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76-454: The German term was originally coined in 1819 by Jacob Grimm for the period from around 1450 to the present day, following on from Middle High German ( Mittelhochdeutsch ). However, in 1878 Wilhelm Scherer proposed a transitional period, 1350–1650, for which he coined the new term Frühneuhochdeutsch ( Early New High German ), thus dating New High German from the mid 17th century. In spite of many alternative proposals, Scherer's remains

152-541: A certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, after Rask refused to consider the value of Grimm's views when they clashed with his own. Grimm's monumental dictionary of the German Language , the Deutsches Wörterbuch , was started in 1838 and first published in 1854. The Brothers anticipated it would take 10 years and encompass some six to seven volumes. However, it

228-510: A new framework of dialect classification altogether. Nevertheless, in common parlance it is common for speakers of German dialects to use the traditional/older nomenclature when referring to their particular dialect, stating, for example, that they speak Saxon, Bavarian, Allemanic (Swabian), Thuringian or Franconian. In linguistics of German, German dialects are distinguished from varieties of Standard German . The variation among German dialects ranges. In regions with dialects are being in

304-442: A position in the war office with a small salary of 100 thalers . He complained that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail, but the role gave him spare time for the pursuit of his studies. In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jérôme Bonaparte , King of Westphalia , into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by Napoleon . Grimm

380-625: A result of their speakers assimilating into areas where other dialects, as well as Standard German, were already spoken. Low German varieties (in Germany usually referred to as "Platt" or "Plattdeutsch") are considered dialects of the German language by some but a separate language by others (then often termed "Low Saxon"). Linguistically Low German (that is, Ingvaeonic ("North Sea Germanic") and Low Franconian (that is, some Istvaeonic ) dialects are grouped together because both did not participate in

456-600: A year later, having just recovered from a severe illness, and likewise began the study of law. Jacob Grimm became inspired by the lectures of Friedrich Carl von Savigny , a noted expert of Roman law ; Wilhelm Grimm, in the preface to the Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), credits Savigny with giving the brothers an awareness of science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in Jacob a love for historical and antiquarian investigation, which underlies all his work. It

532-418: Is dagas. ) The appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was probably the primary impetus for Grimm to recast his work from the beginning. Rask was also the first to clearly formulate the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (previously ignored by etymologists ). The Grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and syntax ,

608-639: Is a dialect spoken in Colonia Tovar , Venezuela , that belongs to the Low Alemannic branch of German. The dialect, like other Alemannic dialects , is not mutually intelligible with Standard German . It is spoken by descendants of Germans from the Black Forest region of southern Baden , who emigrated to Venezuela in 1843. The dialect has also acquired some Spanish loanwords . Currently 1.1 million American citizens speak German, with

684-507: Is a variety of High German spoken in Chile. Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around Lake Llanquihue . Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of Spanish. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch. The geographical origin of most or all speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch is Chile, to where the ancestors of

760-560: Is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German . It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on High German varieties. Early New High German gained more prestige than Low Saxon and became the language of science and literature. Other factors included the Hanseatic League losing its importance around the same time (as new trade routes to Asia and

836-642: Is derived from Hessian , another West Central German dialect. Amana German is called Kolonie-Deutsch in Standard German. In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers, German Brazilians , are in Rio Grande do Sul , where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch , and Brazilian Pomeranian were developed, especially in the areas of Santa Catarina , Paraná, Rondônia, and Espírito Santo , as well as in Petrópolis ( Rio de Janeiro ). Lagunen-Deutsch

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912-427: Is divided into Central German , High Franconian and Upper German . Central German dialects include Ripuarian , Moselle Franconian , Rhine Franconian (incl. Hessian ), Lorraine Franconian , Thuringian , Silesian , High Prussian , Lusatian dialects and Upper Saxon . They are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of northeastern France and in Germany approximately between

988-431: Is often subdivided, with a general consensus over a break in the first half of the 19th century, with another after 1945. The earliest of these periods, Older New High German ( Älteres Neuhochdeutsch ), sees the gradual establishment of a standard written language by grammarians , lexicographers , and writers ; the second, Younger New High German ( Jüngeres Neuhochdeutsch ), sees the spread of this standard throughout

1064-674: Is taken. His life is best studied in his own Selbstbiographie , in vol. I of the Kleinere Schriften . There is also a brief memoir by Karl Goedeke in Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872). German dialect German dialects are the various traditional local varieties of the German language . Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath the Benrath line are dominated by

