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97-507: The history of the museum begins before the museum was established. The founder of the university's collection of artifacts was Francis Kelsey , a professor of Latin at the University of Michigan from 1889 until his death in 1927. Kelsey began acquiring artifacts in 1893 in order to help his students understand the ancient world. In 1893, he made his first acquisitions: 108 lamps , vases , and building materials from Alfred Louis Delattre ,

194-609: A Michigan State Historic Site on August 13, 1971, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1972. It is one of the oldest still-standing buildings on the University of Michigan campus. By the early 1990s the museum was experiencing overcrowding, deterioration of artifacts, and lack of adequate storage space. It was closed in July 1993 for renovations and reopened in October 1994. During that time,

291-482: A basso continuo "for harpsichord or lute".) His pupil Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672) (who had earlier studied with Giovanni Gabrieli ) introduced the new style to Germany. Alongside the new music of the seconda pratica , contrapuntal motets in the stile antico or old style continued to be written well into the 19th century. Choirs at this time were usually quite small and that singers could be classified as suited to church or to chamber singing. Monteverdi, himself

388-520: A basso seguente , a part on a single staff containing the lowest sounding part (the bass part). A new genre was the vocal concertato , combining voices and instruments; its origins may be sought in the polychoral music of the Venetian school . Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) brought it to perfection with his Vespers and his Eighth Book of Madrigals, which call for great virtuosity on the part of singers and instruments alike. (His Fifth Book includes

485-433: A chorale or chorus (from Latin chorus , meaning 'a dance in a circle') is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music , in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform or in other words is the music performed by the ensemble. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which spans from the medieval era to the present, or popular music repertoire. Most choirs are led by

582-443: A conductor , who leads the performances with arm, hand, and facial gestures. The term choir is very often applied to groups affiliated with a church (whether or not they actually occupy the quire ), whereas a chorus performs in theatres or concert halls, but this distinction is not rigid. Choirs may sing without instruments, or accompanied by a piano , accordion, pipe organ , a small ensemble, or an orchestra . A choir can be

679-417: A hip roof broken by parapeted cross- gables , with a facade "dominated by a projecting three-story corner turret topped by a conical roof"; "decorative colonettes , arches , and regularly coursed variegated brick bandcourses break the heaviness of the imposing stone structure." The building was dedicated on July 21, 1891 at a cost of $ 40,000 and was named Newberry Hall —a name still engraved on

776-423: A piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras . Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music , but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in rehearsals , the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally also serve as an artistic director who crafts

873-508: A "conversazione." Once Kelsey returned, he saw increased popularity, his time abroad contributing to him becoming the lead American scholar on Pompeii , a current interest of United States citizens. In 1902 he was selected to be the secretary of the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), adding to his prestige and led him into a bit of politics. Throughout his tenure as secretary, one of his most frustrating endeavors

970-499: A bass instrument (e.g., violone ). Baroque vocal music explored dramatic implications in the realm of solo vocal music such as the monodies of the Florentine Camerata and the development of early opera . This innovation was in fact an extension of established practice of accompanying choral music at the organ, either from a skeletal reduced score (from which otherwise lost pieces can sometimes be reconstructed) or from

1067-408: A cappella motets. The amateur chorus (beginning chiefly as a social outlet) began to receive serious consideration as a compositional venue for the part-songs of Schubert, Schumann , Mendelssohn, Brahms, and others. These 'singing clubs' were often for women or men separately, and the music was typically in four-part (hence the name " part-song ") and either a cappella or with simple instrumentation. At

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1164-568: A challenge to teaching this age range. Nationally, male students are enrolled in choir at much lower numbers than their female students. The music education field has had a longtime interest in the "missing males" in music programs. Speculation as to why there are not as many boys in choir, and possible solutions vary widely. One researcher found that boys who enjoy choir in middle school may not always go on to high school choir because it simply does not fit into their schedules. Some research speculates that one reason that boys' participation in choir

1261-432: A choir director. Most often choirs consist of four sections intended to sing in four part harmony, but there is no limit to the number of possible parts as long as there is a singer available to sing the part: Thomas Tallis wrote a 40-part motet entitled Spem in alium , for eight choirs of five parts each; Krzysztof Penderecki 's Stabat Mater is for three choirs of 16 voices each, a total of 48 parts. Other than four,

