30-757: Lt.-Col. Neville Sneyd Bertie-Clay (22 July 1864 – 17 October 1938) was a British army officer. He served in the Royal Artillery and in the Royal Garrison Artillery , but spent much of his career on secondment to the Indian Ordnance Department of the Indian Army . Bertie-Clay invented the dum dum soft-pointed bullet in 1896 as the Mark II Lee-Metford bullet then in use was perceived to leave
60-421: A full metal jacket and did not deform upon hitting a person, allowing it to travel straight through tissue and bone without smashing it. The British Medical Journal published a report on one tribesman who had been hit by six such bullets but recovered in hospital. The military authorities decided that the bullet should be altered to increase its stopping power without affecting its range. Bertie-Clay developed
90-571: A bullet at Dum Dum with a metal jacket that did not run the whole length of the bullet and so exposed the softer lead tip. When this bullet hit a target the lead head would deform (or "mushroom"), spreading the force of the bullet out and causing larger wounds. In public trials held in 1896 the bullet was proved to have a greater stopping power than the Mark II. This was not the first expanding bullet, hollow-point bullets had been developed earlier particularly for use in hunting. The British Army adopted
120-641: A small wound with insufficient stopping power to halt a determined charge. The dum dum would later be outlawed for use in warfare by the Hague Convention of 1899 but remains in use for police firearms and hunting. Bertie-Clay was born in Chhindwara to Maj.-Gen. Edward Bertie Clay of the Bengal Staff Corps and Sarah Maria ( née Attwood). His great-grandfather was Rear Admiral Edward Sneyd Clay (1768–1846). He served as an officer in
150-772: Is most famous for being the inventor of the dum dum , a soft-pointed bullet . At the time of their invention in 1896 Bertie-Clay was the Superintendent of the British arsenal at Dum Dum in Bengal . The Mark II Lee-Metford bullet then in use with the British Army was shown, during the Chitral Expedition of 1895, to leave a small wound with insufficient stopping power to halt a determined charge, particularly when fired at close range. The Mark II bullet had
180-504: The British Army from at least 6 June 1887 when, as a Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery , he was seconded to the Indian Ordnance Department of the Indian Army . He was promoted to the rank of Captain on 18 May 1892 whilst still on secondment, this promotion being later postponed to 25 May. Bertie-Clay received promotion to Major on 21 December 1901, remaining with the Indian Ordnance Department. By this point he had transferred to
210-660: The Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in World War I. The German invasion of neutral Luxembourg and Belgium in August 1914 in order to outflank France, for instance, was a violation of Convention (V) of 1907, which states that belligerents must not violate neutral territory and move troops across said territory. Poison gas
240-558: The Netherlands . Along with the Geneva Conventions , the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law . A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of World War I . The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first multilateral treaties that addressed
270-716: The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) which had been formed in 1899 as a sub-branch of the Royal Artillery to manage the heavy guns. Bertie-Clay was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on 18 May 1912, remaining with both the Ordnance Department and the RGA. During the First World War , on 21 June 1917, Bertie-Clay was put on a "Special Appointment", receiving pay equivalent to a Staff Lieutenant (1st class) whilst doing so. His special appointment pay
300-482: The United States , Great Britain , Russia , France , China and Persia , favoured a process for binding international arbitration, but the provision was vetoed by a few countries, led by Germany . The First Hague Conference came from a proposal on 24 August 1898 by Russian Tsar Nicholas II . Nicholas and Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov , his foreign minister , were instrumental in initiating
330-493: The laws of war and war crimes . A major effort in both conferences was the creation of a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war. This effort failed at both conferences. Instead, a voluntary forum for arbitration, the Permanent Court of Arbitration , was established. Most of the countries present, including
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#1732783984633360-414: The 1899 Convention. However, the meeting of major powers did prefigure later 20th-century attempts at international cooperation. The second conference was called at the suggestion of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It was postponed because of the war between Russia and Japan . The Second Peace Conference was held from 15 June to 18 October 1907. The intent of the conference was to expand upon
390-584: The 1899 Hague Convention by modifying some parts and adding new topics; in particular, the 1907 conference had an increased focus on naval warfare . The British attempted to secure the limitation of armaments, but these efforts were defeated by the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of the German fleet. As Britain had the world's largest navy , limits on naval expansion would preserve that dominant position. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However,
420-509: The Hague conferences as a nucleus of a future international federation that was to meet at regular intervals to administer justice and develop international law procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes, asserting that "a definite political union of the states of the world has been created with the First and Second Conferences". After World War II , the judges of the military tribunal of
450-544: The Trial of German Major War Criminals at Nuremberg Trials found that by 1939, the rules laid down in the 1907 Hague Convention IV – Laws and Customs of War on Land were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as declaratory of the laws and customs of war. Under this post-war decision, a country did not have to have ratified the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare in order to be bound by them. Although their contents have largely been superseded by other treaties,
