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71-656: New Brighton Tower was a steel lattice observation tower at New Brighton in the town of Wallasey , Cheshire (now in the Borough of Wirral , in Merseyside ), England. It stood 567 feet (173 m) high, and was the tallest building in Great Britain when it opened some time between 1898 and 1900. Neglected during the First World War and requiring renovation the owners could not afford, dismantling of

142-723: A community football pitch and swing park. In 1997 Wirral Council made an unsuccessful bid for Millennium funding to build a new tower in New Brighton. Lattice tower In structural engineering , the term lattice tower is used for a freestanding structure , while a lattice mast is a guyed mast supported by guy lines . Lattices of triangular (three-sided) cross-section are most common, particularly in North America. Square (four-sided) lattices are also widely used and are most common in Eurasia. A lattice towers

213-495: A high of 10,000 tons as is the case in the Eiffel Tower to as low as a few hundred tons. They are built to a higher standard to support the weight of the oil platforms built on top of them and because of the forces to which they are subjected. As a result, the cost to build these structures can run into the hundreds of millions . These costs are justified due to the resulting oil and gas revenues, whereas land-based towers have

284-506: A large portion of these towers is underwater, the official height of such structures is often held in dispute. The steel lattice truss for these structures, known as jackets in the oil industry, are typically far more robust and reinforced than their land-based counterparts, sometimes weighing more than 50,000 tons as is the case for the Bullwinkle and Baldpate platforms, whereas tall (above 1,000 feet) land-based lattice towers range from

355-516: A long-term study on lions in Serengeti National Park indicate that ambient temperature , nutrition and the level of testosterone influence the colour and size of lion manes. Felis leo was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a type specimen from Constantine, Algeria . Following Linnaeus's description, several lion zoological specimens from North Africa were described and proposed as subspecies in

426-574: A major mtDNA grouping that also included Asiatic lion samples. Results provided evidence for the hypothesis that this group developed in East Africa, and about 118,000 years ago traveled north and west in the first wave of lion expansion. It broke up within Africa, and later in West Asia . Lions in Africa probably constitute a single population that interbred during several waves of migration since

497-461: A much lower stream of revenue and therefore the capital costs of towers are typically much less. Since end of the 19th century, tall lattice towers were built. Lattice towers have even held the absolute height record. They are among the tallest free-standing architectural structures and hold a number of national records, such as the tallest free-standing or even overall tallest structure of a country. List of all supertall lattice tower structures in

568-571: A new Barbary lion habitat in 2023. The lion also appeared frequently in early Egyptian art and literature . Statues and statuettes of lions found at Hierakonpolis and Koptos in Upper Egypt date to the Early Dynastic Period . The early Egyptian deity Mehit was depicted with a lion head. In Ancient Egypt , the lion-headed deity Sekhmet was venerated as protector of the country. She represented destructive power, but

639-633: A share capital of £300,000, purchased the estate of the demolished Rock Point House. Their ambition was to create an observation tower in the grounds, designed to rival the Blackpool Tower , while using the remaining grounds to create a more "elegant" atmosphere. The New Brighton Tower and Recreation Company had more than 20 acres (8 ha) of land available to construct the tower, which enabled them to include more attractions than at Blackpool Tower. The company Maxwell and Tuke , who had designed Blackpool Tower buildings and Southport Winter Gardens ,

710-501: A stadium opened in 1896; the hope was to provide additional entertainment for visitors to the tower in the winter months. The capacity of the grounds varied, but at one point was as high as 100,000, although attendances rarely, if ever, approached that figure. The New Brighton Tower and Recreation Company formed a football team, New Brighton Tower F.C. , and applied for membership to the Lancashire League . The team joined at

781-644: A structure that is no longer standing. Barbary lion The Barbary lion was a population of the lion subspecies Panthera leo leo . It was also called North African lion , Atlas lion and Egyptian lion . It lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt . It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions. A comprehensive review of hunting and sighting records revealed that small groups of lions may have survived in Algeria until

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852-458: A structure that is no longer standing. List of oil platforms with a steel jacket above 300 m / 1000 ft in height. List of jackup rigs above 150 m (490 ft) in height. List of amusement park rides that make use of a steel lattice tower above 100 m / 328 ft in height. List of the tallest lattice towers by common (min 5) design types. Unique lattice tower designs. Minimum height of 120 m / 400 ft.   indicates

