reliance on amplification, often becoming more stylized and dramatic. In terms of sheer volume, especially in live performance, The Who's "bigger-louder-wall-of- Marshalls " approach
10143-429: The components of the term mean in " hippiespeak ": "heavy" is roughly synonymous with "potent" or "profound", and "metal" designates a certain type of mood, grinding and weighted as with metal. The word "heavy" in this sense was a basic element of beatnik and later countercultural hippie slang , and references to "heavy music" – typically slower, more amplified variations of standard pop fare – were already common by
10290-474: The day of the show, Warrel Dane fell ill with an infection, eventually resulting in the necessity of seeing a doctor at a hospital in Dortmund , Germany. Doctors insisted that he be kept at the hospital and the show was canceled that evening. Apologetic to their fans, Nevermore agreed with the local venue to perform the show on October 11, 2006. The double DVD set would also include a Nevermore documentary, all of
10437-423: The death of the only woman he ever loved. The tracks of this album are varied in style, ranging from slow and melodic to aggressive and progressive. A long tour followed with Nevermore sharing stages with bands such as Mercyful Fate , Arch Enemy , Iced Earth , and Opeth . After the end of the tour, in 2000, guitarist Tim Calvert announced his departure from the band, subsequent to his marriage. Instead of finding
10584-491: The diagnosis: Crohn's disease has similar endoscopic, radiographic and histological features with other inflammatory or infectious diseases. 10% of people with Crohn's disease are initially diagnosed with indeterminate colitis. The Montreal classification system is a widely used framework for categorizing the phenotypes of Crohn's disease. It considers three primary factors: the age at diagnosis (divided into three groups: less than 16 years, 17 to 40 years, and over 40 years),
10731-422: The disease is in remission. This is particularly significant, as approximately 50% of patients who report feeling well may still exhibit signs of active disease in the intestine, while some patients with symptoms may present with normal intestinal findings. The Harvey–Bradshaw Index (HBI) provides a more streamlined approach by assessing only clinical factors, thus eliminating the need for laboratory tests. Neither
10878-445: The disease. Proposed mechanisms for smoking's effects include impaired autophagy , direct toxicity to immune cells, and changes in the microbiome . Diet may influence the development of Crohn's disease by affecting the gut microbiome. The shift from high-fiber, low-fat foods to processed foods reduces microbiota diversity, increasing the risk of Crohn's disease. Conversely, high-fiber diets may reduce risk by up to 40%, likely due to
11025-536: The emergence of an intense, exclusionary and strongly masculine subculture. While the metal fan base is largely young, white, male and blue-collar, the group is "tolerant of those outside its core demographic base who follow its codes of dress, appearance, and behavior". Identification with the subculture is strengthened not only by the group experience of concert-going and shared elements of fashion, but also by contributing to metal magazines and, more recently, websites. Attending live concerts in particular has been called
11172-564: The entrance of pathogens into intestinal tissue. Macrophages degrade internal pathogens through autophagy, which is impaired by Crohn's-linked polymorphisms in genes such as NOD2 and ATG16L1. Additionally, people with Crohn's tend to have a separate abnormal population of macrophages that secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-6 . Neutrophils are recruited from the bloodstream in response to inflammatory signals, and defend tissue by secreting antimicrobial substances and consuming pathogens. In Crohn's disease, neutrophil recruitment
11319-921: The epithelial barrier through secretion of IL-17 by NCR- ILC3s and IL-22 by NCR+ ILC3s. During Crohn's disease, inflammatory signals from antigen-presenting cells, such as IL-23, cause excessive IL-17 and IL-22 secretion. Although these cytokines protect the intestinal barrier, excessive production damages the barrier through increased inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. Additionally, IL-12 from activated dendritic cells influence NCR+ ILC3s to transform into inflammatory IFNγ -producing ILC1s. Naive T cells are activated primarily by dendritic cells, which then differentiate into anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells (Tregs) or inflammatory T helper cells to maintain balance. In Crohn's disease, macrophages and antigen-presenting cells secrete IL-12, IL-18 , and IL-23 in response to pathogens, increasing Th1 and T17 differentiation and promoting inflammation via IL-17 , IFNγ and TNF. IL-23