1358-428: A church, opera house, school or village hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one "mass" choir that performs for a special concert. In this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a choral concert , by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face and head. The primary duties of

1455-508: A college journal called the Lake Forest University Review, on his views of the classics and would eventually become editor. Unfortunately the main funding behind the Lake Forest University Review was from the prior editor so it went defunct within a year of Kelsey being appointed to his position. Kelsey was constantly trying to improve himself in terms of his knowledge and how he could become a better teacher. While he

1552-471: A coma and died shortly afterward, the cause of death being rheumatism in his chest. The artifacts returned from these expeditions would form the core of the university's holdings in classical archaeology and papyrology and papyrological studies was established under Kelsey's professorship. For this reason, the university's museum of archaeology was named after Kelsey in 1953. Choir A choir ( / ˈ k w aɪər / KWIRE ), also known as

1649-430: A full orchestra of 70 to 100 musicians; for rehearsals a piano or organ accompaniment is often used, even if a different instrumentation is planned for performance, or if the choir is rehearsing unaccompanied music. With the new prevalence of electronic devices, small groups can use these together with learning tracks for both group rehearsals and private practice. Many choirs perform in one or many locations such as

1746-537: A huge rift with the English and Scottish Presbyterian elite. This caused issues for Lake Forest where the faculty wanted the school to turn towards the German model while the trustees with the funds were turned off from things associated with anything German, including the university model. Kelsey did not sway one way or another, he agreed with aspects of both, he recognized the importance of science courses but his heart

1843-450: A new third floor was added in space formerly occupied by a choir loft (from the building's Christian Association period) and a new climate-controlled Sensitive Artifact Facility and Environment space was added to maintain "appropriate storage, humidity , and temperature requirements for optimal artifact longevity." A new registry, conservation lab, objects study area, water-sprinkler fire control system , security system , and elevator to

1940-470: A second expedition in 1927 that would yield even more antiquities and papyrus, specifically from Egypt. Unfortunately just after returning from his last expedition he started feeling chest pains. While at Lake Forest Kelsey began some endeavors that were not purely academic. Kelsey would meet a student who went by the name of Belle Badger who showed an interest in the classics and antiquities. She also wrote at least two articles for The Lake Forest Review so it

2037-485: A singer, is documented as taking part in performances of his Magnificat with one voice per part. Independent instrumental accompaniment opened up new possibilities for choral music. Verse anthems alternated accompanied solos with choral sections; the best-known composers of this genre were Orlando Gibbons and Henry Purcell . Grands motets (such as those of Lully and Delalande ) separated these sections into separate movements. Oratorios (of which Giacomo Carissimi

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2134-440: A small amplified band to accompany the singing, and Roman Catholic Churches may use, at their discretion, additional orchestral accompaniment. In addition to leading of singing in which the congregation participates, such as hymns and service music, some church choirs sing full liturgies, including propers (introit, gradual, communion antiphons appropriate for the different times of the liturgical year ). Chief among these are

2231-406: A smaller ensemble. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin (see Concertmaster ). Conducting while playing

2328-551: A sophomore prize in Latin and a junior prize in Greek. While there is no doubt that Kelsey was very studious, that did not mean his time at university was constantly spent in the library. From time to time he enjoyed a practical joke, he ended up creating a chemistry lab in his boarding house at one point, making stink bombs to ward off the occasional, unwelcome guest. He graduated in 1880 being elected valedictorian. After graduation he

2425-434: A subset of an ensemble; thus one speaks of the "woodwind choir" of an orchestra, or different "choirs" of voices or instruments in a polychoral composition. In typical 18th century to 21st century oratorios and masses , 'chorus' or 'choir' implies that there is more than one singer per part, in contrast to the quartet of soloists also featured in these works. Choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster/mistress or

2522-495: A substitute for each voice, Joshua Rifkin concludes that Bach's music was normally written with one voice per part in mind. A few sets of original performing parts include ripieni who reinforce rather than slavishly double the vocal quartet. Composers of the late 18th century became fascinated with the new possibilities of the symphony and other instrumental music, and generally neglected choral music. Mozart 's mostly sacred choral works stand out as some of his greatest (such as

2619-552: A total of eight years at Lake Forest and proved to be a time of great growth. Kelsey started at the University of Michigan (U of M) in fall of 1889 as professor of Latin . From his first semester he made sure the books his students needed were available to check out at the library. This practice was new for the time and would not become precedent until 1915, at U of M, clearly Kelsey did not care much for rules. Similarly to Lake Forest, Kelsey made sure his classes were not just on

