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89-485: The product of "New Women" has been the result of a social economic trend and reform social movement that has been going on for decades. It offered criticism to China's traditional ideology and offered a change in China’s “old women” to “new women” as an alternative social convention. New Women was considered to be a “problem film” in inciting “the woman question”. This question is actually a set of questions which pertain to how

178-572: A child. Her family disapproved of the relationship, resulting in her lover leaving. In 1928, she was in an arranged marriage but, as a personal protest, left home for Shanghai to pursue a career in film. Ai Xia started her career as a stage actor with the South China Theater Society ( Nanguo jushe ), founded by Tian Han , before joining the Leftists Dramatists League ( Zuoyi juzuojia lianmeng ). She

267-638: A common practice anymore, however, owing to the dangers of long-term use of barbiturates; they have been replaced by the benzodiazepines and Z-drug such as zolpidem, zaleplon and eszopiclone for sleep. The final class of barbiturates are known as long-acting barbiturates (the most notable one being phenobarbital, which has a half-life of roughly 92 hours). This class of barbiturates is used almost exclusively as anticonvulsants , although on rare occasions they are prescribed for daytime sedation. Barbiturates in this class are not used for insomnia, because, owing to their extremely long half-life, patients would awake with

356-420: A day or more, and subsequently result in bioaccumulation of the drug in the system. The therapeutic and recreational effects of long-acting barbiturates wear off significantly faster than the drug can be eliminated, allowing the drug to reach toxic concentrations in the blood following repeated administration (even when taken at the therapeutic or prescribed dose) despite the user feeling little or no effects from

445-480: A derivative of barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid" (all other barbiturates) were designated as being schedule III . Under the original CSA, no barbiturates were placed in schedule I, II, or V; however, amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital are now schedule II controlled substances unless they are in a suppository dosage form. In 1971, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances

534-683: A doctor, owing to the high lethality and relatively sudden onset of the withdrawal. Attempting to quit "cold turkey" may result in neurological damage due to excitotoxicity, severe physical injuries received during convulsions, and even death resulting from arrhythmias during grande Mal seizures, paralleling death caused by delirium tremens. Some symptoms of an overdose typically include sluggishness, incoordination, difficulty in thinking, slowness of speech, faulty judgement, drowsiness, shallow breathing, staggering, and, in severe cases, coma or death. The lethal dosage of barbiturates varies greatly with tolerance and from one individual to another. The lethal dose

623-491: A manner similar to long-acting benzodiazepines such as diazepam and clonazepam . Often polysubstance use occurs and barbiturates are consumed with or substituted by other available substances, most commonly alcohol. People who use substances tend to prefer short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates. The most commonly used are amobarbital (Amytal), pentobarbital (Nembutal), and secobarbital (Seconal). A combination of amobarbital and secobarbital (called Tuinal )

712-401: A patient "under" in emergency surgery situations. Doctors can also bring a patient out of anesthesia just as quickly, should complications arise during surgery. The middle two classes of barbiturates are often combined under the title "short/intermediate-acting." These barbiturates are also employed for anesthetic purposes, and are also sometimes prescribed for anxiety or insomnia . This is not

801-499: A residual "hang-over" effect and feel groggy. Barbiturates can in most cases be used either as the free acid or as salts of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, lithium, etc. Codeine - and dionine -based salts of barbituric acid have been developed. During World War II , military personnel in the Pacific region were given "goofballs" to improve their tolerance of the heat and humidity of daily working conditions. Goofballs reduced

890-572: A total of eight films in her lifetime. Ai committed suicide in 1934 by consuming raw opium . Being the first actress in the Republic of China to do so, her death is considered iconic in Chinese film. The film New Women is based on her life. It stars actress Ruan Lingyu who also committed suicide shortly after the film's release in 1935. It is speculated that director Cai Chusheng may have been romantically involved with Ai and thus, made

979-426: A young intellectual woman that reflected the need for modernity of fashion, customs and emancipation from men. Ruan Lingyu ended up playing a role that was relatable to her own life. Ruan Lingyu committed suicide on International Women's Day (March 8, 1935) by overdosing on sleeping pills. Her suicide note apparently contained a line which says "gossip is a fearful thing" (人言可畏), although recent researchers have doubted

