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79-636: Contemporaries noticed this: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk lamented "It was merry in England afore the new learning came up", in relation to reading the Bible. An earlier 'new learning' had a similar cause, two centuries earlier. In that case it was new texts of Aristotle that were discovered, with a major impact on scholasticism . A later phase of the New Learning of the Renaissance concerned

158-578: A change in Surrey's fortunes. As a supporter of Richard III , for whom he fought at Bosworth in 1485, Surrey was not in high favour during the early years of the reign of Henry VII . However, in 1499 he was recalled to court, and in the following year he accompanied the King on a state visit to France. In 1501 he was sworn of the Privy Council , and on 16 June of that year was named Lord Treasurer . In

237-554: A few years after her husband's death, dying in November 1558. She was buried in the Church of St Mary-at-Lambeth , Surrey . Norfolk is an important character in: Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk Agnes Howard ( née Tilney ) (c. 1477 – May 1545) was the second wife of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk . Two of King Henry VIII's queens were her step-granddaughters, Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard . Catherine Howard

316-711: A general pardon for the rebels, that Parliament would meet in York in a year, and another pardon, this time directed at the abbeys until the Parliament had met. Jesse Childs (a biographer of the Earl of Surrey, Norfolk's son) specifically notes that Henry VIII did not authorise Norfolk to grant remedies for the grievances. The Duke's enemies had told the King that the Howards could put down a rebellion of peasants if they wanted to, suggesting that Norfolk, being Catholic, sympathised with

395-676: A mistress, Elizabeth Holland (died 1547/8), whom he installed in the Howard household. Lady Elizabeth formally separated from her husband in the 1530s. She claimed that in March 1534, the Duke of Norfolk 'locked me up in a chamber, [and] took away my jewels and apparel'. Howard then moved her to Redbourn , Hertfordshire, where she lived as an actual prisoner with a meagre annual allowance of only £200. She also claimed to have been physically maltreated by Howard and his household servants. On 10 March 1536,

474-459: A new creation, but treated for all practical purposes as a recreation of the forfeited title previously held by his father), and by letters patent issued on the same day, Howard was created Earl of Surrey . Both were granted lands in support of their new dignities, although Henry, ever cautious of rivals, scattered the grants across the realm to prevent a Howard landed base in East Anglia. Over

553-619: A pendant shaped like the letter "A" set with diamonds and pearls as a New Year's day gift. By the spring of 1522 Norfolk was almost 80 years of age and in failing health. He retired to his ducal castle at Framlingham in Suffolk where he died on 21 May 1524. His funeral and burial on 22 June at Thetford Priory were said to have been 'spectacular and enormously expensive', befitting the richest and most powerful peer in England. The Dowager Duchess remained in favour after her husband's death. Ordinances issued at Eltham in 1526 indicate that she

632-440: A time, Howard enjoyed political prominence and material rewards. According to Nicholas Sander , the religiously conservative Howards may have seen Catherine as a figurehead for a fight to restore Catholicism in England. Despite the fact that the King was much in love with Catherine, referring to her as his "rose without a thorn", the marriage quickly came to a disastrous end. While Henry and Queen Catherine were on progress during

711-594: A time. In July, the Duke of Richmond, Norfolk's only son-in-law, died at the age of 17 and was buried at Thetford Priory , one of the Howard properties. When the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in Lincolnshire and the northern counties in October 1536 in response to the government-sponsored suppression of monasteries and abbeys across England , Norfolk and his eldest son, the Earl of Surrey shared command of

790-623: The Duke of Richmond , a union that was politically advantageous to Norfolk. Because as Henry VIII did not yet have a legitimate male heir and Princess Mary had been removed from the line of succession, Richmond was seen by many as a potential heir to the throne. The marriage was never consummated by order of the King due to the youth of the couple, and it was then cut short by FitzRoy's death in 1536. Thomas Howard's marriage to his second wife, Lady Elizabeth Stafford, which had apparently been mutually affectionate at first, deteriorated in 1527 when he took

869-520: The Norman conquest . In 1483, his father and grandfather were created Earl of Surrey and Duke of Norfolk respectively in reward for their loyalty to the Duke of Gloucester, who became King Richard III after usurping the throne from his nephews, the sons of Edward IV , and in 1485 the Howards fought on the side of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth , where the 1st Duke lost his life and the Earl of Surrey