11466-651: The era. Bands like The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds developed blues rock by recording covers of classic blues songs, often speeding up the tempos . As they experimented with the music, the U.K. blues-based bands – and in turn the U.S. acts they influenced – developed what would become the hallmarks of heavy metal (in particular, the loud, distorted guitar sound). The Kinks played a major role in popularising this sound with their 1964 hit " You Really Got Me ". In addition to The Kinks' Dave Davies , other guitarists such as The Who 's Pete Townshend and The Yardbirds' Jeff Beck were experimenting with feedback. Where
11613-418: The fans themselves, the code promotes "opposition to established authority, and separateness from the rest of society". Musician and filmmaker Rob Zombie observed, "Most of the kids who come to my shows seem like really imaginative kids with a lot of creative energy they don't know what to do with" and that metal is "outsider music for outsiders. Nobody wants to be the weird kid; you just somehow end up being
11760-881: The first true heavy metal recording. The same month, Steppenwolf released their self-titled debut album , on which the track " Born to Be Wild " refers to "heavy metal thunder" in describing a motorcycle. In July, the Jeff Beck Group , whose leader had preceded Page as The Yardbirds' guitarist, released its debut record, Truth , which featured some of the "most molten, barbed, downright funny noises of all time", breaking ground for generations of metal ax-slingers. In September, Page's new band, Led Zeppelin , made its live debut in Denmark (but were billed as The New Yardbirds). The Beatles ' self-titled double album , released in November, included " Helter Skelter ", then one of
11907-444: The foundation of heavy metal and greatly influential in the transformation of acid rock into heavy metal. Crohn%27s disease Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by recurrent episodes of intestinal inflammation, primarily manifesting as diarrhea and abdominal pain . Unlike ulcerative colitis , inflammation can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, though it most frequently affects
12054-476: The fullness of the sound. Deep Purple 's Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ . In 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III ; by the 1990s, synthesizers were used in "almost every subgenre of heavy metal". The electric guitar and the sonic power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from
12201-413: The general population. For many artists and bands, visual imagery plays a large role in heavy metal. In addition to its sound and lyrics, a heavy metal band's image is expressed in album cover art, logos, stage sets, clothing, design of instruments and music videos . Down-the-back long hair is the "most crucial distinguishing feature of metal fashion". Originally adopted from the hippie subculture, by
12348-458: The genre's most famous pioneers – British bands Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath and Deep Purple – were founded. Though they came to attract wide audiences, they were often derided by critics. Several American bands modified heavy metal into more accessible forms during the 1970s: the raw, sleazy sound and shock rock of Alice Cooper and Kiss ; the blues-rooted rock of Aerosmith ; and the flashy guitar leads and party rock of Van Halen . During
12495-517: The ground opening up and little dwarves coming out riding dragons! You know, like bad Dio records." Heavy metal's quintessential guitar style, which is built around distortion-heavy riffs and power chords, traces its roots to early 1950s Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis , Willie Johnson and particularly Pat Hare , who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton 's " Cotton Crop Blues " (1954). Other early influences include
12642-429: The grounds that the "band's lyrics could be interpreted as being religiously insensitive" and blasphemous. Some people consider heavy metal music to be a leading factor for mental health disorders, and that heavy metal fans are more likely to suffer poor mental health, but a study from 2009 suggests that this is not true and that fans of heavy metal music suffer from poor mental health at a similar or lower rate compared to