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1068-416: Is Dr. Wang. Under his mockery, Wei Ming angrily hits Dr. Wang and runs away. She helplessly watches her daughter die, then commits suicide afterwards by overdosing on sleeping pills. Yu Haichou takes Wei Ming to the hospital where Aying attempts to inspire her to continue living. Wei Ming cries out "I want to live, I want revenge". However, the doctor can no longer rescue Wei Ming and she dies. The publisher and

1157-410: Is a college graduate (undoubtedly the daughter of a capitalist family), but she is willing to be a man's plaything all her life as Mrs. Wang of the comprador class. Li Aying has her roots in the working class, combating the hostile environment in her struggle. Wei Ming's background seems to be somewhere between the former two women and, because of that, she comes to be incapable of extricating herself from

1246-494: Is a fearful thing", attributing her suicide to the same kind of media harassment her character Wei Ming experienced. The idea of the protagonist's "crisis in subjectivity" was brought to life by Ruan's suicide. It provoked much debate in the Shanghai news media on the controversy over the representation and status of women in popular culture and shed a light on the increasing feminist problems of modernity. Much discussion surrounded

1335-423: Is a film that focuses on the “modern transformation of Chinese women.” In Cai Chusheng's New Woman, we see several motifs that support the central idea of the narrative. The first is the irony of the traditional wife. Mrs. Wang is dependent on Dr. Wang and since she has no financial resources, she has to tolerate  her husband's indiscretions. The second motif in the narrative is about women's rights. Although

1424-505: Is also highly used. Short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates are usually prescribed as sedatives and sleeping pills. These pills begin acting fifteen to forty minutes after they are swallowed, and their effects last from five to six hours. Slang terms for barbiturates include barbs, barbies, bluebirds, dolls, wallbangers, yellows, downers, goofballs, sleepers, 'reds & blues', and tooties. (it lacks oxygen at #2 position of generic barbiturate structure) (the oxygen at #2 position

1513-415: Is an extended process often consisting of converting the patient to a long-acting benzodiazepine (i.e. Valium ), followed by slowly tapering off the benzodiazepine. Mental cravings for barbiturates can last for months or years in some cases and counselling/support groups are highly encouraged by addiction specialists. Patients should never try to tackle the task of discontinuing barbiturates without consulting

1602-405: Is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate that is marketed under the name Sodium Pentothal. It is often mistaken for " truth serum ", or sodium amytal , an intermediate-acting barbiturate that is used for sedation and to treat insomnia, but was also used in so-called sodium amytal "interviews" where the person being questioned would incorrectly be thought to be more likely to provide the truth whilst under

1691-424: Is associated with significant morbidity. One study found that 11% of males and 23% of females with a sedative - hypnotic misuse die by suicide. Other effects of barbiturate intoxication include drowsiness , lateral and vertical nystagmus , slurred speech and ataxia , decreased anxiety, and loss of inhibitions. Barbiturates are also used to alleviate the adverse or withdrawal effects of illicit drug use, in

1780-404: Is considered one of the most dangerous withdrawals of any known addictive substance. Similarly to benzodiazepines, the longer acting barbiturates produce a less severe withdrawal syndrome than short acting and ultra-short acting barbiturates. Withdrawal symptoms are dose-dependent with heavier users being more affected than lower-dose addicts. The pharmacological treatment of barbiturate withdrawal

1869-420: Is highly variable among different members of the class, with superpotent barbiturates such as pentobarbital being potentially fatal in considerably lower doses than the low-potency barbiturates such as butalbital. Even in inpatient settings, the development of tolerance is still a problem, as dangerous and unpleasant withdrawal symptoms can result when the drug is stopped after dependence has developed. Tolerance to

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1958-435: Is imminent, national identity and class identity become the new direction of the development of film and film music.” The year 1935 was the time when Chinese left-wing cinema was emerging and gradually developing, and as one of its important masterpieces, New Woman was also considered "a significant milestone in modern Chinese feminist cinema"[source1] and “laid the foundation for future "new women" films.” Director Cai Chusheng

2047-429: Is somewhat more complex than telling the truth, especially under the influence of a sedative-hypnotic drug. The memory-impairing effects and cognitive impairments induced by sodium thiopental are thought to reduce a subject's ability to invent and remember lies. This practice is no longer considered legally admissible in court, owing to findings that subjects undergoing such interrogations may form false memories, putting