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948-484: The Council, but could add little to what was already known by her interrogators. On 1 December Dereham and Culpeper were arraigned on charges of treason. Both were convicted at trial, and sentenced to death. Dereham and his friend William Damport were tortured in an attempt to wring confessions from them concerning Queen Catherine's alleged adultery, and on 10 December 1541 Dereham and Culpeper were executed at Tyburn . On

1027-626: The Crown from his son, the future Edward VI to reverse the Reformation and thus return the English Church to papal jurisdiction. Norfolk's family, including his estranged wife, his daughter Mary, and his mistress, Elizabeth Holland , all gave evidence against him. His son was convicted of treason and executed on 19 January 1547, and on 27 January 1547, the Howards, father and son, were attainted by statute. The dying King gave his assent to

1106-748: The Dowager Duchess of treason as there had been to convict Dereham. However the Council urged leniency, and she was eventually released from the Tower on 5 May 1542. Her stepson, the Duke of Norfolk, escaped punishment, but was never fully trusted again by the King. The Dowager Duchess died in May 1545 and on 13 October was interred at St. Mary's Church in Lambeth, Surrey, where four of her sons who had died young--John, Charles, Henry, and Richard--were buried. Her husband's tomb at Thetford St. Mary's Priory Church

1185-466: The Dowager Duchess's household were arrested and interrogated by the Council. Her stepson, the Duke of Norfolk , was sent to search her house at Lambeth and question members of the household. They revealed that the Duchess had attempted to destroy evidence by burning the papers of Dereham and his friend William Damport . The Duchess was sent to the Tower. Towards the end of November she was questioned by

1264-456: The Duke's death through royal commissioners, and it was rumoured that he would be executed on the following day. Norfolk was saved due to the King's death in the early morning of 28 January and the council's decision not to inaugurate the new reign with bloodshed, but remained a prisoner in the Tower of London . His estates fell prey to the ruling clique in the reign of King Edward VI , for which he

1343-477: The Duke. On 29 June 1539, Howard, the Duke of Suffolk and Cromwell dined with the King as guests of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer at Lambeth Palace . During a heated discussion about Cardinal Wolsey, Cromwell charged Thomas Howard with disloyalty; Howard in turn called Cromwell a liar. Their mutual hostility was now out in the open. Cromwell inadvertently played into Howard's hands by taking

1422-468: The Earl of Surrey's eldest son Thomas was born. On 2 May of the same year, Anne Boleyn and her brother Viscount Rochford were arrested by order of the King. They were tried in the great hall of the Tower of London . Norfolk presided over the trial as Lord High Steward . The Boleyn siblings were sentenced to death; Rochford was executed on 17 May, and Anne two days later. Following his niece's fall from grace, Howard's power and influence at court waned for

1501-482: The English expedition against France, but were left behind when the King departed for Calais at the end of June. Shortly thereafter King James IV of Scotland launched an invasion into England (despite being married to Princess Margaret Tudor , sister of Henry VIII) in fulfilment of his alliance with France, and Thomas along with his brother Edmund, joined their father and the barons Dacre and Monteagle in leading

1580-508: The French navy. Howard's ships besieged the strategic port of Brest but when he abandoned the siege, he left Vice-Admiral William FitzWilliam on station to blockade the port. The English navy patrolled the Brittany coast for the next three months, but was unable to gain a decisive victory even with their Spanish allies. In July 1522, the forces commanded by Surrey burned Morlaix , and over

1659-577: The House of Lords appointed a committee to consider questions of doctrine. Although he was not a member of the committee, on 16 May, Howard presented six conservative articles of religion to Parliament for consideration. On 30 May, the Six Articles and the penalties for failure to conform to them were enacted into law, and on 28 June, received royal assent. In February 1540, Norfolk tried to save Thetford Priory from closure, petitioning Henry VIII for

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1738-464: The King by other nobles, and he refused them all; at the same time however, Henry VIII ordered that the dissolution of the monasteries be briefly suspended, so that everyone who wished had time to rebury the remains of their relations. Howard moved those of his own relations to the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham . After the dissolution of the monastic church, the lands were given to

1817-518: The King in the annulment of his first marriage, added to his extensive loyalty and services to the Crown, brought Howard extensive rewards in the form of monastic lands in Norfolk and Suffolk, employment on diplomatic missions, and being named a knight of the French Order of St Michael in 1532 and Earl Marshal of England on 28 May 1533. In November of that same year, his daughter Mary married

