Misplaced Pages

#373626

84-545: Naturism refers to a lifestyle of practising non-sexual social nudity in private and in public, and to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both are also known as "nudism". Naturist organisations have existed in New Zealand since the 1930s. Although not a daily feature of public life, social nudity is practised in a variety of other contexts in New Zealand culture. An attempt to set up

168-410: A bodice (in earlier sources, body ) instead indicates the upper part of a dress that was constructed in two parts (i.e., with separate skirt and bodice, such as a ballet tutu ), but of matching or coordinating fabric with the intention of wearing the two parts as a unit. In dressmaking , the term waist (sometimes called dress waist to distinguish it from a shirtwaist ) was also used. During wear,

252-584: A nudist club in Dunedin in 1933 was unsuccessful, attracting hostility from clergy, women's groups, and the police. Nudist clubs (known as "sun clubs") were successfully established in Dunedin and Auckland in early 1938; the Auckland Sun Group went into recess shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of World War II . In 1953 the allied nudist clubs of New Zealand gathered at Whanganui to hold

336-603: A National Nude Gardening Day in October. In 2021, Nude Gardening Day was incorporated into National Gardening Week, which is sponsored in large part by Yates . New Zealand has no official nude beaches, as nudity is legal on any beach where it is "known to occur" (see below). The naturist organisations Free Beaches NZ Inc. and Nude Beaches New Zealand maintain lists of such places. The Police Offences Act 1908 prescribed imprisonment with hard labour for anyone who "willfully and obscenely exposes his person in any public place or within

420-474: A beach on the island of Rab where King Edward obtained special permission from the local government to swim naked, this event marked the beginning of nudist tourism in Croatia. In Finnish culture, nudism is considered to be a relatively normal way to live. It is not uncommon to see entire families spending time together naked. Families may be naked while bathing, in a sauna , swimming in a pool, or playing on

504-519: A beach, and it is not unusual to see children playing naked in a family yard for example. Nudity as a whole is considered less taboo than in many other countries. Marcel Kienné de Mongeot is credited with starting naturism in France in 1920. His family had suffered from tuberculosis, and he saw naturism as a cure and a continuation of the traditions of the ancient Greeks. In 1926, he started the magazine Vivre intégralement (later titled Vivre ) and

588-677: A common theme is that much of Christianity has misinterpreted the events regarding the Garden of Eden , and that God was displeased with Adam and Eve for covering their bodies with fig leaves . Naturism is usually promoted as not being sexual, but there are resorts where social nudity is practised alongside exhibitionism , voyeurism , and other alternative lifestyles like swinging . Mainstream discourse around naturism sometimes conflates sexual and non-sexual variations, though family-oriented naturism organisations try to resist this stigma. Some naturist clubs have shifted to catering to swingers, and as

672-858: A festival, called a "rally", which became an annual event. At the 1957 rally, held at the Canterbury Sun and Health Club 's grounds in Rolleston near Christchurch , the affiliated clubs agreed to form the New Zealand Sunbathing Association, which was formally established on 1 January 1958. In 1977 the Association was renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation. In 2016 the Federation in conjunction with Tourism New Zealand hosted

756-511: A form of protest, a gesture known in Māori as whakapohane . One notable modern example was performed by Mihi Kōtukutuku Stirling in Rotorua in 1917. Mita Taupopoki , a Te Arawa chief, objected to her standing on "his" marae as she was a woman. Stirling replied that she outranked him by birth; that she was not on his marae , he was on her marae ; and finally that he came from

840-719: A part of their naturism. Naturism became a more widespread phenomenon in the 1920s in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and other European countries and spread to the United States, where it became established in the 1930s. By 1951, the various national federations united to form the International Naturist Federation. Some naturists preferred not to join clubs, and after 1945, pressure arose to designate beaches for naturist use. From