2136-417: Is specifically exempted from controlled substance status, while its sibling Fiorinal , which contains aspirin instead of paracetamol and may contain codeine phosphate, remains a schedule III drug. Recreational users report that a barbiturate high gives them feelings of relaxed contentment and euphoria . Physical and psychological dependence may also develop with repeated use. Chronic misuse of barbiturates

2225-629: Is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. Taken together, the findings that barbiturates potentiate inhibitory GABA A receptors and inhibit excitatory AMPA receptors can explain the superior CNS-depressant effects of these agents to alternative GABA potentiating agents such as benzodiazepines and quinazolinones . At higher concentration, they inhibit the Ca -dependent release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate via an effect on P / Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channels . Barbiturates produce their pharmacological effects by increasing

2314-568: The 1970s most barbiturates were replaced by benzodiazepines . Barbituric acid itself does not have any direct effect on the central nervous system and chemists have derived over 2,500 compounds from it that possess pharmacologically active qualities. The broad class of barbiturates is further broken down and classified according to speed of onset and duration of action. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are commonly used for anesthesia because their extremely short duration of action allows for greater control. These properties allow doctors to rapidly put

2403-492: The GABA A receptor at multiple homologous transmembrane pockets located at subunit interfaces, which are binding sites distinct from GABA itself and also distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site. Like benzodiazepines, barbiturates potentiate the effect of GABA at this receptor. In addition to this GABAergic effect, barbiturates also block AMPA and kainate receptors , subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptor . Glutamate

2492-665: The GABA A receptor channel is only one of several representatives. This Cys-loop receptor superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal nACh receptor channel, the 5-HT 3 receptor channel, and the glycine receptor channel. However, while GABA A receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both thiopental and pentobarbital. Such findings implicate (non-GABA-ergic) ligand-gated ion channels, e.g.

2581-399: The age of 21 after starring in a movie that she wrote herself called "A Modern Woman ". Ai Xia was condemned by the popular press when they found out about a single act of prostitution to raise money in order to afford medicine for her sick daughter. Cai Chusheng was thought to have been affiliated with Ai Xia in some way and made New Women for personal reasons. Ai Xia's suicide and legacy in

2670-617: The anxiolytic and sedative effects of barbiturates tends to develop faster than tolerance to their effects on smooth muscle, respiration, and heart rate, making them generally unsuitable for a long time psychiatric use. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects tends to correlate more with tolerance to physiological effects, however, meaning that they are still a viable option for long-term epilepsy treatment. Barbiturates in overdose with other CNS (central nervous system) depressants (e.g. alcohol, opiates, benzodiazepines) are even more dangerous owing to additive CNS and respiratory depressant effects. In

2759-434: The basic structure, mainly in position 5 on the ring. In modern chemistry the barbiturates are often presented by its Hirshfeld surface representations showing its intermolecular interactions [1] calculated with CrystalExplorer Program. Sodium barbital and barbital have also been used as pH buffers for biological research, e.g., in immuno-electrophoresis or in fixative solutions. Barbiturates are classified based on

New Women - Misplaced Pages Continue

2848-413: The beginning of Cai Chusheng's film career, the film "New Women" is a remarkable one. There are episodes and no dialogues when the film is released. It can be regarded as a transitional bridge from Chinese silent films to sound films. In the film, Ruan Lingyu's performance can also be described as powerful and sorrowful. The story is allegedly based on the talented actress Ai Xia who committed suicide under

2937-496: The case of benzodiazepines, not only do they have additive effects, barbiturates also increase the binding affinity of the benzodiazepine binding site, leading to exaggerated benzodiazepine effects. (ex. If a benzodiazepine increases the frequency of channel opening by 300%, and a barbiturate increases the duration of their opening by 300%, then the combined effects of the drugs increases the channels' overall function by 900%, not 600%). The longest-acting barbiturates have half-lives of

3026-606: The century.” Ai Xia and Ruan’s real life suicides sandwich New Women’s fictional suicide from the film. The hardships experienced by women such as Ai Xia and Ruan Lingyu could be attributed to this cultural change in regards to “the woman question” at the time. As stated in Christopher Rhea’s “Chinese Film Classics 1922-1949”; “Ruan Lingyu has become a symbol of the glamor, romance, and unfulfilled potential of Republican China, and her story has been endlessly retold” At that time, female writers were respected in Shanghai. However,