923-487: Is Cincinnati , Ohio, which features four towers above 900 feet in height. Tokyo is the only other city in the world that has more than one above that height. The majority of the tallest steel lattice towers in the world are actually built in water and used as oil platforms. These structures are usually built in large pieces on land, most commonly in Texas or Louisiana, and then moved by barge to their final resting place. Since

994-652: Is locally extinct in this region. Historical sighting and hunting records from the 19th and 20th centuries show that the Barbary lion survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. It inhabited Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub . The westernmost sighting of a Barbary lion reportedly occurred in the Anti-Atlas in western Morocco. It ranged from the Atlas Mountains and

1065-450: Is often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure . Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave. Occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at Mühlacker , Germany. It had a height of 190 metres (620 ft) and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In Germany,

1136-517: Is very likely a descendant of a Barbary lion. Five lion samples from this collection were not Barbary lions maternally. Nonetheless, genes of the Barbary lion are likely to be present in common European zoo lions, since this was one of the most frequently introduced subspecies. Many lions in European and American zoos, which are managed without subspecies classification, are most likely descendants of Barbary lions. Several researchers and zoos supported

1207-691: The African leopard ( P. pardus pardus ) and Atlas bear ( Ursus arctos crowtheri ). The lions kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London in the Middle Ages were Barbary lions, as shown by DNA testing on two well-preserved skulls excavated at the Tower in 1936 and 1937. The skulls were radiocarbon -dated to around 1280–1385 and 1420−1480. In the 19th century and the early 20th century, lions were often kept in hotels and circus menageries . In 1835,

1278-766: The Asiatic lion and falls into the same subclade . This North African/Asian subclade is closely related to lions from West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa , and therefore grouped into the northern lion subspecies Panthera leo leo . Barbary lion zoological specimens range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male lion skins had manes of varying colouration and length. Head-to-tail length of stuffed males in zoological collections varies from 2.35 to 2.8 m (7 ft 9 in to 9 ft 2 in), and of females around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). Skull size varied from 30.85 to 37.23 cm (1 ft 0.15 in to 1 ft 2.66 in). Some manes extended over

1349-971: The Bône region by 1890, in the Khroumire and Souk Ahras regions by 1891, and in Batna Province by 1893. The last recorded shooting of a wild Barbary lion took place in 1942 near Tizi n'Tichka in the Moroccan part of the Atlas Mountains. A small relict population may have survived in remote montane areas into the early 1960s. The last known sighting of a lion in Algeria occurred in 1956 in Beni Ourtilane District . Historical accounts indicate that in Egypt, lions occurred in

1420-525: The Isle of Man , along with views of the Lake District and Welsh Mountains. In its first year, the tower attracted up to half a million visitors to the top. At night, the tower was illuminated by fairy lights. On 7 September 1909, two visitors were left stranded at the top of the tower as the final lift car of the night descended without them. The woman and twelve-year-old child were not noticed during

1491-471: The Late Pleistocene . Genome -wide data of a wild-born historical lion specimen from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita . A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 confirmed the close relationship between the extinct Barbary lions from Northern Africa and lions from Central and West Africa and in addition showed that

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1562-865: The Rif in Morocco, the Ksour and Amour Ranges in Algeria to the Aurès Mountains in Tunisia . In Algeria, the Barbary lion was sighted in the forested hills and mountains between Ouarsenis in the west to the Chelif River plains in the north and the Pic de Taza in the east. It inhabited the forests and wooded hills of the Constantine Province southward into the Aurès Mountains. In

1633-575: The Second World War , they used the Tower Theatre to show their own roadshows to the troops. The tower's grounds were enclosed by iron railings, and throughout the gardens the roads and paths were illuminated with 30,000 red, white and green fairy lights at night. The tower's grounds had a band stand, a dancing platform, a fountain, seal pond and tennis courts. The gardens were separated into wooded areas, rockeries and flower beds. There

1704-859: The Sinai Peninsula , along the Nile , in the Eastern and Western Deserts , in the region of Wadi El Natrun and along the maritime coast of the Mediterranean. In the 14th century BC , Thutmose IV hunted lions in the hills near Memphis . The growth of civilizations along the Nile and in the Sinai Peninsula by the beginning of the second millennium BC and desertification contributed to isolating lion populations in North Africa. In