924-486: A regular talent show including male striptease . In 2018, the University withdrew support for the camp after an investigation reported nudity and "drunken and sexualised" behaviour, with the result that it was cancelled. The investigation found no evidence of sexual misconduct or criminal activity. In order to avoid cancellation the following year, SOULS implemented changes to the camp including banning nudity and holding

SECTION 10

#1732791611374

1008-443: A resort in order to practise naturism. Active recruitment of younger members is being pursued by some organisations. The phenomenon varies by country, with, for example, naturism in France experiencing steady growth in a younger demographic during the 2010s. A similar trend is seen in Germany, with young people eager to depart from social norms and beauty standards. Naturism was part of a literary movement  [ fr ] in

1092-479: A result may be expelled from mainstream naturist organizations, whilst some naturist villages, notably Cap d'Agde , have been successfully overtaken by swingers and " libertines ". Others struggle with wanting to maintain a family image while being lax in behavior enforcements for fear of losing revenue and no longer being financially viable. Attempts have been made to legislate naturist activity, such as children's summer camps. Many films and published materials in

1176-600: A school of naturism in Berlin, encouraging a mixing of the sexes, open air exercises, and a programme of "sexual hygiene". In 1929 the Berlin school hosted the first International Congress on Nudity. Bodice Frescoes produced by the Minoan civilization portray women wearing open bodices that displayed and accentuated their breasts; however, following the Late Bronze Age collapse , these garments would give way to

1260-488: A simplified view of the relationship between naturism and sexuality. As of 2009 , research has begun to explore this complex relationship. The International Naturist Federation explains: Each country has its own kind of naturism, and even each club has its own special character, for we too, human beings, have each our own character which is reflected in our surroundings. The usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically. Naturism and nudism have

1344-714: A special World Congress in 2017, held in Vienna . The Federation voted to withdraw from the INF in December 2019, but rejoined in September 2023. The Federation today includes 17 affiliated clubs with a total membership, in 2012, of 1,600 people. Numbers at the annual rally have been dwindling in recent decades. In 2020 tensions arose between two Federation member groups, the Orchard Sun Club and Southern Free Beaches, when

1428-630: A survey by The Daily Telegraph , Germans and Austrians were most likely to have visited a nude beach (28%), followed by Norwegians (18%), Spaniards (17%), Australians (17%), and New Zealanders (16%). Of the nationalities surveyed, the Japanese (2%) were the least likely to have visited a nude beach. This result may indicate the lack of nude beaches in Japan; however, the Japanese are open with regard to family bathing nude at home and at onsens (hot springs). From Woodstock to Edinburgh , and Nambassa in

1512-575: A thesis on heliotherapy , and in that year, he opened the Club gymnique de France . In 1936, the naturist movement was officially recognised. Albert and Christine Lecocq were active members of many of these clubs, but they left after disagreements, and in 1944, they founded the Club du Soleil with members in 84 cities. Four years later, they founded the Fédération Française de Naturisme  [ fr ] (FFN); in 1949, they started

1596-492: A tradition of nudity at New Zealand summer festivals which continues today at Convergence, Kiwiburn , Luminate, Rhythm & Vines , Splore , and elsewhere. Nudity at Rhythm & Vines made international news in 2018 with a viral video capturing an incident in which a male festival-goer groped a topless woman who retaliated by striking him in the face. Boobs on Bikes was a mostly annual parade of topless men and women riding on motorcycles through large New Zealand cities in

1680-414: A woman's genitals – showing her own by way of illustration. This countered the insult that he had given her. Those present were asked to repudiate her speech but no-one came forward. The European colonists regarded nudity as an obscenity. The nakedness of Māori was cited, often in the phrase "naked savages", as a sign of their racial inferiority (which in turn was seen as casting into doubt the validity of

1764-640: Is Denmark, where beach nudity is explicitly allowed on all beaches, except for two in the far west of the country. Organized naturism in Belgium began in 1924 when engineer Joseph-Paul Swenne founded the Belgian League of Heliophilous Propaganda (usually abbreviated to Hélios ) in Uccle . This was followed four years later by De Spar , founded by Jozef Geertz and hosted on the country estate of entrepreneur Oswald Johan de Schampelaere. Belgian naturism