3115-592: The class possess relevant enzyme induction capabilities, the degree of induction overall as well as the impact on each specific enzyme span a broad range, with phenobarbital and secobarbital being the most potent enzyme inducers and butalbital and talbutal being among the weakest enzyme inducers in the class. People who are known to have killed themselves by barbiturate overdose include Stefan Zweig , Charles Boyer , Ruan Lingyu , Dalida , Jeannine Deckers , Felix Hausdorff , Abbie Hoffman , Phyllis Hyman , C. P. Ramanujam , George Sanders , Jean Seberg , Lupe Vélez and

3204-466: The consequences of barbiturate withdrawal (she was hospitalized with burns, the doctors treating her not being aware of her barbiturate addiction). The use of Barbiturates is contraindicated in the following conditions: Barbiturates act as positive allosteric modulators and, at higher doses, as agonists of GABA A receptors . GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Barbiturates bind to

3293-517: The dangers of mass media and female objectivity in the film industry. Gender identity and male objectification of females is also an important theme in New Women. Wei is often seen as an object for consumption, not a person by the male characters around her. Wei suffers from losing her job after she rejects the advances of Doctor Wang, who then offers to help her only if she becomes his concubine. The film also shows that Wei’s book, “The Tomb of Love,”

3382-569: The demand on the respiratory system, as well as maintaining blood pressure. Many soldiers returned with addictions that required several months of rehabilitation before discharge. This led to growing dependency problems, often exacerbated by indifferent physicians prescribing high doses to unknowing patients through the 1950s and 1960s. In the late 1950s and 1960s, an increasing number of published reports of barbiturate overdoses and dependence problems led physicians to reduce their prescription, particularly for spurious requests. This eventually led to

3471-444: The denial of property rights. Lu Xun once regarded economic independence as the premise of women's liberation, and Li Dazhao believed that women's employment was the basis of equality between men and women. Director Cai Chusheng and scriptwriter Sun Shiyi based the plot of New Women on the life and death of actress Ai Xia . While Wei Ming, played by Ruan Lingyu was a teacher, Ai Xia was an actress that committed suicide in 1934 at

3560-403: The drug passes through the placenta to the fetus. After the baby is born, it may experience withdrawal symptoms and have trouble breathing. In addition, nursing mothers who take barbiturates may transmit the drug to their babies through breast milk. A rare adverse reaction to barbiturates is Stevens–Johnson syndrome , which primarily affects the mucous membranes. With regular use, tolerance to

3649-446: The dual pressure of survival and spirit of being the spotlight. The director Cai Chusheng was deeply affected by her death and realized that Ai Xia's life and death is of great social significance. He hoped to make a movie based on her story to educate the female population that suicide is not the solution. As a make-up version of Ai Xia's tragic fate, the actress Ruan Lingyu starred as the main protagonist in "New Women". The protagonist in

New Women - Misplaced Pages Continue

3738-489: The duration of action. Examples of each class include: Indications for the use of barbiturates include: There are special risks to consider for older adults, and women who are pregnant. When a person ages, the body becomes less able to rid itself of barbiturates. As a result, people over the age of sixty-five are at higher risk of experiencing the harmful effects of barbiturates, including drug dependence and accidental overdose. When barbiturates are taken during pregnancy,

3827-640: The duration of chloride ion channel opening at the GABA A receptor (pharmacodynamics: This increases the efficacy of GABA), whereas benzodiazepines increase the frequency of the chloride ion channel opening at the GABA A receptor (pharmacodynamics: This increases the potency of GABA). The direct gating or opening of the chloride ion channel is the reason for the increased toxicity of barbiturates compared to benzodiazepines in overdose. Further, barbiturates are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, of which

3916-448: The effects of barbiturates develops. Research shows tolerance can develop with even one administration of a barbiturate. As with all GABAergic drugs, barbiturate withdrawal produces potentially fatal effects such as seizures, in a manner reminiscent of delirium tremens and benzodiazepine withdrawal although its more direct mechanism of GABA agonism makes barbiturate withdrawal even more severe than that of alcohol or benzodiazepines. It