1896-491: The King sent Howard and the Duke of Suffolk to obtain the great seal from the Cardinal. In early 1530, Anne Boleyn was promoting a marriage between her first cousin and eldest son of Norfolk, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and the King's daughter, Princess Mary . The Duke was enthusiastic about the match as it might give him greater political influence at court and put his family closer to the throne. Boleyn may have considered

1975-456: The King's Highness of the confiscation of her goods', but like the others she was sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture of lands and goods. On 6 February 1542 a bill of attainder against Queen Catherine and Lady Rochford received final reading, and on 13 February 1542 the Queen and Lady Rochford were beheaded on Tower Green . The King was of the view that there was as much reason to convict

2054-415: The King's eye. Henry and Catherine were married at a private ceremony at Oatlands on 28 July 1540. Despite the fact that Henry was much in love with her, referring to her as his "rose without a thorn", the marriage quickly came to a disastrous end. While the King and Queen were on progress during the fall of 1541, the religious reformer John Lassells and his sister Mary Hall told Archbishop Cranmer of

2133-451: The King's forces with the Earl of Shrewsbury . The Howards and Shrewsbury opened negotiations with the main leader of the insurgents, Robert Aske at Scawsby Leys, near Doncaster , where Aske had assembled between 30,000 and 40,000 people. The 24 Articles to the King, also called "The Commons' Petition", was given to Norfolk to present to the King. The Duke promised to do so, and also promised

2212-441: The King's name and was appointed Lieutenant-General of the army. During the campaign of May–October 1544, he besieged Montreuil , while King Henry VIII captured Boulogne , before returning home. Complaining of lack of provisions and munitions, Howard eventually raised the siege of Montreuil, and realising that Boulogne could not realistically be held by the English for long, he left it garrisoned and withdrew to Calais , for which he

2291-515: The Order of the Garter) from Cromwell's shoulders, saying: "A traitor must not wear it". On 9 July, King Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled. By then Catherine Howard , another of the Duke's nieces, had already caught the King's eye. Henry and Catherine were married at a private ceremony at Oatlands on 28 July, the same day that Cromwell was executed. As a result of this marriage, for

2370-536: The Pilgrimage. Howard and Shrewsbury were outnumbered: they had between 5,000 and 7,000 men but there were more than 40,000 rebels. Upon seeing their numbers, Norfolk negotiated and made promises to avoid being massacred by insurgent forces. However, the promises of both the King and Parliament were never fulfilled and in January 1537 Bigod's rebellion broke out. In response to this, forces led by Norfolk headed to

2449-456: The Priory's church to become a collegiate church on the grounds that not only Anne of York, Howard's first wife and aunt to the King, but also the monarch's illegitimate son, the Duke of Richmond, were buried there. The Dean was to be Prior William Ixworth, and the six prebendaries and eight secular canons to be the monks of the former house. The request had no effect. The same request was made to

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2528-536: The Queen's sexual indiscretions with her music master, Henry Manox , and a Howard kinsman, Francis Dereham , while she had been a young girl living in the Dowager Duchess's household at Lambeth. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed these matters in a letter to the King. The King immediately ordered that the Queen be confined to her apartments, and never saw her again. The Dowager Duchess, hearing reports of what had happened while Catherine had been under her lax guardianship, reasoned that 'If there be none offence sithence

2607-500: The Revels to Queen Elizabeth), were arraigned for misprision of treason 'for concealing the evil demeanour of the Queen, to the slander of the King and his succession'. All were sentenced to life imprisonment and loss of goods, although most were pardoned after Queen Catherine's execution. The Dowager Duchess, although included in the indictment, was not brought to trial as she was 'old and testy', and 'may die out of perversity to defraud

2686-528: The Scottish king's beard on 9 August 1503, and he gave her a length of cloth-of-gold. On 21 April 1509 Henry VII died. Surrey was an executor of the late King's will, and served as Earl Marshal at the coronation of Henry VIII . When a Scottish army invaded after Henry VIII had departed for Calais on 30 June 1513, Surrey crushed the Scottish forces at Flodden on 9 September. The victory brought Surrey popular renown and royal rewards. On 1 February 1514 he

