New Aberdeen is a neighbourhood in Aberdeen , Scotland .
81-510: A Royal Burgh was established by the reign of David I in the middle of the twelfth century with Alexander II establishing a Guild of Merchants in New Aberdeen in 1222. It was a fishing and trading settlement where the river Denburn entered the Dee estuary . The burgh of New Aberdeen was merged with Old Aberdeen in 1891 to form the county of the city of Aberdeen . The area has some of
162-458: A bond with Henry Murdac , the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugene III , supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. In 1149, Henry sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under his control and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters became aware of David's intentions and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to
243-613: A date unknown in 1084 in Scotland. He was probably the eighth son of King Malcolm III , and certainly the sixth and youngest borne by Malcolm's second wife, Margaret of Wessex . He was the grandson of King Duncan I . In 1093, King Malcolm and David's brother Edward were killed at the River Aln during an invasion of Northumberland . David and his two brothers Alexander and Edgar were probably present when their mother died shortly afterwards. According to later medieval tradition,
324-587: A force of knights and men-at-arms. A pitched battle took place, the battle of Clitheroe , and the English army was routed. By later July 1138, the two Scottish armies had reunited in "St Cuthbert's land", that is, in the lands controlled by the Bishop of Durham , on the far side of the river Tyne . Another English army had mustered to meet the Scots, this time led by William, Earl of Aumale . The victory at Clitheroe
405-410: A judge at Woodstock for the treason trial of Geoffrey de Clinton . It was in this year that David's wife, Matilda of Huntingdon, died. Possibly as a result of this, and while David was still in southern England, Scotland-proper rose up in arms against him. The instigator was, again, his nephew Máel Coluim, who now had the support of Óengus of Moray . King Óengus was David's most powerful vassal,
486-660: A large fleet and a large army of Norman knights, including Walter Espec , were sent by Henry to Carlisle in order to assist David's attempt to root out his Scottish enemies. The fleet seems to have been used in the Irish Sea , the Firth of Clyde and the entire Argyll coast, where Máel Coluim was probably at large among supporters. In 1134, Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle . Since modern historians no longer confuse him with " Malcolm MacHeth ", it
567-601: A list called Dictatus papae around 1075 or shortly after. The major headings of Gregorian reform can be seen as embodied in the Papal electoral decree (1059), and the temporary resolution of the Investiture Controversy (1075–1122) was an overwhelming papal victory. The resolution of this controversy acknowledged papal superiority over secular rulers by implication. Before the Gregorian Reforms
648-475: A man who, as grandson of King Lulach of Scotland , even had his own claim to the kingdom. The rebel Scots had advanced into Angus , where they were met by David's Mercian constable , Edward ; a battle took place at Stracathro near Brechin . According to the Annals of Ulster , 1000 of Edward's army, and 4000 of Óengus' army – including Óengus himself – died. According to Orderic Vitalis, Edward followed up
729-528: A national diocesan system. As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained. Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages , and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as
810-455: A native Scot called Aindréas to be the first Bishop of Caithness , a bishopric which was based at Halkirk , near Thurso , in an area which was ethnically Scandinavian. In 1150, it looked like Caithness and the whole earldom of Orkney were going to come under permanent Scottish control. However, David's plans for the north soon began to encounter problems. In 1151, King Eystein II of Norway put
891-407: A picture of routine enslavings, as well as killings of churchmen, women and infants. By February King Stephen marched north to deal with David. The two armies avoided each other, and Stephen was soon on the road south. In the summer David split his army into two forces, sending William fitz Duncan to march into Lancashire , where he harried Furness and Craven . On 10 June, William fitz Duncan met
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#1732773302969972-493: A pitched battle, a treaty was agreed whereby David would retain Carlisle, while David's son Henry was re-granted the title and half the lands of the earldom of Huntingdon, territory which had been confiscated during David's revolt. On Stephen's side, he received back the other castles; and while David would do no homage, Stephen was to receive the homage of Henry for both Carlisle and the other English territories. Stephen also gave
1053-433: A project, a project which came to an end only after Henry II ordered David's child successor Máel Coluim IV to hand over the most important of David's gains. It is clear that neither one of these interpretations can be taken without some weight being given to the other. Henry I had arranged his inheritance to pass to his daughter Empress Matilda . Instead, Stephen , younger brother of Theobald II, Count of Blois , seized
1134-550: A settlement. David's son Henry was given the earldom of Northumberland and was restored to the earldom of Huntingdon and lordship of Doncaster ; David himself was allowed to keep Carlisle and Cumberland. King Stephen was to retain possession of the strategically vital castles of Bamburgh and Newcastle. This effectively fulfilled all of David's war aims. The settlement with Stephen was not set to last long. The arrival in England of Empress Matilda gave David an opportunity to renew