4005-502: The female protagonist Wei Ming does not get a perfect ending, she is a new generation woman who is brave enough to pursue a career, a new life and even a relationship, compared to a traditional wife like Mrs. Wang. The third motif is about class struggle, such as the "prejudice" in the workplace, the threat from high social status people like Dr. Wang, and Wei Ming's struggle and compromise in the face of life. Ai Xia Ai Xia ( Chinese : 艾霞 ; 29 November 1912 – 15 February 1934)

4094-466: The film at a fundraiser for a women's educational centre on International Women's Day, March 8. The target of much of their ire became the suicide of the film's star, Ruan Lingyu exactly one month after the movie premiered. The reception and publicity the film received was directly tied to Ruan's suicide by overdosing on barbiturates . Her death was purportedly due to the gossip and exposure surrounding her personal life. In her final note, she stated, "Gossip

4183-518: The film for personal reasons. Barbiturates Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid . They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics , hypnotics , and anticonvulsants , but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible adverse effects. They have been used recreationally for their anti-anxiety and sedative effects, and are thus controlled in most countries due to

4272-454: The film industry in China made her become a symbol for the Chinese women's emancipation. Ai Xia was one of the new-style women emerging in early 20th century China. During these times, female suicide was not an uncommon occurrence with Confucian and patriarchal pressures for women to be mothers and wives while not expressing their true selves. Ai Xia represented this ideology of new women being

4361-496: The first time. Teachers and doctors were the first intellectual professions for women, and women soon appeared in banks and shops as well. They even found work as actors, writers, translators, and editors. Wei Ming in New Women , is like Ai Xia or Ruan Lingyu in that they are the products of this era. There were two important songs in the movie. One is called "Huangpu River", Aiyin's revision of "Peach Blossom River". This song

4450-530: The forms of film, photographs, magazines, fashion advertisements and calendar posters. Cai Chusheng 's film is considered to be the most well-known of the "new woman" genre films. The pioneers of the Chinese Women's Liberation Movement began to pay attention to women's equality of employment and economic independence. They argued that the fundamental reason why women had lost their independence for thousands of years lay in their financial attachment to men and

4539-425: The future generation, women’s education was also heavily promoted, giving them a path towards integrating in the workforce. However, this idea of the modernizing role of women was met with criticism from the cultural sphere. “For example, some pointed to the so-called disadvantages of women receiving higher education, claiming that some modern women were no longer faithfully carrying out family duties.” When new women

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4628-473: The hospital, but they were refused service because they could not pay the fee upfront. Now that Wei Ming has lost her income as a teacher, she hopes to receive payment from the novel she has written called “The Tomb of Love” instead. She attempted to request an advanced payment from the publisher but was immediately rejected. Under such harsh circumstances, Wei Ming decides to become a "slave for one night” and prostitute herself. Unexpectedly, her first client

4717-432: The influence of the drug. When dissolved in water, sodium amytal can be swallowed, or it can be administered by intravenous injection. The drug does not itself force people to tell the truth, but is thought to decrease inhibitions and slow creative thinking, making subjects more likely to be caught off guard when questioned, and increasing the possibility of the subject revealing information through emotional outbursts. Lying

4806-446: The journalist cynically joins to sponsor Wei Ming's funeral for publicity benefits. Aying continues to lead her factory women workers in choral singing classes, the film ends with a scene of Aying and her factory co-workers walking out of the factory. In the 1930s, women were often featured in magazines and advertisements to convey the image of a modern lifestyle. Due to the association of a woman's qualifications with her ability to raise

4895-497: The latter are less toxic in drug overdose . However, barbiturates are still used as anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital and primidone ) and general anesthetics (e.g., sodium thiopental ). Barbiturates in high doses are used for medical aid in dying , and in combination with a muscle relaxant for euthanasia and for capital punishment by lethal injection . Barbiturates are frequently employed as euthanizing agents in small-animal veterinary medicine . Sodium thiopental

4984-614: The members of Heaven's Gate cult. Others who have died as a result of barbiturate overdose include Pier Angeli , Brian Epstein , Judy Garland , Jimi Hendrix , Marilyn Monroe , Inger Stevens , Dinah Washington , Ellen Wilkinson , and Alan Wilson ; in some cases these have been speculated to be suicides as well. Those who died of a combination of barbiturates and other drugs include Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Dorothy Kilgallen , Malcolm Lowry , Edie Sedgwick and Kenneth Williams . Dorothy Dandridge died of either an overdose or an unrelated embolism . Ingeborg Bachmann may have died of