12789-413: The harmonic analysis done by metal players and teachers is "often very sophisticated". In the study of heavy metal chord structures, it has been concluded that "heavy metal music has proved to be far more complicated" than other music researchers had realized. Robert Walser stated that, alongside blues and R&B, the "assemblage of disparate musical styles known ... as ' classical music '" has been
12936-554: The heaviest-sounding songs ever released by a major band. The Pretty Things ' rock opera S.F. Sorrow , released in December, featured "proto heavy metal" songs such as "Old Man Going" and "I See You". Iron Butterfly 's 1968 song " In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida " is sometimes described as an example of the transition between acid rock and heavy metal or the turning point in which acid rock became "heavy metal", and both Iron Butterfly's 1968 album In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida and Blue Cheer's 1968 album Vincebus Eruptum have been described as laying
13083-436: The heavy metal code ... that underscores the significance of the guitar" to the genre. Most heavy metal songs "feature at least one guitar solo", which is "a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity". Some exceptions are nu metal and grindcore bands, which tend to omit guitar solos. With rhythm guitar parts, the "heavy crunch sound in heavy metal ... [is created by] palm muting "
13230-633: The ileum and right colon. Patients on systemic steroids should switch to other medications for long-term remission, as prolonged use can cause adrenal issues, weight gain , cataracts , hypertension , and diabetes . Additionally, systemic steroids may increase the risk of serious infections and mortality in moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Thiopurines , like azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine , maintain remission in Crohn's disease but do not induce it initially. Since thiopurines take 6 to 12 weeks to work, steroids are often used to manage symptoms during this time. Before starting thiopurines, liver metabolism
13377-469: The ileum, is affected. There are also no clear score cutoffs for specific outcomes or treatment responses, limiting its effectiveness in determining remission. The Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD) offers a more straightforward approach than the CDEIS scoring system, using four key factors to evaluate Crohn's disease during an endoscopy. These factors include the presence and size of ulcers,
13524-430: The immune system in early life. Other medications, like oral contraceptives , aspirin , and NSAIDs , may also increase risk by up to two-fold. Conversely, breastfeeding and statin use may reduce risk, though breastfeeding's effects are inconsistent. Early life factors such as mode of delivery, pet exposure, and infections—related to the hygiene hypothesis —also significantly influence risk, likely due to influences on
13671-437: The induction and maintenance of remission, functioning by blocking the inflammatory molecules IL-12 and IL-23 . The onset of action is similar to that of anti-TNF treatments, with responses typically observed within six weeks. Notably, Ustekinumab does not seem to increase the risk of serious infections, although the studies conducted in Crohn's disease have been relatively short-term. The JAK inhibitor such as upadacitinib
13818-403: The influence of 'art traditions.' An example is Walser's linkage of heavy metal music with the ideologies and even some of the performance practices of nineteenth-century Romanticism . However, it would be clearly wrong to claim that traditions such as blues, rock, heavy metal, rap or dance music derive primarily from "art music.'" According to David Hatch and Stephen Millward, Black Sabbath and
13965-418: The intestinal barrier. Alterations in gut viral and fungal communities may contribute to Crohn's disease. Caudovirales bacteriophage sequences found in children with Crohn's suggest a potential biomarker for early-onset disease. A meta-analysis showed lower viral diversity in Crohn's patients compared to healthy individuals, with increased Synechococcus phage S CBS1 and Retroviridae viruses. Additionally,
14112-436: The intestinal lining, granulomas (not related to tissue injury), and abnormal villi structure in the terminal ileum. A pathologist specializing in inflammatory bowel disease is important for accurate Crohn's disease diagnoses. Even if biopsy results are unclear, doctors can still suggest a Crohn's disease diagnosis based on clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, and imaging results. The Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)