SECTION 20

#1732791611374

1848-656: Is a facility that specializes in providing apartments, chalets and camping pitches for visiting holidaymakers. A center is run commercially, and visitors are not members and have no say in the management. Most holiday centers expect visitors to hold an INF card (that is, to belong to an INF-affiliated organization), but some have relaxed this requirement, relying on the carrying of a trade card. Holiday centers vary in size. Larger holiday centres may have swimming pools, sports pitches, an entertainment program, kids' clubs, restaurants and supermarkets. Some holiday centres allow regular visitors to purchase their own chalets, and generations of

1932-438: Is lawful, run the risk of having the police called on them by disapproving members of the public. In 2019, a man was convicted of willful damage after chainsawing the phallus off a Māori carving on a walking track at Woodville near Palmerston North ; he claimed that the statue "promoted sex for pleasure" and that he had support from God . When a small group of Taupō residents called for public signage banning G-strings at

2016-425: Is most frequently encountered in the contexts of bathing, swimming and using saunas, whether in single-sex groups, within the family, or with mixed-sex friends, but throughout history and in many contemporary tropical cultures, nudity is a norm at many sports events and competitions. The first known use of the word naturisme occurred in 1778. A French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon (1734–1781), used

2100-494: Is possible to expose one's genitals in a public place without it being "obscene" (since otherwise the word "obscenely" would not have needed to be specified); it also excludes exposure of the buttocks or female breast from the offence. The Indecent Exposure provision is now in practice largely reserved for cases of public sexual gratification. Public nudity may be prosecuted under the Offensive Behaviour provision of

2184-490: Is unknown in British naturist magazines, including H&E naturist ), but some naturists avoid using this term due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. "Textilist" is said to be used interchangeably with "textile", but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, nor are there any equivalent examples of use in mainstream literature such as those for "textile". At naturist-organised events or venues, clothing

2268-678: Is usually optional. At naturist swimming pools or sunbathing places, however, complete nudity is expected (weather permitting). This rule is sometimes a source of controversy among naturists. Staff at a naturist facility are usually required to be clothed due to health and safety regulations. Facilities for naturists are classified in various ways. A landed or members' naturist club is one that owns its own facilities. Non-landed (or travel) clubs meet at various locations, such as private residences, swimming pools, hot springs, landed clubs and resorts, or rented facilities. Landed clubs can be run by members on democratic lines or by one or more owners who make

2352-553: The Wandervogel youth movement of 1896, from Steglitz , Berlin, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigour. At the same time, doctors of the Naturheilbewegung (Natural Healing Movement) were using heliotherapy, treating diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, and scrofula with exposure to sunlight. Nacktkultur , a term coined in 1903 by Heinrich Pudor, connected nudity, vegetarianism and social reform, and

2436-510: The Sensible Sentencing Trust , and support from TV host and self-declared nudist Paul Henry . The Judicial Conduct Commissioner does not report on the outcomes of individual complaints made against judges, and no further action was made public with regard to the case. Saunders publicly identified himself as the judge involved upon being elected president of the New Zealand Naturist Federation in 2023 after his retirement from

2520-586: The Treaty of Waitangi ). Social nudity in remote outdoor locations began to draw the ire of the authorities in the late 1920s. A number of male offenders were arrested and convicted for "willfully and obscenely exposing their persons" at various Wellington and Auckland beaches through the 1930s; a typical fine was £1. In 1939, a young woman was convicted but granted a suspended sentence for swimming nude at Takapuna in Auckland, after explaining to police that she

2604-511: The 16th century to the 18th century, either over a corset or in lieu of one. To achieve a fashionable shape and support the bust, the bodice was frequently stiffened with bents (a type of reed ) or whalebone . The bodice was separate from the corset of the time because the bodice was intended to be worn over the other garments, and the others were undergarments . In another usage, particularly in Victorian and early 20th century fashion ,