5073-465: The neuronal nAChR channel, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates. This is the mechanism responsible for the (mild to moderate) anesthetic effect of barbiturates in high doses when used in anesthetic concentration. Drug interactions with barbiturates are: Caution is needed in people using: Caution is also required in patients with: Barbituric acid was first synthesized 27 November 1864, by German chemist Adolf von Baeyer . This

5162-411: The new substance by amalgamating Barbara with urea . Another story holds that Baeyer synthesized the substance from the collected urine of a Munich waitress named Barbara. No substance of medical value was discovered, however, until 1903 when two German scientists working at Bayer , Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering , discovered that barbital was very effective in putting dogs to sleep. Barbital

5251-402: The new woman and patriarchal/male culture. It is also a reflection of the conflict between left-wing movies and the right-wing newspapers. Interestingly, this conflict did not damage the reputation of the director of the film, Cai Chusheng, but ultimately sacrificed the reputation and life of actress Ruan Lingyu. The film New Women is now closely linked to the death of Ruan Lingyu, as a symbol of

5340-496: The note's authenticity as it appeared to have been forged by Tang Jishan. Even China's preeminent intellectual Lu Xun was appalled at the details surrounding Ruan's death and wrote an essay entitled "Gossip is a Fearful Thing", denouncing the tabloids. Her funeral procession was three miles long, three women committed suicide during it and the New York Times ran a front page story, calling it “the most spectacular funeral of

5429-837: The patients name, and have to contain the name and initials, address, city and telephone number of the licensed prescriber issuing the prescriptions, as well as the name and initials, address and city of the person the prescription is issued to). Among that group of drugs are the barbiturates amobarbital , butalbital , cyclobarbital , and pentobarbital . In the United States, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classified most barbiturates as controlled substances—and they remain so as of August 2023 . Barbital , methylphenobarbital (also known as mephobarbital ), and phenobarbital are designated schedule IV drugs, and "Any substance which contains any quantity of

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5518-407: The patriarchal society before its release. A rebellious new woman's echo-like record of self-destruction seems to show quite clearly the fragile collusion between women and the society. In addition to the message that the film conveys, the death of Ruan Lingyu after a month of the film's premiere is regarded as a female tragedy under the commercial and star system, which illustrates the tragic impact of

5607-740: The plasma-bound concentrations of the drug. Users who consume alcohol or other sedatives after the drug's effects have worn off, but before it has cleared the system, may experience a greatly exaggerated effect from the other sedatives which can be incapacitating or even fatal. Barbiturates induce a number of hepatic CYP enzymes (most notably CYP2C9 , CYP2C19 , and CYP3A4 ), leading to exaggerated effects from many prodrugs and decreased effects from drugs which are metabolized by these enzymes to inactive metabolites. This can result in fatal overdoses from drugs such as codeine , tramadol , and carisoprodol , which become considerably more potent after being metabolized by CYP enzymes. Although all known members of

5696-556: The re-founding of the Republic of China in 1911, the grip on traditionalism started to weaken. Women were given more access to education, employment opportunities, and began appearing more in the public's eye. Reformers started to rise and promote “social equality” in society for freedom of love, freedom from sexual discrimination, and freedom of choice. Following the May Fourth Movement , the term xin nüxing (new woman)

5785-478: The reliability of all information obtained through such methods into question. Nonetheless, it is still employed in certain circumstances by defense and law enforcement agencies as a "humane" alternative to torture interrogation when the subject is believed to have information critical to the security of the state or agency employing the tactic. In 1988, the synthesis and binding studies of an artificial receptor binding barbiturates by six complementary hydrogen bonds

5874-595: The rise of the status of women in society was perceived by some to be a threat to man's status in the family and in society. Therefore, females still needed time for society to adapt to the modernization and let others accept them. At the beginning of the 20th century, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Jiangsu, and other coastal areas were the first places where women workers appeared. Some women also raised money to set up shops and businesses to create opportunities for other women. Some industries even preferred to recruit female employees and paid equal salaries to female and male employees for