2765-427: The Tower. About the same time another of the Duchess's daughters, Katherine Daubeney, Lady Bridgewater was also arrested. On 14 December 1541, Norfolk, fearful for his own safety, denounced his stepmother and kin in a letter to the King. On 22 December William Howard and his wife, and a number of servants who had been witnesses to the Queen's misconduct, including Malyn Tilney (mother of Edmund Tilney , future Master of

2844-416: The army, which despite their numerical inferiority, managed to decisively crush the Scottish forces at the Battle of Flodden , near Branxton , Northumberland , on 9 September. The Scots lost thousands of men, and James IV lost his life in the battle. Leading the victorious forces at Flodden gave the Howards enormous prestige both socially and at court, and the Howard coat of arms was changed in honour of

2923-409: The autumn of 1541, the religious reformer John Lassells and his sister Mary Hall told Archbishop Cranmer of the Queen's premarital sexual indiscretions. On 1 November 1541 Cranmer revealed Queen Catherine's extramarital behaviour in a letter to the King, who vented his wrath on the Howard family, accusing them of concealing the Queen's misconduct. Catherine was condemned by a bill of attainder and

3002-463: The beginnings of modern scientific thought. Here Francis Bacon is pointed to as an important reference point and catalyst. This Christianity -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This intellectual history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk , KG , PC (10 March 1473 – 25 August 1554)

3081-437: The conduct of foreign affairs. In 1523, Wolsey had secured to the Duke of Suffolk the reversion of the office of Earl Marshal by Howard's father, and in 1525, he was replaced as Lord Admiral by Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond , the King's illegitimate but acknowledged son, who a few years later became Norfolk's son-in-law. Finding himself pushed aside, Howard spent considerable time away from court between 1525 and 1527–28. In

3160-458: The coronation procession, and was godmother at the christening of Anne's daughter, Princess Elizabeth . Anne's two subsequent miscarriages caused the King misgivings about the marriage, but Anne's downfall ultimately came about as a result of her conflict with the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell , over the distribution of the spoils from the dissolution of the monasteries . Anne was charged with adultery and high treason , and on 19 May 1536

3239-471: The daughter of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Eleanor Percy , and the granddaughter of Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland . Through his mother Catherine Woodville , Elizabeth's father was a first cousin to Howard's first wife. On 4 May 1513, he was appointed Lord Admiral , a position previously held by his brother, Edward Howard , who had died on 25 April, to combat the French navy. Surrey and his sons Thomas and Edmund had hoped to lead

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3318-429: The daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney and widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, and the grandson of John Howard, 1st Baron Howard , later 1st Duke of Norfolk. Through his great-grandmother Margaret Mowbray, Howard was a descendant of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk , the sixth son of King Edward I of England . Through his great-grandfather Sir Robert Howard , of Tendring Hall, Stoke-by-Nayland , Suffolk , Howard

3397-514: The daughter of Hugh Tilney of Skirbeck and Boston, Lincolnshire , by Eleanor, daughter of Walter Tailboys and Alice Stafford Cheyney . Her brother, Sir Philip Tilney of Shelley (d.1533), was in the service of Thomas Howard , then Earl of Surrey, the husband of Agnes' cousin, Elizabeth Tilney . Surrey's first wife died on 4 April 1497, and he and Agnes were married four months later by dispensation dated 17 August 1497. Agnes brought Surrey little by way of dowry . The marriage coincided with

3476-495: The daughters of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford with his second wife, Elizabeth Trussell . In November 1530, Wolsey was arrested but while on his way from York to London the Cardinal became seriously ill and died in Leicester . Howard benefited from Wolsey's fall, becoming the King's leading councillor and applying himself energetically in the King's efforts to find a way out of his marriage to Queen Catherine. Assisting

3555-505: The daughters of the Earl of Arundel , with the aim of uniting the two most prominent Catholic families in England. In early 1554 the elderly Norfolk carried out his last service to the Crown by leading some of the forces which put down Wyatt's Rebellion , a group of disaffected Protestant gentlemen who opposed the Queen's projected marriage to Philip II of Spain . The Duke died at his Kenninghall residence on 25 August 1554 after several weeks in which his health gradually declined. Norfolk