1140-687: The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities is underway to update the Deutsches Wörterbuch to modern academic standards. Volumes A–F were planned for completion in 2012 by the Language Research Centre at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the University of Göttingen . The first work Jacob Grimm published, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811),

1216-609: The Göttingen Seven , who signed a protest against the King of Hanover 's abrogation of the liberal constitution which had been established some years before. As a result, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the Kingdom of Hanover in 1837. He returned to Kassel with his brother, who had also signed the protest. They remained there until 1840 when they accepted King Frederick William IV 's invitation to move to

1292-866: The High German consonant shift . Low German is further divided into Dutch Low Saxon , West Low German and East Low German . Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League . It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. That predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was printed by Martin Luther , and that translation

1368-527: The Reinhart Fuchs in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and was published in 1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject. The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This work covered the whole range of the subject, attempting to trace

1444-724: The Romance languages is founded entirely on Grimm's methods, which have had a profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-European languages in general. Jacob is recognized for enunciating Grimm's law , the Germanic Sound Shift, which was first observed by the Danish philologist Rasmus Christian Rask . Grimm's law, also known as the "Rask-Grimm Rule" or the First Germanic Sound Shift,

1520-568: The University of Berlin , where they both received professorships and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Grimm was not under any obligation to lecture, and seldom did so; he spent his time working with his brother on their dictionary project. During their time in Kassel, he regularly attended the meetings of the academy and read papers on varied subjects, including Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann , Friedrich Schiller , old age, and

1596-412: The dialect continuum of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of World War II ), there was a dialect continuum of all Continental West Germanic languages , as nearly any pair of contiguous dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible. The German dialect continuum is typically divided into High German and Low German . The terms derive from the geographic characteristics of

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1672-464: The early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties. Traditionally, all of the major dialect groupings of German dialects are typically named after so-called " stem duchies " or "tribal duchies" (German: Stammesherzogtümer ) by early German linguists, among whom the Brothers Grimm were especially influential. These tribal duchies came into existence at

1748-465: The 19th-century classification nomenclature was based primarily on historical territories rather than linguistic clusters, the traditional system can imply greater similarities between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The best-known example of this phenomenon is found within the Franconian cluster , which is divided into Low Franconian , Middle Franconian and Upper Franconian even though

1824-869: The Americas were established) and the most powerful German states then being located in Middle and Southern Germany. The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education, with the language of the schools being Standard German. Today, Low Saxon dialects are still widespread, especially among the elderly in the Northern parts of Germany. Some local media take care not to let the Low Saxon language die out, so there are several newspapers that have recurring articles in Low Saxon. The North German Broadcasting ( Norddeutscher Rundfunk ) also offers television programs, such as "Talk op Platt" and radio programs in Low Saxon. On

1900-561: The French, and he attended the Congress of Vienna as Secretary of Legation in 1814–1815. Upon his return from Vienna, he was sent to Paris again to secure book restitutions. Meanwhile, Wilhelm had obtained a job at the Kassel library , and Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel in 1816. Upon the death of Volkel in 1828, the brothers both expected promotion, and they were dissatisfied when

1976-417: The German language against the quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue. In 1822 the book appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, he had to "mow the first crop down to the ground"). The considerable gap between the two stages of Grimm's development of these editions is shown by the fact that the second volume addresses phonology in 600 pages – more than half

2052-451: The German language and those of the Getae , Thracians, Scythians, and other nations whose languages were known only through Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results were later greatly modified by a wider range of available comparisons and improved methods of investigation. Many questions that he raised remain obscure due to the lack of surviving records of the languages, but his book's influence

2128-509: The German standard language. As a result, the second half of the 20th century saw a shift in academic customs, with many linguists instead describing dialect clusters based on the geographical area in which they are spoken (i.e. Meuse-Rhenish or Westphalian ) and their degree of participation with the Second Germanic consonant shift, or, such as in the case of the influential linguists Friedrich Maurer and Theodor Frings , creating

2204-698: The German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Italy. Standard High German is based on Central and Upper German. The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in Luxembourg have been officially standardized and institutionalized and so are usually considered a separate language, known as Luxembourgish . Halcnovian , Wymysorys , Sathmarisch and Transylvanian Saxon are High German dialects of Poland and Romania . The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in Tsarist Russia, then