5963-881: The risks associated with such use. Barbiturates have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia , because of the significantly lower risk of overdose, and the lack of an antidote for barbiturate overdose . Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes: in general anesthesia , epilepsy , treatment of acute migraines or cluster headaches , acute tension headaches , euthanasia , capital punishment , and assisted suicide . Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital , were long used as anxiolytics and hypnotics . Intermediate-acting barbiturates reduce time to fall asleep, increase total sleep time, and reduce REM sleep time. Today they have been largely replaced by benzodiazepines for these purposes because

6052-405: The sad fate of the wavering petit bourgeois. The release of New Women was marred by a backlash from the press who objected to their profession's unflattering portrayal in the film. When the film opened in Shanghai the commercial press took the film's narrative to task for depicting the news media as slanderous. The Journalists’ Union loudly protested the film's characterization of their trade and

6141-530: The scheduling of barbiturates as controlled drugs. In the Netherlands, the Opium Law classifies all barbiturates as List II drugs, with the exception of secobarbital , which is on List I . There is a small group of List II drugs for which physicians have to write the prescriptions according to the same, tougher guidelines as those for List I drugs (writing the prescription in full in letters, listing

6230-402: The school board minister, who is also Wei Ming's old classmate Zhang Xiuzhen's husband, likes Wei Ming and wants her to become his concubine. Wei Ming ignores his advances as she falls in love with the editor of a publishing company Yu Haichou. Yu Haichou, however, refuses Wei Ming's advances. Dr. Wang, angered by Wei Ming's rejection, retaliates against Wei Ming and convinces the principal of

6319-483: The school to fire her. At the same time Wei Ming's past catches up to her. Before coming to Shanghai, she had a love affair with a man who left her after she became pregnant. Her older sister who was taking care of her daughter all this time was coming to Shanghai to see her as they were in need of money. Wei Ming's daughter, Xiao Hong, is shown to be suffering from pneumonia and after arriving in Shanghai her condition begins to deteriorate. The two sisters took Xiao Hong to

6408-491: The similarities between Ai Xia, Ruan, and her character Wei Ming, all sources of scrutiny in 'the woman question' of urban China in the 1930s. Some criticised the representation of new woman in the film as not focusing on family duties and pressured the idea of an independent new woman, conveying the traditional Chinese ideals which needed reformation. In early 20th century China, the traditional social morals dictated that women must be modest and reserved in their homes. But after

6497-447: The spectre of negative publicity pressured Lianhua studio into making an open apology. The portrayal of the new woman by Ruan Linyu was also heavily criticized for her way of life and using “suicide as the ultimate way of protesting against discrimination and gossip.” In an attempt to clear away accusations that the movie was “condoning” the suicide of New Women, the producers made a public relations show of their virtue by agreeing to screen

6586-413: The story has been abandoned by her oppressive patriarchal family to start an independent life as a writer. She wrote the autobiographical novel "The Tomb of Love." However, it was impossible for her to escape the fate of suicide as in reality, females were mere playthings of male desires and a gimmick in the commercial operation of the publishing industry. The film has caused an uproar due to the violation of

6675-547: The tragedy in this film. A print of New Women is currently maintained by the China Film Archive . The film centres around an educated and modern young woman, Wei Ming (Ruan Lingyu), living in 1920s Shanghai. As the film begins, Wei Ming is working as a music teacher for a girls’ school, harbouring dreams of becoming a writer. She befriends her neighbour Aying, who is a factory worker and teaches patriotic work songs to her coworkers.  Dr. Wang,

6764-460: The whole nation.” He also wrote the melody later chosen for the national anthem of the People’s Republic of China. Under the crisis of national subjugation and the urgency of Anti Japanese salvation It fortifies the ideal image of “new women as social workers and vanguard of building a new society.” The iconic left wing movement music presented in “New Women” explains that when “national crisis

6853-496: The women's movement to come." 'The woman question' or funu wenti, was centred around the discussion of love, marriage, education and employment for women. The term "new women" also symbolized the start of modernist discourse in China. Post release of the film, critics were “quick to compare the three kinds of women and to try to identify who the new woman might be." Newspaper reviews were published to prototype these “new women” figures into their respective social strata. Zhang Xiuzhen

6942-440: The ‘new women’ of China would be considered within society. Questions such as what is the current reality of women’s status in China, who are China’s new women, and what their lives should be like were part of “the woman question”. New Women was based upon the life of Chinese actress and writer, Ai Xia , who had committed suicide in 1934. Ai Xia's death following her role in A Modern Woman (1933) inspired Cai Chusheng to emulate