14259-605: The intricate patterns" used in heavy metal. A characteristic metal drumming technique is the cymbal choke , which consists of striking a cymbal and then immediately silencing it by grabbing it with the other hand (or, in some cases, the same striking hand), producing a burst of sound. The metal drum setup is generally much larger than those employed in other forms of rock music. Black metal, death metal and some "mainstream metal" bands "all depend upon double-kicks and blast beats ". In live performance, loudness – an "onslaught of sound", in sociologist Deena Weinstein 's description –
14406-423: The late 1950s instrumentals of Link Wray , particularly " Rumble " (1958); the early 1960s surf rock of Dick Dale , including " Let's Go Trippin' " (1961) and " Misirlou " (1962); and The Kingsmen 's version of " Louie Louie " (1963), which became a garage rock standard. However, the genre's direct lineage begins in the mid-1960s. American blues music was a major influence on the early British rockers of
14553-438: The late 1970s, however, metal bands were employing a wide variety of tempos, and as recently as the 2000s, metal tempos range from slow ballad tempos (quarter note = 60 beats per minute ) to extremely fast blast beat tempos (quarter note = 350 beats per minute). One of the signatures of the genre is the guitar power chord. In technical terms, the power chord is relatively simple: it involves just one main interval , generally
14700-593: The location of the disease (which can be ileal, colonic, ileocolonic, or isolated upper), and the behavior of the disease (including non-stricturing/non-penetrating, stricturing, penetrating, and perianal types). The management of Crohn's disease is customized based on the severity, location, and behavior of the disease. Providers also assess the risk of aggressive disease to determine the need for more intensive treatment. Risk factors include diagnosis before age 30, extensive disease involvement, perianal complications, deep ulcers, and history of surgery. A key goal of treatment
14847-471: The logos or other visual representations of favorite metal bands." In the 1980s, a range of sources – from punk rock and goth music to horror films – influenced metal fashion. Many metal performers of the 1970s and 1980s used radically shaped and brightly colored instruments to enhance their stage appearance. Fashion and personal style was especially important for glam metal bands of the era. Performers typically wore long, dyed, hairspray-teased hair (hence
14994-496: The low-end sound crucial to making the music "heavy". The bass plays a "more important role in heavy metal than in any other genre of rock". Metal basslines vary widely in complexity, from holding down a low pedal point as a foundation to doubling complex riffs and licks along with the lead or rhythm guitars. Some bands feature the bass as a lead instrument, an approach popularized by Metallica 's Cliff Burton with his heavy emphasis on bass solos and use of chords while playing
15141-602: The many genres the band has been put in over the years, but he stated "I don't think we're power metal." Heavy metal music Heavy metal (or simply metal ) is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and United States. With roots in blues rock , psychedelic rock and acid rock , heavy metal bands developed a thick, monumental sound characterized by distorted guitars, extended guitar solos , emphatic beats and loudness . In 1968, three of
15288-485: The mechanism by which Paneth cells secrete α-defensins, and mutations to these genes also impair the antimicrobial activity of Paneth cells. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are immune cells that exist in the epithelial barrier, consisting mostly of activated T cells . They interact with gut bacteria directly and emit signals to regulate the intestinal immune system. IELs in Crohn's disease produce increased levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-17 , IFNγ , and TNF . It
15435-615: The microbiome. Genetics significantly influences the risk of Crohn's disease. First-degree relatives of affected individuals have a five-fold increased risk, while identical twins have a 38–50% risk if one twin is affected. Genome-wide association studies have identified around 200 loci linked to Crohn's, most found in non-coding regions that regulate gene expression and overlap with other immune-related conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis . While genetics can predict disease location, it does not determine complications like stricturing. A substantial portion of inherited risk