1215-573: A similar grant to this same Erlend, cancelling the effect of David's grant. David's weakness in Orkney was that the Norwegian kings were not prepared to stand back and let him reduce their power. David's relationship with England and the English crown in these years is usually interpreted in two ways. Firstly, his actions are understood in relation to his connections with the King of England. No historian
1296-427: A single state, but all states. Thus Gregory, as a politician wanting to achieve some result, was driven in practice to adopt a different standpoint. He acknowledged the existence of the state as a dispensation of Providence , described the coexistence of church and state as a divine ordinance, and emphasized the necessity of union between the sacerdotium and the imperium . But, during no period would he have imagined
1377-444: A spanner in the works by sailing through the waterways of Orkney with a large fleet and catching the young Harald unaware in his residence at Thurso. Eystein forced Harald to pay fealty as a condition of his release. Later in the year David hastily responded by supporting the claims to the Orkney earldom of Harald's rival Erlend Haraldsson , granting him half of Caithness in opposition to Harald. King Eystein responded in turn by making
1458-491: A valuable supplement to his income and manpower, increasing his status as one of the most powerful magnates in the Kingdom of the English. Moreover, Matilda's father Waltheof had been Earl of Northumberland , a defunct lordship which had covered the far north of England and included Cumberland and Westmorland , Northumberland -proper, as well as overlordship of the bishopric of Durham . After King Henry's death, David revived
1539-546: A whole more like that of France and England , but he did not create it. One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English Church . The problem with the English Church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated to
1620-454: Is clear that nothing more is ever heard of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, except perhaps that his sons were later allied with Somerled . Richard Oram puts forward the suggestion that it was during this period that David granted Walter fitz Alan Strathgryfe , with northern Kyle and the area around Renfrew , forming what would become the "Stewart" lordship of Strathgryfe; he also suggests that Hugh de Morville may have gained Cunningham and
1701-566: Is likely to deny that David's early career was largely manufactured by King Henry I of England. David was the latter's brother-in-law and " greatest protégé ", one of Henry's "new men". His hostility to Stephen can be interpreted as an effort to uphold the intended inheritance of Henry I, the succession of his daughter and David's niece Empress Matilda . David carried out his wars in her name, joined her when she arrived in England, and later knighted her son Henry . However, David's policy towards England can be interpreted in an additional way. David
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#17327733029691782-400: Is supreme over all human structures, especially the secular state; and that the pope, in his role as head of the church under the petrine commission, is the vice-regent of God on earth, so that disobedience to him implies disobedience to God: or, in other words, a defection from Christianity. But any attempt to interpret this in terms of action would have bound the church to annihilate not merely
1863-404: Is used by many scholars to summarise the changes that took place in Scotland during his reign. These included his foundation of burghs and regional markets, implementation of the ideals of Gregorian Reform , foundation of monasteries , Normanisation of the Scottish government, and the introduction of feudalism through immigrant Anglo-Norman , Norman and Flemish knights. David was born on
1944-642: The Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric with jurisdiction over Glasgow. Thurstan travelled to Rome, as did the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil , and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the Archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination. York's claim over bishops north of
2025-841: The Catholic Church slipping back into the abuses that had occurred in Rome, during the Rule of the Harlots , between 904 and 964. Pope Benedict IX had been elected Pope three times and had sold the Papacy. In 1054 the "Great Schism" had divided Western European Christians from the Eastern Orthodox Church . Given these events, the Catholic Church had to reassert its importance and authority to its followers. Within
2106-770: The South Tyne enabled him to begin minting the Kingdom of Scotland 's first silver coinage. David, meanwhile, issued charters to Shrewsbury Abbey in respect to their lands in Lancashire . However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York . David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn , to
2187-642: The bull Libertas ecclesiae . The Gregorian reform depended in new ways and to a new degree on the collections of canon law that were being assembled, in order to buttress the papal position, during the same period. Part of the legacy of the Gregorian Reform was the new figure of the papal legist , exemplified a century later by Pope Innocent III . There is no explicit mention of Gregory's reforms against simony (the selling of church offices and sacred things) or nicolaism (which included ritual fornication) at his Lenten Councils of 1075 or 1076. Rather,
2268-401: The river Ribble and Pennines while holding the north-east as far south as the river Tyne , on the borders of the core territory of the bishopric of Durham . While his son brought all the senior barons of Northumberland into his entourage, David rebuilt the fortress of Carlisle . Carlisle quickly replaced Roxburgh as his favoured residence. David's acquisition of the mines at Alston on