1775-638: The 1830s, lions may have already been eliminated along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and near human settlements. In Libya , the Barbary lion persisted along the coast until the beginning of the 18th century, and was extirpated in Tunisia by 1890. By the mid-19th century, the Barbary lion population had massively declined, since bounties were paid for shooting lions. The cedar forests of Chelia and neighbouring mountains in Algeria harboured lions until about 1884. The Barbary lion disappeared in

1846-500: The 19th century: In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera , when he wrote about the Asiatic lion . In the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been much debate and controversy among zoologists on lion classification and validity of proposed subspecies: The Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies . In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of

1917-911: The 31st century BC. In 2001, the skeleton of a mummified lion was found in the tomb of Maïa in a necropolis dedicated to Tutankhamun at Saqqara . It had probably lived and died in the Ptolemaic period, showed signs of malnutrition and had probably lived in captivity for many years. The Barbary lion is a symbol in Nubian culture and was often depicted in art and architecture. Nubian deities, such as Amun , Amesemi , Apedemak , Arensnuphis , Hathor , Bastet , Dedun , Mehit, Menhit , and Sebiumeker , were depicted as lion protectors in Kushite religion . In Roman North Africa , lions were regularly captured by experienced hunters for venatio spectacles in amphitheatres . The Morocco national football team

1988-676: The Cat Specialist Group subsumed the lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia to P. l. leo . The Barbary lion was also called North African lion, Atlas lion, and Egyptian lion. Results of a phylogeographic analysis using samples from African and Asiatic lions was published in 2006. One of the African samples was a vertebra from the National Museum of Natural History (France) that originated in

2059-686: The Dominoes also performed at the concert. The Beatles played at the venue 27 times, commemorated in a blue plaque erected in New Brighton in 2011. The only British venue The Beatles played at more often was the Cavern Club . Little Richard and the Rolling Stones also performed at the Tower Building. On 30 May 1898 the Tower Theatre was opened, sited between the legs of the tower. Capable of accommodating an audience of 2,500, it

2130-877: The Nubian part of Sudan . In terms of mitochondrial DNA , it grouped with lion skull samples from the Central African Republic , Ethiopia and the northern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . While the historical Barbary lion was morphologically distinct, its genetic uniqueness remained questionable. In a comprehensive study about the evolution of lions in 2008, 357 samples of wild and captive lions from Africa and India were examined. Results showed that four captive lions from Morocco did not exhibit any unique genetic characteristic, but shared mitochondrial haplotypes with lion samples from West and Central Africa . They were all part of

2201-634: The Tower Ballroom 27 times, more than at any other venue in the United Kingdom except the Cavern Club in nearby Liverpool . In 1830, James Atherton purchased much of the land at Rock Point, in the north-east corner of Wallasey opposite the city and docks of Liverpool. He renamed it New Brighton and organised its development as a tourist destination. In July 1896 a new group, the New Brighton Tower and Recreation Company, with

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2272-551: The Wallasey Housing Corporation in 1977. In 1900, New Brighton Tower athletic grounds boasted the UK's first visit from a group known as The Ashanti Village, in which 100 West African men, women and children re-created an Ashanti village, produced and sold their wares and performed "war tournaments, songs [and] fetish dances". Although they had arrived, delays meant that they were not set up in time for Whitsun

2343-495: The ballroom remained. The metal was sold to scrap dealers. The tower was the tallest structure to be demolished in the UK until 7 September 2016, when a taller chimney at Grain Power Station was demolished. On 5 April 1969 the ballroom was destroyed by fire, the cause of which is unknown. In place of the tower's grounds, including the athletics ground and stadium, a new housing estate was built, River View Park, which has

2414-614: The ballroom was completely destroyed by fire in 1956, but it was restored in its original style and reopened two years later. On 10 November 1961, The Beatles played for an audience of 4,000 people at the New Brighton Tower Ballroom as the headline act of a five-and-a-half-hour concert named Operation Big Beat. Rory Storm and the Hurricanes , Gerry and the Pacemakers , Remo Four and Kingsize Taylor and

2485-425: The dances before taking to the main floor. It was decorated in white and gold with emblems of Lancashire towns, and had balcony seating for spectators. The composer Granville Bantock was enlisted as musical director in 1897 at the ballroom to provide music each weekday for six hours of ballroom dancing. To begin with, as the tower was being erected, he was in charge of a "semi-military band" that played outdoors with