2280-548: The Low Franconian (incl. Dutch) dialects are not most closely related to Middle and Upper Franconian dialects within the larger continuum. In fact, of all German dialects, the Low Rhenish dialect (the only Low Franconian dialect spoken in Germany itself) is the most divergent when compared to Standard German, whereas the Middle and Upper Franconian dialects are fairly similar in their overall structure and phonology to

2356-618: The River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands. High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects in between the two greater High German groups. High Franconian dialects include East Franconian and South Franconian . Upper German dialects include Alemannic in the broad sense (incl. Alsatian , Swabian ) and Bavarian ( Southern Bavarian , Central Bavarian and Northern Bavarian ) and are spoken in parts of northeastern France, southern Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and in

New High German - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-467: The codification of German grammar and the development of a standard language in both writing and speech. Unlike earlier periods, there have been few major changes in phonology or morphology . Rather, the standard language has selected particular features and these choices have then exerted an influence on individual German dialects . Jacob Grimm Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl ,

2508-563: The concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been grasped by the Englishman George Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century, in his Thesaurus . Ten Kate in the Netherlands had made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of Germanic languages. Grimm himself did not initially intend to include all the languages in his Grammar , but he soon found that Old High German postulated Gothic , and that

2584-668: The country's origins. He wished for a united Germany, and, like his brother, supported the Liberal movement for a constitutional monarchy and civil liberties, as demonstrated by their involvement in the Göttingen Seven protest . In the German revolution of 1848 , he was elected to the Frankfurt National Parliament . The people of Germany had demanded a constitution, so the Parliament, formed of elected members from various German states, met to form one. Grimm

2660-611: The dialects of the regions of the founders. For example, Pennsylvania German and Volga German resemble dialects of the Baden-Württemberg , Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia and Venezuelan Alemán Coloniero is a Low Alemannic variant. Amana German is a dialect of West Central German . It is spoken in the Amana Colonies in Iowa , which were founded by Inspirationalists of German origin. Amana

2736-809: The end of the Early Middle Ages within the Holy Roman Empire and were thought to have been continuations of earlier tribal lands which were subjugated by the Franks and incorporated into their realm at the close of the Migration Period . For example, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarii (subjugated by the Franks during the 6th century) gave their name to the later stem duchy of Bavaria (817–1180), which itself would lend its name to

2812-519: The folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world. The closely related subject of the satirical beast epic of the Middle Ages also held great charm for Jacob Grimm, and he published an edition of

2888-647: The former Soviet Union and Poland) have several unique features and are usually considered as a separate language. Known as Yiddish , it is the only Germanic language that does not (only) use the Latin script as its standard script . Since it developed in the Danube area, there are some similarities with the Central and Upper German dialects of that region. The dialects of German that are or were spoken primarily in colonies or communities founded by German-speakers resemble

2964-421: The geographical spread of the High German consonant shift , and the dialect continuum that connects German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian ( Dutch ) and Frisian . The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German , Central German and Low German ; Upper and Central German form the High German subgroup. Standard German is a standardized form of High German, developed in

3040-543: The illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments. Grimm's Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (History of the German Language) explores German history hidden in the words of the German language and is the oldest linguistic history of the Teutonic tribes. He collected scattered words and allusions from classical literature and tried to determine the relationship between

3116-399: The investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for

New High German - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-431: The last of which was unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. The Grammar is noted for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail, with all his points illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators. Diez 's grammar of

3268-463: The later stages of German could not be understood without the help of other West Germanic varieties including English, and that the literature of Scandinavia could not be ignored. The first edition of the first part of the Grammar , which appeared in 1819, treated the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction in which he vindicated the importance of a historical study of

3344-419: The law to High German in any case is entirely Grimm's work. The idea that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his priority claims is based on the fact that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition, but it was always his plan to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition, he calls attention to Rask's essay and praises it ungrudgingly. Nevertheless,

3420-594: The most being in the Dakotas . German was at one time the lingua franca in many American regions, with high density in the Midwest, but St. Louis , Milwaukee , New Orleans , New York City and a great many others cities had a very high German-speaking population. By 1900, over 554 Standard German-language newspapers were in circulation. The rise in American ethnic nativist pride, especially during World War I , led to

3496-484: The most widely adopted periodisation of German. There are both linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons for regarding the mid-17th century as the beginning of a new linguistic period. By this time, the sound changes which result in the phonological system of Modern German had been completed—no further major changes take place within the NHG period. The Thirty Years War saw the population reduced by at least one third, and