Naturism in New Zealand - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-480: The 1990s until 2018, full nudity was kept off the covers so that the magazine could be sold by newsagents without a plain wrapper. In 2018, due to costs, gonatural was withdrawn from newsagents and became a subscriber-only magazine; however, it continued to make a loss for the Federation, and was discontinued in August 2020. Māori people prior to European colonisation wore woven cloaks and kilts for protection from

2772-441: The 19th century. In earlier periods, bodices and corsets were laced in spiral fashion, with one continuous lace. Some bodices were laced in the back. In later periods, both were laced like the modern tennis shoe, with eyelets facing one another. This was more convenient for women who had to dress themselves. In the 20th century, lacing was replaced by elastic or other styles. Padding, boning, and other techniques were used to keep

2856-575: The 2000s, most prominently Auckland. One main aim of the parade was to draw attention to the fact that toplessness is legal in New Zealand, so that women have the same right to go bare-chested as men; this aligns both with the general philosophy of naturism and with feminist causes such as Free the Nipple. The other, however, was to publicise the Erotica Lifestyles Expo , which is erotic in character and thus not strictly in keeping with

2940-580: The Act, which prescribes a fine for anyone who "behaves in an offensive or disorderly manner". In 1991 an Auckland man was convicted of offensive behaviour in the District Court for sunbathing nude on the beach at Fitzpatrick Bay in the presence of a group of visiting schoolchildren. On appeal to the High Court his conviction was quashed, on the grounds that, since Fitzpatrick Bay was "a place where it

3024-767: The World Congress of the International Naturist Federation (INF) at the Wellington Naturist Club , marking the second time the Congress had ever been held in the Southern Hemisphere. This Congress was marked by political unrest, as sitting INF president Sieglinde Ivo was voted out in favour of French delegate Armand Jamier by a narrow majority. The vote was overturned and Ivo returned to the presidency at

3108-448: The beginning: Crawford and two sons of an Anglican missionary, Andrew and Kellogg Calderwood. The commune fell apart when Crawford was transferred to Ratnagiri ; he died soon after in 1894. In 1902, a series of philosophical papers was published in Germany by Dr. Heinrich Pudor under the pseudonym Heinrich Scham, who coined the term Nacktkultur . In 1906 he wrote a three-volume treatise with this term as its title, which discussed

3192-659: The bench. Social nudity in New Zealand has no specific political alignment; it is associated with hippie culture, with social justice causes like Free the Nipple , and also with "politically incorrect" public figures such as Paul Henry and Marc Ellis. "National Nude Day" was a mock public holiday created when TV personality and former rugby player Marc Ellis challenged viewers of the TV2 talk show SportsCafe to streak in front of then Prime Minister Helen Clark . The show ran an event each year inviting viewers to submit photos and video of themselves performing daily activities in

3276-465: The benefits of enjoying nature without clothing. At the turn of the 20th century, organizations emerged to promote social nudity and to establish private campgrounds and resorts for that purpose. Since the 1960s, with the acceptance of public places for clothing-optional recreation, individuals who do not identify themselves as naturists or nudists have been able to casually participate in nude activities. Nude recreation opportunities vary widely around

3360-477: The benefits of nudity in co-education and advocated participating in sports while being free of cumbersome clothing. Richard Ungewitter ( Nacktheit , 1906, Nackt , 1908, etc.) proposed that combining physical fitness, sunlight, and fresh-air bathing, and then adding the nudist philosophy, contributed to mental and psychological fitness, good health, and an improved moral-life view. Major promoters of these ideas included Adolf Koch and Hans Suren. Germany published