15582-491: The mid-1960s, such as in reference to Vanilla Fudge . Iron Butterfly 's debut album, which was released in early 1968, was titled Heavy . The first use of "heavy metal" in a song lyric is in reference to a motorcycle in the Steppenwolf song " Born to Be Wild ", also released that year: "I like smoke and lightning / Heavy metal thunder / Racin' with the wind / And the feelin' that I'm under". An early documented use of
15729-585: The mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the genre's evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, while Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility and an increasing emphasis on speed. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden and Saxon followed in a similar vein. By the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as " metalheads " or " headbangers ". The lyrics of some metal genres became associated with aggression and machismo , an issue that has at times led to accusations of misogyny. During
15876-468: The mid-1980s, with some exceptions such as Girlschool . However, by the 2010s, women were making more of an impact, and PopMatters' Craig Hayes argues that metal "clearly empowers women". In the power metal and symphonic metal subgenres, there has been a sizable number of bands that have had women as the lead singers, such as Nightwish , Delain and Within Temptation . The rhythm in metal songs
16023-422: The mid-1990s, popular styles have expanded the definition of the genre. These include groove metal and nu metal , the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip-hop . Heavy metal is traditionally characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound and vigorous vocals. Heavy metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter or omit one or more of these attributes. In
16170-456: The mid-Seventies". "The term 'heavy metal' is self-defeating," remarked Kiss bassist Gene Simmons . "When I think of heavy metal, I've always thought of elves and evil dwarves and evil princes and princesses. A lot of the Maiden and Priest records were real metal records. I sure as hell don't think Metallica 's metal, or Guns N' Roses is metal, or Kiss is metal. It just doesn't deal with
16317-502: The more extreme side of the psychedelic rock genre, frequently containing a loud, improvised, and heavily distorted, guitar-centered sound. Acid rock has been described as psychedelic rock at its "rawest and most intense", emphasizing the heavier qualities associated with both the positive and negative extremes of the psychedelic experience rather than only the idyllic side of psychedelia. In contrast to more idyllic or whimsical pop psychedelic rock, American acid rock garage bands such as
16464-511: The mucosal immune system . Paneth cells exist in the epithelial barrier of the small intestine and secrete α-defensins to prevent bacteria from entering gut tissue. Genetic polymorphisms associated with Crohn's disease can impair this ability and lead to Crohn's disease in the ileum. NOD2 is a receptor produced by Paneth cells to sense bacteria, and mutations to NOD2 can inhibit the antimicrobial activity of Paneth cells. ATG16L1, IRGM , and LRRK2 are proteins involved in selective autophagy ,
16611-543: The new Nevermore record. I'm about half way there, and we're going to be going into the studio probably some time in the early fall." Nevermore were one of the first bands to be confirmed for Wacken Open Air 2009, where they performed alongside many bands including Motörhead , DragonForce , and HammerFall . Nevermore entered the studio in August with producer and Soilwork guitarist Peter Wichers to record their long-awaited 7th album The Obsidian Conspiracy . The recording
16758-535: The nickname "hair metal"); makeup such as lipstick and eyeliner; gaudy clothing, including leopard-skin-printed shirts or vests and tight denim, leather or spandex pants; and accessories such as headbands and jewelry. Pioneered by the heavy metal act X Japan in the late 1980s, bands in the Japanese movement known as visual kei , which includes many non-metal groups, emphasize elaborate costumes, hair and makeup. When performing live, many metal musicians – as well as