2349-407: The Catholic Church was a heavily decentralized institution, in which the pope held little power outside his position as Bishop of Rome. With that in mind, the papacy up until the twelfth century held little to no authority over the bishops, who were invested with land by lay rulers. Gregory VII's ban on lay investiture was a key element of the reform, ultimately contributing to the centralized papacy of
2430-433: The English chroniclers. Richard of Hexham called it "an execrable army, savager than any race of heathen yielding honour to neither God nor man" and that it "harried the whole province and slaughtered everywhere folk of either sex, of every age and condition, destroying, pillaging and burning the vills, churches and houses". Several doubtful stories of cannibalism were recorded by chroniclers, and these same chroniclers paint
2511-637: The Forth was in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow. Gregorian Reform Jus novum ( c. 1140 -1563) Jus novissimum ( c. 1563 -1918) Jus codicis (1918-present) Other Sacraments Sacramentals Sacred places Sacred times Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures Particular churches Juridic persons Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Clerics Office Juridic and physical persons Associations of
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2592-523: The Roman curia, and secular authorities. During this early period, the scope of Papal authority in the wake of the Investiture Controversy entered into dialogue with developing notions of Papal supremacy . The authority of the emphatically "Roman" council as the universal legislative assembly was theorised according to the principles of papal primacy contained in Dictatus papae . Gregory also had to avoid
2673-518: The Scots massed an army on Northumberland's border , to which the English responded by gathering an army at Newcastle . Once more pitched battle was avoided, and instead, a truce was agreed until December. When December fell, David demanded that Stephen hand over the whole of the old earldom of Northumberland. Stephen's refusal led to David's third invasion, this time in January 1138. The army which invaded England in January and February 1138 shocked
2754-589: The Scottish church usually acknowledges David's role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury . It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Aelred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in
2835-415: The backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair . Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus , Mormaer of Moray . David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After
2916-467: The bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey Rufus in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter . Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the papal legate , Henry of Blois , Bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining
2997-482: The ceremony of coronation was a series of elaborate traditional rituals, of the kind infamous in the Anglo-French world of the 12th century for their "unchristian" elements. Aelred of Rievaulx , friend and one-time member of David's court, reported that David "so abhorred those acts of homage which are offered by the Scottish nation in the manner of their fathers upon the recent promotion of their kings, that he
3078-477: The church, important new laws were pronounced on simony , on clerical marriage and from 1059 on extending the prohibited degrees of affinity . Although at each new turn the reforms were presented to contemporaries as a return to the old ways, they are often seen by modern historians as novel. The much later Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII has no connection to those Gregorian reforms. The reforms are encoded in two major documents: Dictatus papae and
3159-479: The city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew. Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient Kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles [had been] lost forever". Historical treatment of David I and
3240-521: The claim to this earldom for his son, Henry. David's activities and whereabouts after 1114 are not always easy to trace. He spent much of his time outside his principality, in England and Normandy. Despite the death of his sister on 1 May 1118, David still possessed the favour of King Henry when his brother Alexander died in 1124, leaving Scotland without a king. In spite of the fact that David spent his childhood in Scotland, Michael Lynch and Richard Oram portray him as having little initial connection with
3321-459: The clerics (from the pope and the bishop to the country priest) were subject by customary law to the authority of the emperor, the king, the prince or the lord. The following uses were thus most protested against: During Gregory's pontificate, a conciliar approach to implementing papal reform took on an added momentum. Conciliarism properly refers to a later system of power between the Pope,
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3402-806: The conflict with Stephen. In either May or June, David travelled to the south of England and entered Matilda's company; he was present for her expected coronation at Westminster Abbey , though this never took place. David was there until September when the Empress found herself surrounded at Winchester . This civil war, or " the Anarchy " as it was later called, enabled David to strengthen his own position in northern England. While David consolidated his hold on his own and his son's newly acquired lands, he also sought to expand his influence. The castles at Newcastle and Bamburgh were again brought under his control, and he attained dominion over all of England north-west of