3444-775: The bodice in France was frilled, in Austria took the form of the dirndl, and in Bulgaria, it had a gold stomacher . Other styles seen in the 19th century include: Bodices survive into modern times in the traditional or revived folk dress of many European countries, as in the case of the German/Austrian dirndl and Scottish highland dancers' Aboyne dress . They are also commonly seen today at gatherings celebrating archaic European customs, such as Oktoberfest , Society for Creative Anachronism events, and Renaissance Fairs . Some Asian cultures also feature bodices, including

Naturism in New Zealand - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-419: The camp in a secret location away from media scrutiny. A test cricket match between New Zealand and Australia in Auckland on 22 March 1974 saw the first streaker in that sport, described by witnesses as a dark-haired young man. Another streak took place on the following day of the same match; whether by the same person or another cannot be verified, as neither was ever caught or identified. A nude rugby match

3612-404: The day, and later the same skirt with a different, fashionably low-necked bodice in the evening. One-piece construction became more common after 1900 due to the trend for looser, more simply-constructed clothing with narrower skirts. Bodice continues in use to refer to the upper portion (not including the sleeves) of a one- or two-piece dress . The bodice of a dress was called the corsage in

3696-659: The direction to a remote naturist beach. In some European countries, such as Denmark, all beaches are clothing optional, and in others like Germany (and experimentally in France) there are naturist sunbathing areas in public parks (e.g., in Munich and Berlin). Beaches in some holiday destinations, such as Crete, are clothing optional except some central urban beaches. There are two centrally located clothes-optional beaches in Barcelona. Sweden allows nudity on all beaches. In

3780-432: The early 20th century, the brothers Gaston and André Durville , both physicians, studied the effects of psychology, nutrition, and environment on health and healing. They became convinced of the importance of natural foods and the natural environment on human well-being and health. They named this concept naturisme . The profound effect of clean air and sunlight on human bodies became evident to them and so nudity became

3864-451: The environment. Many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations advocate that the practice of social nudity should not be linked with sexual activity. Some recent studies show that naturism can help grow self-esteem, and thus have a positive impact on having a well-balanced sexuality, too. For various sociocultural and historical reasons, the lay public, the media, and many contemporary naturists and their organisations have, or present,

3948-425: The first French naturist club, Sparta Club , at Garambouville, near Évreux. The court action that he initiated established that nudism was legal on private property that was fenced and screened. Drs. André and Gaston Durville bought 70 hectares (170 acres) on the Île du Levant where they established the village of Héliopolis, which was open to the public. In 1925, Dr. François Fougerat de David de Lastours wrote

4032-602: The first journal of nudism from 1902 to 1932. The wide publication of those papers, and others, contributed to an explosive worldwide growth of nudism in which nudists participated in various social, recreational, and physical fitness activities in the nude. The first organized club for nudists on a large scale, Freilichtpark (Free-Light Park), was opened near Hamburg in 1903 by Paul Zimmerman. In 1919, German doctor Kurt Huldschinsky discovered that exposure to sunlight helped to cure rickets in many children, causing sunlight to be associated with improved health. In France in

4116-455: The fitted bodice smooth while it was worn. Pregnant women wore an adjustable type of bodice, called a jump . Starting in the 16th century, women used detachable sleeves as a fashion accessory. A ruff or other decorations might be added. By the 18th century, women were wearing a variety of accessories, including fichus and partlets , with their bodices. In the 19th century, in parts of Europe, styles reflected local folk dress, so that

4200-409: The future of the movement. The clubs' aging memberships may have put younger people off. A rise in social conservatism , re-asserting a nudity taboo, also may have contributed to the decline. However, since tolerance for nudity in general is increasing over time, and is higher among younger generations, an alternative hypothesis is that younger naturists no longer feel they need to join a club or visit

4284-757: The late 19th century (see the writings of André Gide ) that also influenced the art movements of the time, specifically Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre , the idea of reveling freely in physical sensations and direct experiences and a spontaneous approach to life. Naturist activities can have positive psychological benefits including greater life satisfaction, more positive body image, and higher self-esteem. Social nudity leads to acceptance in spite of differences in age, body shape, fitness, and health. Christian naturism includes various members associated with most denominations . Although beliefs vary,