16905-456: The numerous heavy metal bands that they inspired have concentrated lyrically "on dark and depressing subject matter to an extent hitherto unprecedented in any form of pop music." They take as an example Black Sabbath's second album, Paranoid (1970), which "included songs dealing with personal trauma—' Paranoid ' and ' Fairies Wear Boots ' (which described the unsavoury side effects of drug-taking)—as well as those confronting wider issues, such as
17052-431: The other metal genres: moshing and stage diving , which "were imported from the punk/hardcore subculture ". Weinstein states that moshing participants bump and jostle each other as they move in a circle in an area called the "pit" near the stage. Stage divers climb onto the stage with the band and then jump "back into the audience". It has been argued that heavy metal has outlasted many other rock genres largely due to
17199-430: The overwhelming evidence that suggests otherwise". Music critic Robert Christgau called metal "an expressive mode [that] it sometimes seems will be with us for as long as ordinary white boys fear girls, pity themselves, and are permitted to rage against a world they'll never beat". Heavy metal artists have had to defend their lyrics in front of the U.S. Senate and in court. In 1985, Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider
17346-727: The periodic table organizes elements of both light and heavy metals (e.g., uranium). An early use of the term in modern popular culture was by countercultural writer William S. Burroughs . His 1961 novel The Soft Machine includes a character known as "Uranian Willy, the Heavy Metal Kid". Burroughs' next novel, Nova Express (1964), develops the theme, using "heavy metal" as a metaphor for addictive drugs: "With their diseases and orgasm drugs and their sexless parasite life forms—Heavy Metal People of Uranus wrapped in cool blue mist of vaporized bank notes—And The Insect People of Minraud with metal music." Inspired by Burroughs' novels,
17493-592: The phrase in rock criticism appears in Sandy Pearlman's February 1967 Crawdaddy review of the Rolling Stones ' Got Live If You Want It (1966), albeit as a description of the sound rather than as a genre: "On this album the Stones go metal. Technology is in the saddle—as an ideal and as a method." Another appears in the 11 May 1968 issue of Rolling Stone , in which Barry Gifford wrote about
17640-422: The production of anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids from fiber metabolism by gut bacteria. The Mediterranean diet is also linked to a lower risk of later-onset Crohn's disease. Since diet's effect on the microbiome is temporary, its role in gut dysbiosis is controversial. Childhood antibiotic exposure is linked to a higher risk of Crohn's disease due to changes in the intestinal microbiome, which shapes
17787-431: The rectum or cause continuous inflammation around the bowel. In certain cases, such as disease in the upper small bowel, standard colonoscopy may be ineffective. Physicians may then opt for device-assisted enteroscopy or capsule endoscopy . While capsule endoscopy is effective in detecting abnormalities, it may not reliably diagnose Crohn's disease and carries a risk of retention, which is about 1.6% when Crohn's disease
17934-710: The release of The Esseness Project, an all-instrumental progressive rock album. Dane and Loomis entered the studio, each to record a solo album. Dane recorded Praises to the War Machine and Loomis recorded Zero Order Phase , both released in 2008. Later that year, the band released their first-ever live concert CD/DVD titled The Year of the Voyager , the only release to feature veteran touring guitarist Chris Broderick , who departed to join Megadeth . In an interview with Komodo Rock published in July, Jeff Loomis said that "I actually have six or seven songs already for
18081-473: The same 27th-rate heavy metal crap". In a review of Sir Lord Baltimore 's Kingdom Come in the May 1971 edition of Creem , Saunders wrote, "Sir Lord Baltimore seems to have down pat most all the best heavy metal tricks in the book." Creem critic Lester Bangs is credited with popularizing the term via his early 1970s essays on bands such as Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. Through the decade, "heavy metal"
18228-499: The self-explanatory ' War Pigs ' and ' Hand of Doom .'" Deriving from the genre's roots in blues music, sex is another important topic – a thread running from Led Zeppelin's suggestive lyrics to the more explicit references of glam metal and nu metal bands. The thematic content of heavy metal has long been a target of criticism. According to Jon Pareles , "Heavy metal's main subject matter is simple and virtually universal. With grunts, moans and subliterary lyrics, it celebrates ...