3572-618: The mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their evolution to modern-day popular traditions, tales, and expressions. Grimm's work as a jurist was influential for the development of the history of law , particularly in Northern Europe. His essay Von der Poesie im Recht ( Poetry in Law , 1816) developed a far-reaching, suprapositivist Romantic conception of law. The Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer ( German Legal Antiquities , 1828)

3648-588: The origin of language. He described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing more general observations with linguistic details. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1857. Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, working until the very end of his life. He describes his own work at the end of his autobiography: Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to

3724-504: The origin of the Icelandic language , gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned Rask's essay, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations described by his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of

3800-641: The other hand, Northern Germany is considered to be the region that speaks the purest Standard German, and in everyday life, little influence of dialect is heard. Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation, even among North German speakers such as the lengthening of vowels and differences in accentuation. There are also some North German expressions that are in use even in Standard High German but are seldom heard in Southern Germany, such as "plietsch" for "intelligent". High German

3876-472: The publishing media (and becoming an international language of science), into the schoolroom, and into spoken German. After 1945, the loss of German-speaking territory in the East, the decline of German as an international language, and the massive influence of English on the vocabulary are seen as markers of a new period, referred to as Gegenwartsdeutsch ("contemporary German"). These changes, however, are in

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3952-514: The role of the first librarian was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. Consequently, they moved the following year to the University of Göttingen , where Jacob was appointed professor and librarian, and Wilhelm under-librarian. Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar , literary history , and diplomatics , explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of Tacitus . Grimm joined other academics, known as

4028-638: The same dialectal region, pronunciation, syntax and words particular to specific towns even only a few miles apart can create even more variation. In the Black Forest region alone, there was a newspaper request for people to report what word they used for the term "Dragonfly." Sixty words were collected as reported from responders for the term. When spoken in their purest form, Low German, most Upper German, High Franconian dialects and even some Central German dialects are unintelligible to those versed only in Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to

4104-464: The second edition of the first part of his Grammar . The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors, including Friedrich von Schlegel , Rasmus Christian Rask and Johan Ihre , the last having established a considerable number of literarum permutationes , such as b for f , with the examples bœra  =  ferre ("to bear"), befwer  =  fibra ("fiber"). Rask, in his essay on

4180-402: The severe school of classical philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre. Both Brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In 1816–1818 a collection of legends culled from diverse sources and published the two-volume Deutsche Sagen (German Legends). At the same time they collected all

4256-453: The speakers immigrated from German-speaking areas of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that Valdivia was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". The prestige the German language had made it acquire qualities of a superstratum in southern Chile. The Colonia Tovar dialect, or Alemán Coloniero,

4332-517: The status and use of the language, while the phonology and morphology have seen only rationalisation and not substantial change over the last 370 years. For the first two hundred years of the period, the linguistic boundary of German remained relatively stable, even where the territory itself changed hands, as in Alsace, a French possession since the Treaty of Westphalia. The only major area of change

4408-490: The subsequent Treaty of Westphalia , signed in 1648, guaranteed the relative independence of hundreds of small and large states within the Holy Roman Empire , as well as recognizing the complete independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland . The 1641 publication of Justus Georg Schottelius 's Teutsche Sprachkunst marks the beginning of the debate about a standardized national language . The New High German period

4484-615: The terrain in which each is found rather than depicting social status. As the result of the flight and expulsion of Germans following World War II, particularly from post-war Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary and Yugoslavia ( Danube Swabians ), the territorial extent of German was considerably reduced. Significant dialects such as the East Pomeranian dialect , most varieties of Silesian German , Prussian dialects and Bohemian German dialects gradually disappeared as

4560-525: The traditional Bavarian dialect grouping described in the early 19th century. As their understanding of the Second Germanic consonant shift progressed, linguists (when applicable) further divided these dialects into groupings based on their degree of participation of this consonant shift, with "Low" (German: nieder- ) signifying little to no participation, "Middle" (or "Central"; German: mittel- ) meaning medium to high participation and "Upper" (German: ober- ) conveying high to full participation. Because

4636-451: The two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weißenbrunner Gebet , Jacob having discovered what until then had never been suspected — namely the alliteration in these poems. However, Jacob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in