3483-400: The culture and society of the Scots; but both likewise argue that David became increasingly re-Gaelicised in the later stages of his reign. Whatever the case, David's claim to be heir to the Scottish kingdom was doubtful. He was the youngest of eight sons of the fifth from last king. Two more recent kings had produced sons, William fitz Duncan , son of King Duncan II, and Máel Coluim , son of
3564-499: The daughter of Haakon Paulsson , Earl of Orkney . The marriage temporarily secured the northern frontier of the kingdom and held out the prospect that a son of one of David's mormaers could gain Orkney and Caithness for the Kingdom of Scotland. Thus, by the time Henry I died on 1 December 1135, David had more of Scotland under his control than ever before. While fighting King Stephen and attempting to dominate northern England in
3645-485: The daughter of Óengus in marriage, cementing his authority in the region. The burghs of Elgin and Forres may have been founded at this point, consolidating royal authority in Moray. David also founded Urquhart Priory , possibly as a "victory monastery", and assigned to it a percentage of his cain (tribute) from Argyll. During this period too, a marriage was arranged between the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl , and
3726-557: The death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, Empress Matilda , to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England , despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138. David I is a saint of the Catholic Church , with his feast day celebrated on 24 May. The term " Davidian Revolution "
3807-490: The faithful Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Canonization Election of the Roman Pontiff Academic degrees Journals and Professional Societies Faculties of canon law Canonists Institute of consecrated life Society of apostolic life The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia , c. 1050–80, which dealt with
3888-574: The gravity of these reforms has to be inferred from his general correspondence. By contrast, Gregory's Register entry for the Roman Council of November 1078 extensively records Gregory's legislation against 'abuses' such as simony as well as the first 'full' prohibition of lay investiture. This record has been interpreted as the essence of the Gregorian 'reform programme'. The powers that the Gregorian papacy gathered to itself are summed up in
3969-571: The killing of Óengus by marching north into Moray itself, which, in Orderic's words, "lacked a defender and lord"; and so Edward, "with God's help obtained the entire duchy of that extensive district". However, this was far from the end of it. Máel Coluim escaped, and four years of continuing civil war followed; for David, this period was quite simply a "struggle for survival". It appears that David asked for and obtained extensive military aid from King Henry. Aelred of Rievaulx related that at this point
4050-540: The kingdom from [David], and fought against him two sufficiently fierce battles; but David, who was loftier in understanding and in power and wealth, conquered him and his followers". Máel Coluim escaped unharmed into areas of Scotland not yet under David's control, and in those areas gained shelter and aid. In either April or May of the same year, David was crowned King of Scotland ( Old Irish : rí (gh) Alban ; Medieval Latin : rex Scottorum ) at Scone . If later Scottish and Irish evidence can be taken as evidence,
4131-461: The last King Alexander, but since Scots had never adopted the rules of primogeniture that was not a barrier to his kingship, and unlike David, neither William nor Máel Coluim had the support of Henry. So when Alexander died in 1124, the aristocracy of Scotland could either accept David as king or face war with both David and Henry. Alexander's son, Máel Coluim, chose war. Orderic Vitalis reported that Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair "affected to snatch
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#17327733029694212-471: The later Middle Ages. The reform of the church, both within it, and in relation to the Holy Roman Emperor and the other lay rulers of Europe, was Gregory VII's life work. It was based on his conviction that the church was founded by God and entrusted with the task of embracing all mankind in a single society in which divine will is the only law; that, in his capacity as a divine institution, he
4293-452: The later part of 1113, King Henry gave David the hand of Matilda of Huntingdon, daughter and heiress of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria . The marriage brought with it the "Honour of Huntingdon", a lordship scattered through the shires of Northampton , Huntingdon , and Bedford . Within a few years, Matilda bore him two sons: Malcolm, who died young, and Henry , whom David named after his patron. The new territories which David controlled were
4374-503: The moral integrity and independence of the clergy . The reforms are considered to be named after Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), though he personally denied it and claimed his reforms, like his regnal name , honoured Pope Gregory I . The Gregorian reform, was a frontal attack against the political-religious collusion dating from the Carolingians, where institutions and church property were largely controlled by secular authorities while
4455-522: The northerly kingdom. He sent the eldest son of Malcolm, David's half-brother Duncan , into Scotland with an army. Duncan was killed within the year, and so in 1097 William sent Duncan's half-brother Edgar into Scotland. The latter was more successful and was crowned by the end of 1097. During the power struggle of 1093–1097, David was in England. In 1093, he may have been about nine years old. From 1093 until 1103, David's presence cannot be accounted for in detail, but he appears to have been in Scotland for