SECTION 50

#1732791611374

4368-481: The latter installed advertising for their own club next to the entrance to the former's club grounds. The groups had previously split apart over differences in management style. The New Zealand Naturist Federation published a quarterly magazine from 1956 to 2020. It was launched by Stewart Ransom under the title The National Review , which became The National Naturist Review in 1958, The New Zealand Naturist in 1961, and gonatural in 2005. gonatural ' s content

4452-535: The local Spa Thermal Park in early 2020, the strength of opposition to their proposal made national news. In February 2016, complaints were laid with the Judicial Conduct Commission over photographs of District Court judge David Saunders playing pétanque in the nude at Pineglades Naturist Club . Though Saunders' name was not published, the case drew national attention, with negative commentary from former government minister Rodney Hide and

4536-524: The magazine Vie au Soleil , and in 1950, they opened the CHM Montalivet , the world's first naturist holiday centre, where the INF was formed. Henri Zisly was another prominent figure and primitivist in the French naturism movement who wrote on a return to lifestyles based on self-sufficiency. German naturism ( Freikörperkultur , FKK) was part of the Lebensreform movement and

4620-430: The middle decades of the 20th century were presented as documentaries of the naturist lifestyle. In fact this was largely a pretext to exploit a loophole in censorship laws restricting the exhibition of nudity. Additionally, child pornography has been distributed under the guise of naturist media. Precisely defining the distinction has proved challenging for law enforcers, as it depends on the subjective question of whether

4704-449: The middle of the 20th century, with changing leisure patterns, commercial organisations began opening holiday resorts to attract naturists who expected the same – or better – standards of comfort and amenity offered to non-naturists. More recently, naturist holiday options have expanded to include cruises. In the early 21st century, many organised clubs saw a decline in attendance by young people, which worried many naturists about

4788-640: The midpoint of their five-year course by posing for a nude calendar , titled the Barely There Calendar, to raise money for a class trip and a selected charity. Charities supported have included Retired Working Dogs NZ, Pet Refuge, and the animal hospital at Wellington Zoo . Second-year law students at the University of Otago attend an annual summer camp organised by the Society of Otago University Law Students (SOULS), which, by 2017, featured

4872-549: The minor characters of his iconic New Zealand comic strip Footrot Flats , Cousin Kathy, a frequent practitioner. A 2008 poll by Research New Zealand reported that 54% of New Zealanders supported the right of naturists to go nude on beaches at least in designated areas, with over half that number finding nudity acceptable on any beach. However, there remains a contingent of New Zealanders who consider nudity obscene. Naturists who engage in casual public nudity, even in places where this

4956-644: The naturist principle of non-sexual social nudity. New Zealand naturists participate in international nude events including the World Naked Bike Ride , World Naked Gardening Day , and the International Day Without Swimsuits (known in New Zealand as the "International Day Without Togs"). Since World Naked Gardening Day is held in May, which in New Zealand is a cold month, the New Zealand Naturist Federation has instituted

5040-527: The naturist village of Charco del Palo on Lanzarote , Canary Islands; Vera Playa in Spain; and Vritomartis Resort in Greece are examples. In US usage, a naturist resort can mean a holiday centre. Freikörperkultur (FKK)—literally translated as 'free body culture'—is the name for the general movement in Germany. The abbreviation is recognised outside of Germany and can be found on informal signs indicating

5124-529: The nude, which was continued on the internet (rebranded as "World Nude Day" or "International Nude Day") until around 2009. A number of student pubs in Ellis' home town of Dunedin offered special deals for nude patrons on the day. Internet collections of world holidays mark the day as 14 July; in fact it was held at the organisers' whim, having variously fallen on 19 September and 6 February. Since 2006, veterinary science students at Massey University have marked