2556-412: The deaths of six workmen and serious injury to another. Two of the men, Jonathan Richardson and Alexander Stewart, were killed when a crane hook snapped and a girder fell and hit the scaffold platform on which they were standing, causing them to fall to the ground. A third man, John Daly, suffered serious injuries. The other four were killed in separate incidents by falling off the tower structure. A fire on

2627-699: The development of a studbook of lions directly descended from the King of Morocco's collection. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Addis Ababa Zoo kept 16 adult lions. With their dark, brown manes extending through the front legs, they looked like Barbary or Cape lions . Their ancestors were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia . Since 2005, Belfast Zoo has kept three adult Barbary lions, transferred from Port Lympne Wild Animal Park . In partnership with Panthera.org , Belfast Zoo opened

2698-450: The early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. Today, it is locally extinct in this region. Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira . Until 2017, the Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies . Results of morphological and genetic analyses of lion samples from North Africa showed that the Barbary lion does not differ significantly from

2769-431: The early 20th century, when Barbary lions were rare, they were sighted in pairs or in small family groups comprising a male and female lion with one or two cubs. Between 1839 and 1942, sightings of wild lions involved solitary animals, pairs and family units. Analysis of these sightings indicate that lions retained living in prides even when under increasing persecution, particularly in the eastern Maghreb. The size of prides

2840-481: The fear that the tower might fall upon him and his players. Bantock is quoted as saying, "The noise of the riveting of the tower while we were playing ... reminded me of the anvil music in Das Rheingold ". Bantock often played for the workmen during their lunch breaks, when they could frequently be heard saying, "play it again, guv'nor". Soon, Granville had a full orchestra at his disposal, so he convinced

2911-426: The final round of inspection and so, without a way to communicate with anyone on the ground, they spent the night on the tower until 10 am the following morning. They did not appear too concerned by the ordeal and left without giving their names to officials. The ballroom had a sprung floor and dance band stage. It could accommodate more than a thousand couples dancing and had a separate area for couples to learn

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2982-627: The first countries in the world to build wide spread renewable power resources. The total height includes the lattice tower and the wind turbine rotor at peak height. List of wind turbines with a lattice tower above 150 m / 500 ft in height. The majority of tall lattice chimneys in the world are located in Japan. Unlike other modern developed countries which use reinforced concrete to build tall chimneys Japan has historically used steel until recently for chimney construction. List of lattice stacks above 150 m/492 ft in height.   indicates

3053-667: The formation of the new company, completion of land purchase and announcement of contracts on 26 July 1896. The construction of the steel lattice tower started in July 1897 and was completed some time between 1898 and 1900, 5 years after the Blackpool Tower had been finished. The grounds were opened before then for a short period in 1897 however. New Brighton Tower was the tallest building in England, standing 567 feet (173 m) tall, and 621 feet (189 m) above sea-level. A total of 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) of mild or low-carbon steel

3124-457: The former fall into the same subclade as the Asiatic lion. Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira . The Barbary lion lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt . It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions. Today, it

3195-421: The genetic distinctness of Barbary lions in a unique haplotype found in museum specimens that is thought to be of Barbary lion descent. The presence of this haplotype is considered a reliable molecular marker to identify captive Barbary lions. Barbary lions may have developed long-haired manes, because of lower temperatures in the Atlas Mountains than in other African regions, particularly in winter. Results of

3266-542: The ground. On 15 May 1919 a fire destroyed the grandstand. During the Second World War , the United States Army took over the Tower Athletic Grounds as a storage facility for military vehicles to be used in the invasion of France. Following the war the stadium was reopened as the home ground for New Brighton A.F.C. , whose Sandheys Park had been requisitioned for housing. They sold it to

3337-577: The last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning . They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest free-standing lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree , with a height of 634 metres (2,080 ft). The Petronius Compliant Tower is the tallest supported lattice tower at 640 metres (2,100 ft), being partially submerged. The city most renowned for lattice towers

3408-656: The lions in the Tower of London were transferred to improved enclosures at the London Zoo on the orders of the Duke of Wellington . The lions in the Rabat Zoo exhibited characteristics thought typical for the Barbary lion. Nobles and Berber people presented lions as gifts to the royal family of Morocco. When the family was forced into exile in 1953, the lions in Rabat, numbering 21 altogether, were transferred to two zoos in