4536-579: The oldest streets in Aberdeen dating from the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries in New Aberdeen's historic marketplace the Castlegate where Aberdeen's Mercat cross is situated. Marischal College was founded in 1593 on the site of a disused medieval Franciscan friary by George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal of Scotland as a more Protestant alternative to Old Aberdeen's King's College . It
4617-562: The plunder of stable Alba. If "divided from" is anything to go by, this quatrain may have been written in David's new territories in southern Scotland. The lands in question consisted of the Shires of Scotland of Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , Berwickshire , Peeblesshire and Lanarkshire . David, moreover, gained the title princeps Cumbrensis , " Prince of the Cumbrians ", as attested in David's charters from this era. Although this
4698-447: The rather worthless but for David face-saving promise that if he ever chose to resurrect the defunct earldom of Northumberland, Henry would be given first consideration. Importantly, the issue of Matilda was not mentioned. However, the first Durham treaty quickly broke down after David took insult at the treatment of his son Henry at Stephen's court. When the winter of 1136–1137 was over, David prepared again to invade England. The king of
4779-443: The remainder of the 1090s. When William Rufus was killed, his brother Henry Beauclerc seized power and married David's sister, Matilda . The marriage made David the brother-in-law of the ruler of England. From that point onwards, David was probably an important figure at the English court. Despite his Gaelic background, by the end of his stay in England, David had become a fully Normanised prince. William of Malmesbury wrote that it
4860-412: The see of St Andrews (Cenn Ríghmonaidh). Since the 11th century, the bishopric of St Andrews likely functioned as a de facto archbishopric. The title of "Archbishop" is accorded in Scottish and Irish sources to Bishop Giric and Bishop Fothad II . The problem was that this archepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim the overlordship of
4941-451: The settlement of "Strathyrewen" (i.e. Irvine ). This would indicate that the 1130–1134 campaign had resulted in the acquisition of these territories. How long it took to pacify Moray is not known, but in this period David appointed his nephew William fitz Duncan to succeed Óengus, perhaps in compensation for the exclusion from the succession to the Scottish throne caused by the coming of age of David's son Henry . William may have been given
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#17327733029695022-541: The southern lands bequeathed by Edgar – soon after the latter's death. However, it cannot be shown that he possessed his inheritance until his foundation of Selkirk Abbey late in 1113. According to Richard Oram , it was only in 1113, when Henry returned to England from Normandy , that David was at last in a position to claim his inheritance in southern Scotland. King Henry's backing seems to have been enough to force King Alexander to recognise his younger brother's claims. This probably occurred without bloodshed but through
5103-451: The support of Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William of St. Barbara was elected to the see in 1143. David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert , nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England and was deposed by the Pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build
5184-411: The threat of force nonetheless. David's aggression seems to have inspired resentment amongst some native Scots. A Middle Gaelic quatrain from this period complains that: Olc a ndearna mac Mael Colaim, ar cosaid re hAlaxandir, do-ní le gach mac rígh romhaind, foghail ar faras Albain. It's bad what Máel Coluim's son has done; dividing us from Alexander; he causes, like each king's son before;
5265-638: The three brothers were in Edinburgh when they were besieged by their paternal uncle Donald III , who made himself king. It is not certain what happened next, but an insertion in the Chronicle of Melrose states that Donald forced his three nephews into exile, although he was allied with another of his nephews, Edmund . John of Fordun wrote, centuries later, that an escort into England was arranged for them by their maternal uncle Edgar Ætheling . King William Rufus of England opposed Donald's accession to
5346-465: The throne. David had been the first layperson to take the oath to uphold the succession of Matilda in 1127, and when Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135, David decided to make war. Before December was over, David marched into northern England, and by the end of January, he had occupied the castles of Carlisle , Wark , Alnwick , Norham and Newcastle . By February David was at Durham, but an army led by King Stephen met him there. Rather than fight
5427-480: The two powers on an equal footing. The superiority of Church to State was to him a fact which admitted no discussion and which he had never doubted. He wished to see all important matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed to himself; the centralization of ecclesiastical government in Rome naturally involved a curtailment of the powers of bishops. Since these refused to submit voluntarily and tried to assert their traditional independence, his papacy
5508-441: The whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive Archbishop of York, Thurstan . His easiest target was the bishopric of Glasgow , which being south of the river Forth was not regarded as part of Scotland nor the jurisdiction of St Andrews. In 1125, Pope Honorius II wrote to John, Bishop of Glasgow ordering him to submit to the archbishopric of York. David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to