18375-627: The skin and joints can also be affected. Complications can include bowel obstructions , fistulas , nutrition problems, and an increased risk of intestinal cancers . Crohn's disease is influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor, especially in Western countries, where it doubles the likelihood of developing the disease. Dietary shifts from high-fiber to processed foods may reduce microbiota diversity and increase risk, while high-fiber diets can offer some protection. Genetic predisposition plays
18522-466: The small intestine using specialized tools, such as longer endoscopes or balloon-assisted devices, making it easier for doctors to visualize and treat issues. It often requires sedation and is generally reserved for patients needing a tissue sample or immediate treatment. Cross-sectional imaging techniques, like bowel ultrasonography (BUS), CT enterography (CTE), and MRI enterography (MRE), are essential for understanding how extensive Crohn's disease
18669-646: The small intestine, reduced appetite, and drug interactions. This can cause complications such as: Intestinal cancers may develop as a result of prolonged or severe inflammation. This includes: Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for Crohn's disease, particularly in Western countries, where it doubles the risk. This risk is higher in females and varies with age. Smoking is also linked to earlier disease onset, increased need for immunosuppression, more surgeries, and higher recurrence rates. Ethnic differences have been noted, with studies in Japan linking passive smoking to
18816-410: The strings with the picking hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more precise sound and it emphasizes the low end. The lead role of the guitar in heavy metal often collides with the traditional "frontman" or bandleader role of the vocalist, creating a musical tension as the two "contend for dominance" in a spirit of "affectionate rivalry". Heavy metal "demands the subordination of
18963-470: The summer of 2005. In 2006, they toured with Disturbed and also as direct support to In Flames on the second leg of its North American tour. 2006 held a bit of bad luck for Nevermore, as bassist Jim Sheppard underwent a procedure for Crohn's disease , which he has suffered from for over 15 years, and guitarist Steve Smyth was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, and had to get a kidney transplant. Warrel Dane had previously developed type 2 diabetes , and
19110-714: The term was used in the title of the 1967 album Featuring the Human Host and the Heavy Metal Kids by Hapshash and the Coloured Coat , which has been claimed to be its first use in the context of music. The phrase was later lifted by Sandy Pearlman , who used the term to describe the Byrds for their supposed "aluminium style of context and effect", particularly on their album The Notorious Byrd Brothers (1968). Metal historian Ian Christe describes what
19257-478: The terms "heavy metal" and "hard rock" have often been used interchangeably, particularly in discussing bands of the 1970s, a period when the terms were largely synonymous. For example, the 1983 edition of the Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll includes the following passage: "Known for its aggressive blues-based hard-rock style, Aerosmith was the top American heavy-metal band of
19404-434: The two genres that have the most in common when it comes to feel, texture, creativity." Although a number of metal musicians cite classical composers as inspiration, classical and metal are rooted in different cultural traditions and practices – classical in the art music tradition, metal in the popular music tradition. As musicologists Nicolas Cook and Nicola Dibben note: "Analyses of popular music also sometimes reveal
19551-434: The voice" to the overall sound of the band. Reflecting metal's roots in the 1960s counterculture, an "explicit display of emotion" is required from the vocals as a sign of authenticity. Critic Simon Frith claims that the metal singer's "tone of voice" is more important than the lyrics. The prominent role of the bass is also key to the metal sound, and the interplay of bass and guitar is a central element. The bass provides
19698-475: The weird kid. It's kind of like that, but with metal you have all the weird kids in one place." Scholars of metal have noted the tendency of fans to classify and reject some performers (and some other fans) as " poseurs " "who pretended to be part of the subculture, but who were deemed to lack authenticity and sincerity". The origin of the term "heavy metal" in a musical context is uncertain. The phrase has been used for centuries in chemistry and metallurgy, where
19845-414: The bass in the early 1980s. Lemmy of Motörhead often played overdriven power chords in his bass lines. The essence of heavy metal drumming is creating a loud, constant beat for the band using the "trifecta of speed, power, and precision". Heavy metal drumming "requires an exceptional amount of endurance", and drummers have to develop "considerable speed, coordination, and dexterity ... to play
19992-412: Was announced that Nevermore had canceled their entire Australian tour. However, in July 2011, Warrel Dane announced that Nevermore had not broken up, and his main focus was on Sanctuary. Dane also mentioned that it would be difficult to continue Nevermore without Jeff Loomis. Both Loomis and Dane talked about the possibility of a reunion, the latter citing that the band split amicably. Dane went on to say in