2716-767: A variety of performing forces, from the soloists of the Chandos Anthems to larger groups (whose proportions are still quite different from modern orchestra choruses): Yesterday [Oct. 6] there was a Rehearsal of the Coronation Anthem in Westminster-Abby , set to musick by the famous Mr Hendall: there being 40 voices, and about 160 violins , Trumpets , Hautboys , Kettle-Drums and Bass' proportionable..! Lutheran composers wrote instrumentally accompanied cantatas , often based on chorale tunes . Substantial late 17th-century sacred choral works in

2813-847: A year off to teach at the American School of Classical Studies in Rome , lecturing on all things Rome and helping students with their individual research. When Kelsey came back to U of M the Classical Department saw renewed interest especially from the Regents. At this point in university history classes were usually taught in instructors houses and Kelsey was no different. In addition to hosting classes, he would also host Classical Club and would often invite important persons from out of town. Kelsey, at one event, said there were over 50 people at his house, participating in what he called

2910-456: Is also of interest as the earliest Christian music . Of the Roman drama's music a single line of Terence surfaced in the 18th century. However, musicologist Thomas J. Mathiesen comments that it is no longer believed to be authentic. The earliest notated music of western Europe is Gregorian chant , along with a few other types of chant which were later subsumed (or sometimes suppressed) by

3007-449: Is much more significant in boys. A lot of literature in music education has been focused on how male voice change works and how to help adolescent male singers. Research done by John Cooksey categorizes male voice change into five stages, and most middle school boys are in the early stages of change. The vocal range of male and female students may be limited while their voice is changing, and choir teachers must be able to adapt, which can be

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3104-455: Is no surprise that at some point her path would cross with Kelsey's. After Belle got her degree (going by Isabelle for the remainder of her life), she and Kelsey would be married in 1885 and eventually would have three kids, Charlotte, Ruth, and Easton. Kelsey was also a proud practicing Presbyterian, part of the reason he was so drawn to Forest Lake University in the first place. He made his religious views well known by some of his articles within

3201-545: Is probably suitable only for the grandest ceremonies due to its length, difficulty and large-scale scoring. He also pioneered the use of chorus as part of symphonic texture with his Ninth Symphony and Choral Fantasia . In the 19th century, sacred music escaped from the church and leaped onto the concert stage, with large sacred works unsuitable for church use, such as Berlioz 's Te Deum and Requiem , and Brahms 's Ein deutsches Requiem . Rossini 's Stabat mater , Schubert 's masses, and Verdi 's Requiem also exploited

3298-597: Is so low is because the U.S. does not encourage male singers. Often, schools will have a women's choir, which helps the balance issues mixed choirs face by taking on extra female singers. However, without a men's choir also, this can make the problem worse by not giving boys as many opportunities to sing as girls. Other researchers have noted that having an ensemble, or a workshop dedicated to male singers, can help with their confidence and singing abilities. British cathedral choirs are usually made from pupils enrolled in schools. There are various schools of thought regarding how

3395-495: Is that of ancient Greece , of which the 2nd century BC Delphic hymns and the 2nd century AD. hymns of Mesomedes are the most complete. The original Greek chorus sang its part in Greek drama , and fragments of works by Euripides ( Orestes ) and Sophocles ( Ajax ) are known from papyri . The Seikilos epitaph (2c BC) is a complete song (although possibly for solo voice). One of the latest examples, Oxyrhynchus hymn (3c)

3492-507: The Choralis Constantinus of Heinrich Isaac and the contrapuntal techniques of his serial music may be informed by this study. The Baroque period in music is associated with the development around 1600 of the figured bass and the basso continuo system. The figured bass part was performed by the basso continuo group, which at minimum included a chord-playing instrument (e.g., pipe organ , harpsichord , lute ) and

3589-456: The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches; far more common however is the performance of anthems or motets at designated times in the service. One of the main classifications of choirs is by gender and age since these factors have traditionally been thought to affect how a choir sounds and what music it performs. The types are listed here in approximate descending order of prevalence at