5589-514: The whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored and new ones which he erected". Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to Old Aberdeen , and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness , no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation. The bishopric of Glasgow
5670-414: The years following 1136, David was continuing his drive for control of the far north of Scotland. In 1139, his cousin, the five-year-old Harald Maddadsson , was given the title of "Earl" and half the lands of the earldom of Orkney , in addition to Scottish Caithness . Throughout the 1140s, Caithness and Sutherland were brought back under the Scottish zone of control. Sometime before 1146, David appointed
5751-779: Was Scotland's second post-medieval "civic university", after the University of Edinburgh , created without a Papal bull and with a greater resemblance to the Protestant arts colleges of continental Europe to train post- Reformation Kirk clergy. and became known as Aberdeen's "Town College". This Aberdeen location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 57°08′53″N 2°05′36″W / 57.14804°N 2.09337°W / 57.14804; -2.09337 David I of Scotland David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern Gaelic : Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim ; c. 1084 – 24 May 1153)
5832-473: Was a 12th century ruler and saint who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153. The youngest son of King Malcolm III and Queen Margaret , David spent most of his childhood in Scotland but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I of England , by whom he was influenced. When David's brother Alexander I died in 1124, David chose, with
5913-543: Was a defeat, it was not by any means decisive. David retained the bulk of his army and thus the power to go on the offensive again. The siege of Wark , for instance, which had been going on since January, continued until it was captured in November. David continued to occupy Cumberland as well as much of Northumberland . On 26 September Cardinal Alberic , Bishop of Ostia , arrived at Carlisle where David had called together his kingdom's nobles, abbots and bishops. Alberic
5994-576: Was a large slice of Scotland south of the river Forth, the region of Galloway-proper was entirely outside David's control. David may perhaps have had varying degrees of overlordship in parts of Dumfriesshire , Ayrshire , Dunbartonshire and Renfrewshire . In the lands between Galloway and the Principality of Cumbria, David eventually set up large-scale marcher lordships, such as Annandale for Robert de Brus , Cunningham for Hugh de Morville , and possibly Strathgryfe for Walter Fitzalan . In
6075-416: Was full of struggles against the higher ranks of the clergy. This battle for the foundation of papal supremacy is connected with his championship of compulsory celibacy among the clergy and his attack on simony . Gregory VII did not introduce the celibacy of the priesthood into the church, but he took up the struggle with greater energy than his predecessors. In 1074 he published an encyclical , absolving
6156-480: Was in this period that David "rubbed off all tarnish of Scottish barbarity through being polished by intercourse and friendship with us". David's brother King Edgar had visited William Rufus in May 1099 and bequeathed to David extensive territory to the south of the river Forth . On 8 January 1107, Edgar died. His younger brother Alexander took the throne. It has been assumed that David took control of his inheritance –
6237-404: Was probably what inspired David to risk battle. David's force, apparently 26,000 strong and several times larger than the English army, met the English on 22 August at Cowdon Moor near Northallerton , North Yorkshire . The Battle of the Standard , as the encounter came to be called, was a defeat for the Scots. Afterwards, David and his surviving notables retired to Carlisle. Although the result
6318-572: Was restored rather than resurrected. David appointed his reform-minded French chaplain John Capellanus to the bishopric and carried out an inquest , afterwards assigning to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east which were already governed by the Bishop of St Andrews . David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin , Dunkeld , Mortlach ( Aberdeen ) and Dunblane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into
6399-450: Was the independence-loving king trying to build a "Scoto-Northumbrian" realm by seizing the most northerly parts of the English kingdom. In this perspective, David's support for Matilda is used as a pretext for land-grabbing. David's maternal descent from the House of Wessex and his son Henry's maternal descent from the English earls of Northumberland is thought to have further encouraged such
6480-462: Was there to investigate the controversy over the issue of the Bishop of Glasgow's allegiance or non-allegiance to the Archbishop of York. Alberic played the role of peace broker, and David agreed to a six-week truce which excluded the siege of Wark. On 9 April, David and Stephen's wife Matilda of Boulogne (daughter of Mary of Scotland , and so another niece of David) met each other at Durham and agreed
6561-486: Was with difficulty compelled by the bishops to receive them". Outside his Cumbrian principality and the southern fringe of Scotland-proper, David exercised little power in the 1120s, and in the words of Richard Oram, was "king of Scots in little more than name". He was probably in that part of Scotland he did rule for most of the time between late 1127 and 1130. However, he was at the court of Henry in 1126 and in early 1127, and returned to Henry's court in 1130, serving as
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