3479-403: The management committee to allow him to give classical concerts on Fridays and Sundays. He then embarked on advanced concerts of new composers, as well as his own works. As he had difficulty finding time to practise these works, Bantock used afternoon sessions, in which he was supposed to play dance music, to rehearse his classical pieces. When the classical pieces spread to the afternoon programme,

3550-507: The management felt it was not commercially viable to continue the concerts. After three years at the tower, Bantock was appointed Principal of the School of Music at Birmingham and Midland Institute . The composer Edward Elgar conducted his Enigma Variations at the New Brighton Tower Ballroom in 1898, the second time he performed the piece. In 1900 he conducted Tchaikovsky 's Pathétique symphony at New Brighton Tower. The interior of

3621-409: The motorcycling in 1911 when T. Henshaw's bike struck six spectators at around 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). This left Henshaw with serious fractures and one woman with a severe brain injury. In another incident on 18 May 1959 five people were injured while watching a motorcycling stunt when a 10-foot (3.0 m) wide section of stands collapsed, causing the spectators to fall 15 feet (4.6 m) to

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3692-439: The promenade entrance to the tower, a chair lift was introduced. In 1898–99 an acrobat named Hardy performed for a season at the tower without a safety net and often without a balancing pole on the high wire 100 feet (30 m) above the dancing platform. In 1908 the 'Himalaya Railway' was replaced with a scenic railway. An area was set aside within the grounds for athletics , aptly named the Tower Athletic Ground. It consisted of

3763-411: The region. Three of these were shifted to a zoo in Casablanca , with the rest being shifted to Meknès . The lions at Meknès were moved back to the palace in 1955, but those at Casablanca never came back. In the late 1960s, new lion enclosures were built in Temara near Rabat . Results of a mtDNA research revealed in 2006 that a lion kept in the German Zoo Neuwied originated from this collection and

3834-549: The shoulder and under the belly to the elbows. The mane hair was 8 to 22 cm (3.1 in to 8.7 in) long. In 19th-century hunter accounts, the Barbary lion was claimed to be the largest lion, with a weight of wild males ranging from 270 to 300 kg (600 to 660 lb). Yet, the accuracy of such data measured in the field is questionable. Captive Barbary lions were much smaller but kept under such poor conditions that they might not have attained their full potential size and weight. The colour and size of lions' manes

3905-470: The start of the 1897–98 season and promptly won the league. The club then applied for election to the Football League . Although they were initially rejected, the league later decided to expand Division Two by four clubs and New Brighton Tower were accepted. They carried on playing until 1901 when the company disbanded the team as they did not gain the fan base they were hoping for and so it was no longer considered financially viable. The Tower Athletic Grounds

3976-458: The summer season, costing 10s 6d) was charged for entrance into the grounds, which included the gardens, the athletic grounds, the ballroom and the theatre. An additional charge of sixpence was levied on those who wished to go to the top of the tower. There was a menagerie within the building, containing Nubian lions , Russian wolves (which had eight cubs in 1914), bears in a bear pit , monkeys, elephants, stags, leopards and other animals. There

4047-409: The tower at 172 feet (52 m) in 1898 resulted in the death of a fire-fighter from the New Brighton Fire Brigade. He fell 90 feet (27 m) while walking along a beam 6-inch (150 mm) wide to try and extinguish the flames. New Brighton Tower regularly advertised itself as "the highest structure and finest place of amusement in the Kingdom". A single entrance fee of one shilling (or a ticket for

4118-418: The tower began in 1919, and the metal was sold for scrap. The building at its base, housing the Tower Ballroom, continued its use until damaged by fire in 1969. The tower was set in large grounds, which included a boating lake , a funfair , gardens , and a sports ground . The sports ground housed, at different times, a football team, an athletics track and a motorcycle speedway track. The Beatles played at

4189-415: The traditional start of the summer season. As was common at fairgrounds of the time, there was a Bioscope exhibition showing the latest wartime pictures to audiences of up to 2,000. In the summer of 1907 there was a Hale's Tours of the World exhibition in the tower's grounds, consisting of short films shown in a stylised railway carriage with sound effects and movements at the appropriate times. The tower