SECTION 60

#1732791611374

5208-424: The parts might be connected by hooks and eyes . This construction was standard for fashionable garments from the 18th century until the late 19th century, and had the advantages of allowing a voluminous skirt to be paired with a close-fitting bodice, and of allowing two or more bodices to be worn with the same skirt at different times. For example, a woman might wear the skirt with a matching high-necked bodice during

5292-416: The presence of men. There was no shame or modesty attached to women's breasts, and therefore no garments devoted to concealing them – the colourful woven bodices ( pari ) worn by women in kapa haka performances are a colonial-era invention, which became standard costume only in the 1950s. Pre-pubescent children wore no clothes at all. The shock value of exposing the female genitals gave it power as

5376-513: The purpose of the production is sexual. Court cases attempting to differentiate naturist publications from pornography reach back almost a century. Mpenjati beach in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa has nude-beach status. In most European countries, nudity is not explicitly forbidden. Whether it is tolerated on beaches which are not marked as official nudist beaches varies greatly. The only country with substantially different laws

5460-447: The rules. In either case, they can determine membership criteria and the obligations of members. This usually involves sharing work necessary to maintain or develop the site. The international naturist organizations were mainly composed of representatives of landed clubs. " Nudist colony " is no longer a favored term, but can be used by naturists to address landed clubs that have rigid non-inclusive membership criteria. A holiday centre

5544-574: The same families may visit each year. Holiday centres are more tolerant of clothing than members-only clubs; total nudity is usually compulsory in the swimming pools and may be expected on the beaches, while on the football pitches, or in the restaurants in the evening, it is rare. A naturist resort is, to a European, a private property with accommodation and facilities where naturism is the norm. Centre Helio-Marin in Vendays Montalivet , France (the first naturist resort, established in 1950);

5628-522: The same meaning in the United States, but there is a clear distinction between the two terms in Great Britain. In naturist parlance, the terms " textile " or "textilist" refer to non-naturist persons, behaviours or facilities (e.g. "the textile beach starts at the flag", "they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, she is textile"). "Textile" is the predominant term used in the UK ("textilist"

5712-524: The simpler clothes characteristic of Iron Age Greece. Contemporary European bodices are derived from the kirtle . A fitted bodice became fashionable in Europe around 1450 . The same word is used to refer to several related concepts, some of which also have other names. In one usage, bodice refers to a separate upper garment that has removable sleeves or no sleeves, often low-cut, worn in Europe from

5796-459: The southern hemisphere, communal nudity can be seen at music and counterculture festivals. The Nambassa hippie festivals held in New Zealand in the late 1970s were examples of non-sexual naturism. Of the 75,000 patrons who attended the 1979 Nambassa three-day festival, an estimated 35% of attendees spontaneously chose to remove their clothing, preferring complete or partial nudity. Some nudist festivals are held to celebrate particular days of

5880-685: The term to advocate nudism as a means of improving the hygiène de vie or healthy living. The earliest known naturist club in the western sense of the word was established in British India in 1891. The Fellowship of the Naked Trust was founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, a widower who was a District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service . The commune was based in Matheran and had just three members at

5964-427: The two terms are broadly interchangeable, nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity, whilst naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice is integrated. That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural backgrounds; there is no single naturist ideology. Ethical or philosophical nudism has a long history, with many advocates of

6048-489: The view thereof". Male offenders could, at the court's discretion, also be sentenced to be whipped. This was replaced in 1981 by the Summary Offences Act, in which the hard labour and whipping were abolished, and the specification of the offence in question was changed to "in or within view of any public place, intentionally and obscenely exposes any part of his or her genitals". The new wording implies that it

6132-402: The warmer summer months. Some regions host first-time naturists and people who have recently started to practice the naturist lifestyle. One study noted that some of these people are seasonal naturists who wear clothes during other times of the year. Nudity in social contexts has been practised in various forms by many cultures and in all time periods. In modern Western society, social nudity