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4712-422: The volume. Grimm had concluded that all philology must be based on rigorous adherence to the laws of sound change , and he subsequently never deviated from this principle. This gave to all his investigations a consistency and force of conviction that had been lacking in the study of philology before his day. His advances have been attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary Rasmus Christian Rask . Rask

4788-463: Was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist . He formulated Grimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of the Deutsches Wörterbuch , the author of Deutsche Mythologie , and the editor of Grimms' Fairy Tales . He was the older brother of Wilhelm Grimm ; together, they were the literary duo known as the Brothers Grimm . Jacob Grimm was born 4 January 1785, in Hanau in Hesse-Kassel . His father, Philipp Grimm ,

4864-506: Was a comprehensive compilation of sources of law from all Germanic languages, whose structure allowed an initial understanding of older German legal traditions not influenced by Roman law. Grimm's Weisthümer (4 vol., 1840–63), a compilation of partially oral legal traditions from rural Germany, allows research of the development of written law in Northern Europe. Jacob Grimm's work tied in strongly with his views on Germany and its culture. His work on both fairy tales and philology dealt with

4940-485: Was a lawyer who died while Jacob was a child, and his mother Dorothea was left with a very small income. Her sister was the lady of the chamber to the Landgravine of Hesse, and she helped to support and educate the family. Jacob was sent to the public school at Kassel in 1798 with his younger brother Wilhelm . In 1802, he went to the University of Marburg where he studied law, a profession for which he had been intended by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg

5016-421: Was appointed an auditor to the state council, while retaining his superintendent post. His salary rose to 4000 francs and his official duties were nominal. In 1813, after the expulsion of Bonaparte and the reinstatement of an elector, Grimm was appointed Secretary of Legation accompanying the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814, he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of books taken by

5092-408: Was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1863. Jacob Grimm died on 20 September 1863, in Berlin, Germany from disease, at the age of 78. The following is a complete list of Grimm's separately published works. Those he published with his brother are marked with a star (*). For a list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. V of his Kleinere Schriften , from which the present list

5168-518: Was in Savigny's library that Grimm first saw Bodmer 's edition of the Middle High German minnesingers and other early texts, which gave him a desire to study their language. At the beginning of 1805, he was invited by Savigny to Paris, to help him in his literary work. There Grimm strengthened his taste for the literature of the Middle Ages . Towards the close of the year, he returned to Kassel, where his mother and brother had settled after Wilhelm finished his studies. The following year, Jacob obtained

5244-408: Was in the East. Initially only individual German-speaking settlers moved into the underpopulated lands of Brandenburg , Pomerania and Bohemia , but in the late 17th century both Prussia and Austria had policies of attracting settlers to these lands. From the late 19th century, however, there have been significant losses of German-speaking territory. The eastward settlement of the earlier period

5320-423: Was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay, Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistergesang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts. Grimm's text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they published

5396-414: Was profound. Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his purely philological work. He drew on the work of past generations, from the humanists onwards, consulting an enormous collection of materials in the form of text editions, dictionaries, and grammars, mostly uncritical and unreliable. Some work had been done in the way of comparison and determination of general laws, and

5472-595: Was reversed by a Russian government policy of Russianisation and by the resistance of the Polish population to further German immigration, causing many German speakers to return West. At the end of the Second World War the German-speaking populations of Bohemia and the land east of the Oder-Neisse line , which became part of Poland , were forcibly expelled . The New High German period is characterised by

5548-587: Was selected for the office largely because of his part in the University of Göttingen's refusal to swear to the king of Hanover. In Frankfurt, he made some speeches and was adamant that the Danish-ruled but German-speaking duchy of Holstein be under German control. Grimm soon became disillusioned with the National Assembly and asked to be released from his duties to return to his studies. He

5624-418: Was the first law in linguistics concerning a non-trivial sound change . It was a turning point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historic linguistic research. It concerns the correspondence of consonants between the ancestral Proto-Indo-European language and its Germanic descendants, Low Saxon and High German , and was first fully stated by Grimm in

5700-566: Was two years younger than Grimm, but the Icelandic paradigms in Grimm's first editions are based entirely on Rask's grammar; in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask is shown by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions. For example, in the first edition he declines dæg, dæges , plural dægas , without having observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask. (The correct plural

5776-434: Was undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for them to complete it. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, has been described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value. It was finally finished by subsequent scholars in 1961 and supplemented in 1971. At 33 volumes at some 330,000 headwords, it remains a standard work of reference to the present day. A current project at

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