7031-545: Was a Chinese left-wing silent film actress and screenwriter . She committed suicide in 1934, the first Chinese actor to have done so. Her suicide inspired Cai Chusheng 's classic film New Women starring Ruan Lingyu , who also killed herself soon after the release of the film. Ai Xia was born Yan Yinan ( Chinese : 严以南 ) on November 29, 1912 in Tianjin to a large middle-class family. She attended university. After graduating, she fell in love with her cousin and had

7120-475: Was cut from the film in order to pass the government’s censors. The other is "Song of the New Women", which appeared at the end of the film. The song culminates in a revolutionary verser which envisions the simultaneous dissolution of class and gender divisions. It was composed by Nie Er, a famous composer who composed “many epochal songs in reflection of people’s hardship and Anti-Japanese war at his time, all of which had profound influence and extensive popularity in

7209-404: Was done by condensing urea with diethyl malonate . There are several stories about how the substance got its name. The most likely story is that Baeyer and his colleagues went to celebrate their discovery in a tavern where the town's artillery garrison were also celebrating the feast of Saint Barbara  – the patron saint of artillerymen. An artillery officer is said to have christened

7298-461: Was introduced to Mingxing (Star) Film Company in 1932. She wrote a book Xiandai yi Nüxing ( A Woman of Today ) in 1933. The book was adapted as a film in the same year. Despite the intrigue around the story, the film was not well received by critics because of its focus on revolution. Ai Xia was one of only two female screenwriters during the "Left-Wing" movement in Chinese film . She starred in

7387-550: Was popularized. The direct translation of nüxing is "female sex". However, before the May Fourth Movement, women in China were described by the term funü which emphasized familial and gender roles rather than biological sex. The new woman's role in modern China was often debated by intellectuals, liberals, and The Nationalists and the Communist. Nonetheless, the "new woman" icon found its way into popular media in

7476-466: Was published because the publisher thought he could market the book with an attractive female author. When Wei was forced into prostitution to earn enough money to pay for the deposit of the hospital fee, she was shock that Madam Xu told her to sell her body. However, Madam Xu counters that “but if we women want to make a little money in this world, what other path is open to us?” Compared to Cai Chusheng’s previous films, New Women, by its title and content,

7565-430: Was published. Since this first article, different kind of receptors were designed, as well as different barbiturates and cyanurates , not for their efficiencies as drugs but for applications in supramolecular chemistry , in the conception of materials and molecular devices. The preferred IUPAC name of the base compound, barbituric acid, is 1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione. Different barbiturates have different substituents in

7654-407: Was released in 1935, the film was interpreted by many as an example of the leftward development of Cai's politics on the traditional constraints on women in mass media and urban society. One newspaper reviewer praised "the number of films with 'the woman question' as their subject over the past few years" and declared that "it is inevitable that this kind of film would go on to influence many aspects of

7743-601: Was signed in Vienna . Designed to regulate amphetamines , barbiturates, and other synthetics, the 34th version of the treaty , as of 25 January 2014 , regulates secobarbital as schedule II, amobarbital, butalbital, cyclobarbital, and pentobarbital as schedule III, and allobarbital , barbital , butobarbital , mephobarbital , phenobarbital , butabarbital , and vinylbital as schedule IV on its "Green List". The combination medication Fioricet , consisting of butalbital, caffeine, and paracetamol (acetaminophen), however,

7832-511: Was then marketed by Bayer under the trade name Veronal . It is said that Mering proposed this name because the most peaceful place he knew was the Italian city of Verona . In 1912, Bayer introduced another barbituric acid derivative, phenobarbital , under the trade name Luminal, as a sedative – hypnotic . It was not until the 1950s that the behavioral disturbances and physical dependence potential of barbiturates became recognized. Since

7921-450: Was thus seen as a “sign of the move to the left-wing.” Today, the film's reputation has become firmly established as one of the classic examples of 1930s Chinese film. The organizers of the 5th Asia-Pacific Triennial on Contemporary Art referred to the film, in their retrospective of Ruan Lingyu's work, as a "Masterpiece in the spirit of the May 4th tradition." As a glorious chapter that marks

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