4260-452: The world.   indicates a structure that is no longer standing. List of radio tower above 150 m / 500 ft in height.   indicates a structure that is no longer standing.   indicates a structure that has had a change in height or has been rebuilt. List of Electrical pylons above 150 m / 500 ft in height. Tall wind turbines supported by lattice tallest have been built almost exclusively in Germany, one of

4331-426: Was a multi-purpose stadium and ground that could be laid out for athletics field events. The field was encircled by an athletics track surrounded by a banked cycle track, which hosted the World Cycling championships in July 1922. It was the biggest sporting and motorcycling track in the North of England. In 1933, the athletics track was replaced for use every Saturday by motorcycle speedway racing. Disaster struck

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4402-572: Was a lake in the grounds, which had a 130-foot (40 m) water chute and gondolas with Venetian gondoliers. There were also a number of venues providing refreshments, including a Japanese restaurant that could cater for up to 700 people, the Parisian Tea Garden, the Rock Point Castle restaurant, which could accommodate 400 people, and an Algerian café. At the grounds of the tower there was a large permanent funfair, with rides including Figure of Eight, Wall of Death , Donkey Derby, The Himalayan Switchback Railway and The Caterpillar. To give easy access from

4473-422: Was also an aviary above the ballroom. The Tower Building also contained a shooting gallery and a billiard saloon with five tables. Maxwell and Tuke clothed the entertainment buildings in hard-wearing, red Ruabon brick with terracotta and stone dressings, and the plan of the buildings was octagonal, with the Tower, also built on an octagonal plan, at its centre. The roofline of the three-to-four-storey building

4544-420: Was also regarded as protector against famine and disease. Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the Aegean islands of Crete , Euboea , Rhodes , Paros and Chios . They are associated with Sekhmet and date to the early Iron Age between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. The remains of seven mostly subadult lions were excavated at the necropolis Umm El Qa'ab in a tomb of Hor-Aha , dated to

4615-451: Was closed in 1914 following the outbreak of the First World War , for the duration of which the steel structure was not maintained and consequently became rusty. During the war the government made unsuccessful attempts to buy the tower for its metal. Controversy still surrounds the decision to dismantle the tower after the war ended; some still believe the structure was safe and could have been repaired. Demolition began in 1919 and by 1921 only

4686-404: Was dramatic, as four corners of the octagon were emphasised by tall pavilions with steeply pitched roofs topped by cupolas The tower had four lifts , each capable of reaching the top in 90 seconds and conveying up to 2000 people an hour. The views from the top included the Liverpool skyline, the River Mersey estuary and the River Dee . On a clear day, visitors could see across the Irish Sea to

4757-435: Was likely similar to prides living in sub-Saharan habitats, whereas the density of the Barbary lion population is considered to have been lower than in moister habitats. When Barbary stag ( Cervus elaphus barbarus ) and gazelles became scarce in the Atlas Mountains, lions preyed on herds of livestock that were carefully tended. They also preyed on wild boar ( Sus scrofa ). Sympatric predators in this region included

4828-427: Was long thought to be a sufficiently distinct morphological characteristic to accord a subspecific status to lion populations. Mane development varies with age and between individuals from different regions, and is therefore not a sufficient characteristic for subspecific identification. The size of manes is not regarded as evidence for Barbary lions' ancestry. Instead, results of mitochondrial DNA research support

4899-408: Was responsible for overseeing and supervising the project, despite the deaths in 1893 of the company founders, James Maxwell and William Charles Tuke. The excavations and laying of the foundations for the tower were contracted to William Clapham of Stockport. The primary contractor for the tower was Andrew Handyside and Company , based in Derby . The ground breaking happened on 22 June 1896, before

4970-407: Was the largest theatre in England outside London. Each season at the theatre was different; some years it would show a play or an opera, others it would focus on variety acts such as magicians, comedians and lion tamer Mademoiselle Marguerite, with her seven lions. Wrestling was hosted at the theatre as early as 1903, and had become a weekly event by 1937. When the Americans occupied the site during

5041-422: Was used, at a cost of £120,000, in contrast to the earlier Blackpool and Eiffel towers, both constructed using wrought iron . The building below the New Brighton Tower, which was to contain the ballroom, was constructed by Peters and Sons of Rochdale. It was a four-storey red-brick building with arched windows and hexagonal, copper-domed turrets. A series of accidents during the tower's construction resulted in

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