3634-470: The education of his grandson and heir Thomas , to Bishop Gardiner, now Lord Chancellor to Queen Mary. Shortly afterwards, however, the Duke once again reassigned the education of his heir, and that of his other grandson Henry , this time to the Catholic priest John White who was soon elected to be Bishop of Lincoln. In late 1553, Howard arranged for a marriage between Thomas and Mary FitzAlan , one of

3713-501: The execution of Henry six years earlier, devolved upon Henry Howard's eldest son Thomas, who was now the Duke's heir-apparent. Shortly after his release, Howard took over the care of his five grandchildren, the Earl of Surrey's children, who up to that time had been under the tutelage of John Foxe . Howard dismissed him (Foxe soon went into exile to various countries in continental Europe to escape anti-Protestant measures taken by Queen Mary). Shortly after dismissing Foxe, Howard reassigned

3792-414: The house, the men found the Duke's daughter, Mary, his daughter-in-law Frances, who was pregnant with their fifth child, and Norfolk's mistress, Bess Holland, alone in the home. Southwell and his companions arrived, placed men at all the doors and sent for the Duchess of Richmond and Bess Holland, 'who were only just risen', Southwell reported. The fate of Norfolk's personal property is well documented, for

3871-490: The initiative in the King's marriage to Anne of Cleves . The King's disillusionment with Anne's physical appearance when he met her, and his desire to have the marriage annulled after the wedding had taken place, gave Howard an opportunity to bring down Cromwell. On 10 June 1540 Cromwell was arrested at a Privy Council meeting on charges of high treason , and the Duke of Norfolk snatched the St George's collar (insignia of

3950-533: The inventories drawn up at the time of his arrest were annotated as goods were sold or given away. On 24 December, the elder Howard acknowledged that he had "concealed high treason, in keeping secret the false acts of my son, Henry Earl of Surrey, in using the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, which pertain only to kings", and offered his lands to the King. Although the arms of their ancestor, Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (1397 creation), show that Surrey

4029-430: The marriage, she cannot die for that was done before'. Unfortunately for the Queen and the Dowager Duchess, further investigations by Cranmer and the Council revealed that with the connivance of one of her attendants, Lady Rochford , Catherine had allegedly had an affair with Thomas Culpeper , one of the King's favourite gentlemen of the privy chamber, after her marriage to the King. Dereham, Manox, and other members of

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4108-561: The match to be a way of neutralising the threat Mary posed to the succession of any children Anne might have by the King. But she changed her mind, fearing that the Duke could use the match to support Mary's claim to the throne as well as supporting Catherine of Aragon in the annulment proceedings which were still continuing, and thereby prevent the Church of England's break from Rome. By October 1530, Boleyn persuaded her reluctant uncle to arrange instead for Surrey to marry Frances de Vere , one of

4187-416: The mid-1520s, Howard's niece, Anne Boleyn , had caught the eye of King Henry VIII, thereby reviving his political fortunes with his involvement in the King's attempt to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon . By 1529, matters of state were being increasingly handled by Norfolk, his brother-in-law Thomas Boleyn , and the Duke of Suffolk , who pressed King Henry VIII to remove Cardinal Wolsey. In October,

4266-436: The next few months razed everything around Boulogne , until the winter caused the fleet to withdraw to England. The sea patrol was abandoned with little achieved. On 4 December 1522, Howard was made Lord Treasurer upon his father's resignation of the office, and on 21 May 1524, he succeeded his father as Duke of Norfolk. His liking for war brought him into conflict with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , who preferred diplomacy in

4345-551: The next few years, the younger Thomas Howard served King Henry VIII in a variety of ways. In September 1514, he escorted the King's sister Mary to France for her forthcoming marriage to King Louis XII of France . In 1517, he quelled a May Day riot in London with the use of soldiers. On 10 March 1520 Howard was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland . By July 1520, he entered upon the thankless task of endeavouring to keep Ireland in order. His letters contain accounts of attempts to pacify

4424-412: The north of England, where they carried out a policy of brutal repression on behalf of the King, despite the fact that the Duke himself was a Catholic. In 1539, Norfolk, who was a conservative, was seriously challenging the reformist religious policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell . In that year, Henry VIII sought to have Parliament put an end to diversity in religious opinion. On 5 May,

4503-745: The oldest Christian saints. On the south side are St Matthew the Evangelist , St James the Great , St James the Less and St Andrew ; on the west St Peter , the Prophet Aaron and St Paul ; on the north St Matthias , St Jude Thaddeus , Simon the Zealot (also known as Simon the Canaanite) and St Philip ; and on the east St John the Evangelist , Simeon of Jerusalem and St Thomas . Parts of