480-540: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 946593217 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:53:04 GMT Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in
510-446: The bullet and used it against Asian and African opponents, but it was thought "too cruel" for use against Europeans. The dum dum bullet was banned by the Hague Convention of 1899 under rules that prohibited explosive bullets that had been taken over from the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868 . The delegates at the convention decided that the use of dum dum bullets in warfare was "contrary to
540-463: The conditions of any armistice , and respect for human life; assassination and murder of soldiers or citizens in hostile territory; and the status of individuals engaged in a state of civil war against the government. As such, the code was widely regarded as the best summary of the first customary laws and customs of war in the 19th century. It was welcomed and adopted by military establishments of other nations. The 1874 Brussels Declaration, which
570-841: The conduct of warfare and were largely based on the Lieber Code , which was signed and issued by US President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States on 24 April 1863, during the American Civil War . The Lieber Code was the first official comprehensive codified law that set out regulations for behavior in times of martial law ; protection of civilians and civilian property and punishment of transgression ; deserters , prisoners of war , hostages , and pillaging ; partisans ; spies ; truces and prisoner exchange ; parole of former rebel troops;
600-533: The conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the Second Conference were signed on 18 October 1907; they entered into force on 26 January 1910. The 1907 Convention consists of thirteen treaties—of which twelve were ratified and entered into force—and one declaration: At
630-570: The conference. The conference opened on 18 May 1899, the Tsar's birthday. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the conference were signed on 29 July of that year, and they entered into force on 4 September 1900. What is referred to as the Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of three main treaties and three additional declarations: The Second Hague Conference , in 1907, resulted in conventions containing only few major advancements from
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#1732783984633660-505: The defense of the principle of legal equality of nations. The British delegation included Sir Edward Fry , Sir Ernest Satow , the 11th Lord Reay (Donald James Mackay) and Sir Henry Howard as delegates, and Eyre Crowe as a technical delegate. The Russian delegation was led by Friedrich Martens . The Uruguayan delegation was led by José Batlle y Ordóñez , a defender of the idea of compulsory arbitration. With Louis Renault and Léon Bourgeois , Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
690-401: The humanitarian spirit", despite the British delegation's protests that it was needed for colonial wars. The dum dum bullet is still in use by police forces for handguns to maximise stopping power and minimise the risk of passing through a target and hitting a bystander and in some types of game hunting. Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom) Too Many Requests If you report this error to
720-513: The same time an International socialist Congress was standing in Stuttgart, in which the British delegate Harry Quelch labelled the Hague Convention a "thieves' supper." German authorities were swift in expelling Quelch from the country for his remarks, an action which boosted British esteem in the eyes of their radical peers. The Brazilian delegation was led by Ruy Barbosa , whose contributions are seen today by some analysts as essential for
750-571: The use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare in interstate armed conflicts. The protocol grew out of the increasing public outcry against chemical warfare following the use of mustard gas and similar agents in World War I , and fears that chemical and biological warfare could lead to horrific consequences in any future war. The protocol has since been augmented by the Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and
780-667: Was a member of the French delegation for both the 1899 and 1907 delegations. He later won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909 for his efforts. The U.S. representative, with the rank of ambassador, was former American Bar Association president U. M. Rose . The main representative of the Chinese Empire was Lu Zhengxiang , who would become Prime Minister of the Republic of China in 1912. Also in attendance on behalf of China
810-720: Was former U.S. Secretary of State John Watson Foster. China's main military representative was Colonel Ding Shiyuan, whose suggestion regarding the need for a more specific legal definition of "war" was rejected by most of the Western participants. Though not negotiated in The Hague, the Geneva Protocol to the Hague Conventions is considered an addition to the Conventions. Signed on 17 June 1925 and entering into force on 8 February 1928, its single article permanently bans
840-463: Was introduced and used by all major belligerents throughout the war, in violation of the Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 and Convention (IV) of 1907, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons". Writing in 1918, the German international law scholar and neo-Kantian pacifist Walther Schücking called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences". Schücking saw
870-598: Was never adopted by all major nations, listed 56 articles that drew inspiration from the Lieber Code. Much of the regulations in the Hague Conventions borrowed heavily from the Lieber Code. The Hague Convention of 1899 was notably attended by the Korean Empire as an independent country, prior to its loss of independence in 1905 that prevented it from attending the Hague Convention of 1907. Both conferences included negotiations concerning disarmament ,
900-542: Was upgraded to "Class GG" on 23 November 1918 and he relinquished both the appointment and pay on 24 July 1919. Bertie-Clay was awarded the French Croix de Guerre on 21 August 1919 at which point he had returned to the RGA and was once again seconded to the Indian Ordnance Department. Bertie-Clay died on 17 October 1938, having lived for some time at Villa La Pensée in Papara , Tahiti , Society Islands . Bertie-Clay
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