20139-406: Was applied to a pounding, hard rock variant that evolved out of the mid-1960s garage-punk movement. ... When rock began turning back to softer, roots-oriented sounds in late 1968, acid-rock bands mutated into heavy metal acts." One of the most influential bands in forging the merger of psychedelic rock and acid rock with the blues rock genre was the British power trio Cream , who derived
20286-586: Was asked to defend his song " Under the Blade " at a U.S. Senate hearing. At the hearing, the PMRC alleged that the song was about sadomasochism and rape ; Snider stated that the song was about his bandmate's throat surgery. In 1986, Ozzy Osbourne was sued over the lyrics of his song " Suicide Solution ". A lawsuit against Osbourne was filed by the parents of John McCollum, a depressed teenager who committed suicide allegedly after listening to Osbourne's song. Osbourne
20433-685: Was completed in October 2009 and was released June 8, 2010, in America, and May 31, 2010, in the EU On June 1, 2010, Nevermore announced a North American Tour in Fall with openers Warbringer , Hatesphere , and Blackguard . On April 11, 2011, Nevermore canceled their scheduled North American tour with Symphony X . Later on April 21, 2011, longtime and founding members Jeff Loomis and Van Williams announced their departure from Nevermore, citing personal and musical differences. In addition, on May 3, 2011, it
20580-493: Was considered extremely dissonant and unstable by medieval and Renaissance music theorists. It was nicknamed the diabolus in musica – "the devil in music". Heavy metal songs often make extensive use of pedal point as a harmonic basis. A pedal point is a sustained tone, typically in the bass range, during which at least one foreign (i.e., dissonant) harmony is sounded in the other parts. According to Robert Walser, heavy metal harmonic relationships are "often quite complex" and
20727-523: Was followed by a European tour with Blind Guardian and a North American tour with Death . Second guitarist Pat O'Brien joined the band prior to the release of the EP In Memory and also took part in the recording of the subsequent album The Politics of Ecstasy , both from 1996. O'Brien left Nevermore to play in Cannibal Corpse and Curran Murphy from Shatter Messiah was enlisted as
20874-501: Was not found to be responsible for the teen's death. In 1990, Judas Priest was sued in American court by the parents of two young men who had shot themselves five years earlier, allegedly after hearing the subliminal statement "do it" in the band's cover of the song " Better by You, Better than Me ". While the case attracted a great deal of media attention, it was ultimately dismissed. In 1991, U.K. police seized death metal records from
21021-616: Was obtaining mainstream success at the time due to bands such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam (both, incidentally, also from Seattle). Two members of the band – vocalist Warrel Dane and bassist Jim Sheppard — did not agree with the change, and thus proceeded to create a project of their own: Nevermore. By the end of 1994, the band assumed a stable lineup, which saw the additions of drummer Van Williams and former Sanctuary touring guitarist Jeff Loomis . In 1995, Nevermore released its debut album through Century Media Records . This album received much attention and specialized review, as its release
21168-410: Was often used interchangeably with "heavy metal" and " hard rock ". "Acid rock" generally describes heavy, hard or raw psychedelic rock. Musicologist Steve Waksman stated that "the distinction between acid rock, hard rock, and heavy metal can at some point never be more than tenuous", while percussionist John Beck defined "acid rock" as synonymous with hard rock and heavy metal. Apart from "acid rock",
21315-419: Was one of the earliest terms used to describe this style of music and was applied to acts such as Sabbath and Bloodrock . Classic Rock magazine described the downer rock culture revolving around the use of Quaaludes and the drinking of wine. The term would later be replaced by "heavy metal". Earlier on, as "heavy metal" emerged partially from heavy psychedelic rock, also known as acid rock , "acid rock"
21462-435: Was seminal to the development of the later heavy metal sound. The combination of this loud and heavy blues rock with psychedelic rock and acid rock formed much of the original basis for heavy metal. The variant or subgenre of psychedelic rock often known as "acid rock" was particularly influential on heavy metal and its development; acid rock is often defined as a heavier, louder, or harder variant of psychedelic rock, or
21609-413: Was used by certain critics as a virtually automatic putdown. In 1979, lead New York Times popular music critic John Rockwell described what he called "heavy-metal rock" as "brutally aggressive music played mostly for minds clouded by drugs" and, in a different article, as "a crude exaggeration of rock basics that appeals to white teenagers". Coined by Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward , "downer rock"
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