4582-516: The provocative behaviour of his eldest son and heir, the Earl of Surrey, who was accused of assuming the royal arms of Edward the Confessor as part of his personal heraldry. On 12 December 1546 both Norfolk and his son were arrested and sent to the Tower . In the early morning of 14 December, Howard's residence in Kenninghall was raided by Richard Southwell , John Gates and Wymond Carew , looking for evidence of Surrey's treason. Arriving at

4661-409: The rival factions of the Earl of Kildare and the Earl of Ormonde , and are full of demands for more money and troops. At the end of 1521 Surrey was recalled from Ireland to take command of the English fleet in naval operations against France. His ships were ill-provisioned, and his attack consisted of a series of raids near the French coast for the purpose of inflicting as much damage as possible on

4740-423: The same day the Dowager Duchess was again questioned, and admitted to having promoted her niece as a prospective bride for the King while having knowledge of her prior misconduct, to having persuaded the Queen to take Dereham into her service, and to having burned Dereham's letters. By mid-December the Dowager Duchess's eldest son, William Howard , his wife, and the Duchess's daughter Anne Howard were committed to

4819-543: The same year he was involved in successful diplomatic negotiations with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella for a marriage between the Spanish Infanta , Catherine of Aragon , and Henry VII's eldest son Arthur, Prince of Wales . When Prince Arthur died on 2 April 1502, Surrey supervised the funeral. In 1503 he escorted the King's daughter, Margaret Tudor , to Scotland for her wedding to King James IV . Agnes Howard, and her step-daughter Muriel, Lady Gray, clipped

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4898-569: The scandal. However, the French ambassador Marillac wrote on 17 January 1542, that the Duke had not only escaped punishment, but had apparently been restored to his "full former credit and authority". Howard was appointed Lieutenant-General north of the River Trent on 29 January 1541, and Captain-General in a campaign against the Scots in August 1542. In June 1543, he declared war on France in

4977-636: The second time Agnes Tilney , Thomas' mother's cousin. Howard was an able soldier, and was often employed in military operations. In 1497, he served in a campaign against the Scots under the command of his father, who knighted him on 30 September 1497. He was made a Knight of the Garter after the accession of his nephew by marriage, King Henry VIII, and became the King's close companion, with lodgings at court. His first wife, Anne of York , daughter of Edward IV and thereby Henry's aunt, died in November 1511, and early in 1513, Howard married Elizabeth Stafford ,

5056-516: The tomb are believed to be parts of the 2nd Duke's tomb, which was located at Thetford and was destroyed when the Priory was closed. The remains of two other men in the tomb are likely the first and second Dukes. The effigy of Howard is to the left of that of his first wife, rather than the usual right, due to the latter's royal lineage. He was succeeded as Duke and as Earl Marshal by his grandson, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk . Thomas Howard married twice: As dowager duchess, Elizabeth survived

5135-429: The victory, incorporating the Scottish lion pierced through the mouth with an arrow within a double tressure flory-counterflory-gules , an emblem of the Scottish royal arms granted by Scottish kings on rare occasions as a special mark of favour. The grant to Howard was thus a blatant heraldic insult to the kings of Scotland. On 1 February 1514, Howard's father, then Earl of Surrey, was created Duke of Norfolk (technically

5214-491: Was a prominent English politician and nobleman of the Tudor era . He was an uncle of two of the wives of King Henry VIII , Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard , both of whom were beheaded, and played a major role in the machinations affecting these royal marriages. After falling from favour in 1546, he was stripped of his dukedom and imprisoned in the Tower of London , avoiding execution when Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547. He

5293-435: Was accorded first place in the Queen's household after the King's sister Mary Tudor . On 23 May 1533 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared Henry VIII's marriage to his first Queen, Katherine of Aragon , a nullity. On or about 25 January 1533 the King had already married the Dowager Duchess's step-granddaughter Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony. Anne was crowned Queen on 1 June 1533. The Dowager Duchess bore Anne's train in