6216-674: The weather and to denote social status. However, very little of the human body had to be concealed for modesty's sake as such. According to reports by Captain James Cook and Joseph Banks upon their visit to New Zealand in 1769–70, Māori men frequently went casually naked except for a belt with a piece of string attached holding their foreskin shut over their glans penis , the only part that they showed any reluctance to uncover in social settings, whereas Māori women covered their entire pubic area with small aprons or bunches of fragrant plant material, and reacted with shame when caught uncovered in

6300-454: The world, from isolated places known mainly to locals through officially designated nude beaches and parks, and on to public spaces and buildings in some jurisdictions. The XIV Congress of the International Naturist Federation (INF) held at Agde, France in 1974 defined naturism as: ...a way of life in harmony with nature characterised by the practice of communal nudity with the intention of encouraging self-respect, respect for others and for

6384-743: The year, and activities may include nude bodypainting . One example is the Neptune Day Festival held in Koktebel , Crimea to depict mythological events. Another is the Festival Nudista Zipolite organized by the Federación Nudista de México (Mexican Nudist Federation) held annually since 2016 on the first weekend of February. A few camps organize activities in the nude, such as oil wrestling by camp Gymnasium. Naturism tends to be more common during

6468-487: Was an adherent of the "Back to Health" movement. The presiding magistrate at her trial described her as "a disgrace to her sex" and speculated that only "an element of insanity" could explain her behaviour. By the 1980s, following the popularity of the Nambassa festivals (see below), casual outdoor nudity was a sufficiently recognisable feature of the social landscape that the cartoonist Murray Ball (1939–2017) made one of

6552-413: Was common or known to occur. New Zealand is a common law country, which means that judicial decisions determine the law that subsequent cases must follow. Naturism Naturism is a lifestyle of practicing non-sexual social nudity in private and in public; the word also refers to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both may alternatively be called nudism . Though

6636-419: Was held in Dunedin each winter from 2002 to 2014 as pre-match entertainment for the first professional rugby game of the season. In more recent years it has become sporadic as organisers have other demands on their time. When A J Hackett opened the world's first commercial bungy jumping site at Kawarau Bridge near Queenstown , customers who performed the jump in the nude were granted free entry. This offer

6720-481: Was influenced in equal part by French naturism and German Freikörperkultur . Belgian naturists are represented by the Federatie van Belgische Naturisten (FBN). Croatia is world-famous for naturism, which accounts for about 15% of its tourism industry. It was also the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts. During a 1936 Adriatic cruise, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson stopped at

6804-541: Was largely devoted to lifestyle articles, along with news articles on events related to social nudity, and occasional opinion pieces. The National Naturist Review first printed photo illustrations in 1960, and the New Zealand Naturist began featuring a cover photo for each issue in 1963. The photos were retouched, to avoid legal repercussions, until after the 1968 Indecent Publications Tribunal finding that nude photos were not unlawful in New Zealand. From

6888-515: Was later withdrawn because too many jumpers were taking advantage of it, but the site remains clothing-optional. Billy Connolly famously bungy-jumped nude from the bridge during his 2004 World Tour of New Zealand. The music festival Nambassa , held from 1976 to 1981 near Waihi in the Hauraki District , at its 1979 peak attracted an audience of 75,000, of whom an estimated 35% chose to attend partially or completely nude. The event began

6972-466: Was not uncommon for persons to sunbathe in the nude", a reasonable person would "regard the conduct... as inappropriate, unnecessary, and in bad taste, but not arousing feelings of anger, disgust, or outrage." In 1995, the same man was convicted of offensive behaviour for going nude in a public street; this time the High Court upheld the conviction, since the street was not a place where public nudity

7056-425: Was practised in a network of 200 members clubs. The movement gained prominence in the 1920s by offering a health-giving lifestyle with Utopian ideals. Germany published the first naturist journal from 1902 to 1932, but it became politicised by radical socialists who believed it would lead to classlessness and a breakdown of society. It eventually became associated with pacificism . In 1926, Adolf Koch established

#373626