5372-405: Was also restored to the office of Earl Marshal and officiated in that capacity at Mary's coronation on 1 October 1553. In Mary's first parliament (October–December of that year), Howard's attainder was declared void, thereby restoring him to the dukedom and its subsidiary titles. Because Norfolk's son Henry Howard was dead, the courtesy title of Earl of Surrey , which had been left vacant since

5451-415: Was badly wounded. As the battle resulted in the accession of Henry VII Tudor , the Howards' loyalty to the losing side resulted in the forfeiture of their titles and most of their properties. Nevertheless, they soon began to be rehabilitated, and in 1489 Thomas' father was restored as Earl of Surrey. In April 1497 his mother died, and in August of that year, by papal dispensation, his father married for

5530-428: Was beheaded at Tower Green . The King then took Jane Seymour as his third wife. Two years after her death, at Cromwell's instigation the King wed Anne of Cleves on 6 January 1540. However the King's physical revulsion for his new bride led to a speedy annulment of the marriage by Act of Parliament on 12 July 1540. By then Catherine Howard , another of the Dowager Duchess's step-granddaughters, had already caught

5609-467: Was buried in the Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham , Suffolk , where his spectacular tomb, richly decorated with religious iconography and with heraldic lions that hold the coats of arms of both the Howard family and the House of York , because Anne of York, the Duke's first wife, was buried in the same tomb. The religious representations on Howard's tomb are of the twelve Apostles and some of

5688-476: Was created Duke of Norfolk, and his son Thomas was made Earl of Surrey. Both were granted lands and annuities, and the Howard arms were augmented in honour of Flodden. Norfolk's leading position among the nobility was reflected in the Duchess's role at court. She was godmother to Princess Mary , and attended the Princess during a visit to France in 1520. Katherine of Aragon , the wife of Henry VIII, gave her

5767-399: Was descended from Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall , the second son of King John , who had an illegitimate son, named Richard (died 1296), whose daughter, Joan of Cornwall, married Sir John Howard (d. shortly July 1331). Likewise, through his ancestor Isabel d'Aubigny, wife of John Fitzalan, 3rd Lord of Clun and Oswestry , Howard was descended from Roger Bigod , the first Lord of Norfolk after

5846-528: Was entitled to bear Edward the Confessor's arms, doing so was an act of pride, and provocative in the eyes of the Crown. There were also religious motives behind Surrey's fall from grace and Norfolk's imprisonment. The Duke was the premier Catholic nobleman of England and his son was also a Catholic, although he had reformist leanings. Henry VIII, possibly influenced by the Seymours, supporters of Protestantism, believed that Norfolk and Surrey were going to usurp

5925-429: Was executed on 13 February 1542. Various members of the Duke's family were punished, including his daughter Mary, his stepmother the widowed Duchess of Norfolk , and the latter's son William Howard , who was Thomas's half-brother. Norfolk tried to detach himself from the situation by retiring to his residence at Kenninghall, from where he wrote a letter of apology to the King blaming both his niece and his stepmother for

6004-671: Was later partly compensated by lands worth £1,626 a year from Queen Mary I . Howard remained in the Tower throughout the reign of Edward VI, being released and pardoned along with the Bishop of Winchester Stephen Gardiner , after the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary I in July 1553. He was appointed to the Privy Council, and presided as Lord High Steward at the trial of the Duke of Northumberland on 18 August. He

6083-399: Was placed in the Dowager Duchess's care after her mother's death. Agnes' brother, Sir Philip Tilney of Shelley (d.1533), was the paternal grandfather of Edmund Tilney (1535/6–1610), Master of the Revels to Queen Elizabeth and King James . Edmund Tilney's mother, Malyn, was implicated in the scandal surrounding the downfall of Queen Katherine Howard. Agnes Tilney, born around 1477, was

6162-537: Was released on the accession of the Roman Catholic Queen Mary I , whom he aided in securing the throne, thus setting the stage for tensions between his Catholic family and the Protestant royal line that would be continued by Mary's half-sister, Elizabeth I . Thomas was the son of Sir Thomas Howard , later 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443–1524), by his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney (died 1497),

6241-533: Was severely rebuked by the King. During the last years of the reign of Henry VIII, the Seymour family , and the King's last wife, Catherine Parr , supporters of the Reformation, were gaining greater power and influence at court while conservative Norfolk was left politically isolated. Howard attempted to form an alliance with the Seymours by marrying his widowed daughter, Mary to Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley , but all his efforts were in vain due to

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