3686-652: The Archaeological Institute of America , Vice President, and eventually President, of the American Philological Association while he was at U of M. Francis Kelsey's life started in Ogden, New York , a city located in Monroe County, New York on May 23, 1858. Kelsey was the fourth child of Henry Kelsey and Olive Trowbridge Kelsey and was named after his grandmother on his mother's side. Francis' father, Henry, originally wanted to go into

3783-571: The Jesuit priest and archaeologist who was conducting an excavation at Carthage in Tunisia , and another 1,096 objects from dealers in Tunis , Rome , Capri , and Sicily . Together with several thousand coins donated to the University of Michigan in the 1880s, these objects formed the core of the university's archaeological collections. Kelsey continued to acquire objects (by gift and purchase) for

3880-551: The Magnificat and the cantatas. A point of hot controversy today is the so-called "Rifkin hypothesis," which re-examines the famous " Entwurff " Bach's 1730 memo to the Leipzig City Council ( A Short but Most Necessary Draft for a Well Appointed Church Music ) calling for at least 12 singers. In light of Bach's responsibility to provide music to four churches and be able to perform double choir compositions with

3977-626: The Renaissance , sacred choral music was the principal type of formally notated music in Western Europe. Throughout the era, hundreds of masses and motets (as well as various other forms) were composed for a cappella choir, though there is some dispute over the role of instruments during certain periods and in certain areas. Some of the better-known composers of this time include Guillaume Dufay , Josquin des Prez , Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , John Dunstable , and William Byrd ;

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4074-513: The motet (most notably the isorhythmic motet), which, unlike the Renaissance motet, describes a composition with different texts sung simultaneously in different voices. The first evidence of polyphony with more than one singer per part comes in the Old Hall Manuscript (1420, though containing music from the late 14th century), in which there are apparent divisi , one part dividing into two simultaneously sounding notes. During

4171-489: The "Great" Mass in C minor and Requiem in D minor, the latter of which is highly regarded). Haydn became more interested in choral music near the end of his life following his visits to England in the 1790s, when he heard various Handel oratorios performed by large forces; he wrote a series of masses beginning in 1797 and his two great oratorios The Creation and The Seasons . Beethoven wrote only two masses, both intended for liturgical use, although his Missa solemnis

4268-529: The "Palestrina style" to this day, especially as codified by the 18th century music theorist Johann Joseph Fux . Composers of the early 20th century also wrote in Renaissance-inspired styles. Herbert Howells wrote a Mass in the Dorian mode entirely in strict Renaissance style, and Ralph Vaughan Williams 's Mass in G minor is an extension of this style. Anton Webern wrote his dissertation on

4365-608: The 20th century. Secular choral music in the United States was popularized by groups such as the Dale Warland Singers throughout the late 20th century. The Big Choral Census online survey was established to find out how many choirs there were in the UK, of what type, with how many members, singing what type of music and with what sort of funding. Results estimated that there were some 40,000 choral groups operating in

4462-584: The Catholic Church. This tradition of unison choir singing lasted from sometime between the times of St. Ambrose (4th century) and Gregory the Great (6th century) up to the present. During the later Middle Ages, a new type of singing involving multiple melodic parts, called organum , became predominant for certain functions, but initially this polyphony was only sung by soloists. Further developments of this technique included clausulae , conductus and

4559-533: The Frieze organ, for which Kelsey had raised the funds, was moved into its new home. While the organ for UMS and Hill Auditorium were mostly one time fundraising projects, Kelsey was constantly fundraising to ensure his research, associations he was a part of, and the overall Classics Department. In 1904 Kelsey started his own research oriented journal called the University of Michigan's Humanistic Series that he

4656-539: The German model of higher education that included research and the creation of graduate programs. A political connection led powerful people at Lake Forest University to sway against the German Model. The Haymarket Riot in Chicago, the closest major city to Lake Forest University , started over workers feeling they were not treated fairly enough by employers. Many of the workers were of German descent which caused

4753-490: The Lake Forest Review. Immediately after returning to Ann Arbor he went to the hospital, the next weeks half of his time being spent at home and the other at the hospital but that did not stop his work. Throughout this period of illness, his commitment to archaeology and the university did not fall through the cracks, he was still looking over manuscripts and doing administrative work. On May 14 he passed into

4850-511: The Near-East done by the University of Michigan (U of M). His papyrus findings and the collection of antiquities he acquired for the university brought him fame not only among University of Michigan faculty but around the world. Originally hailing from New York, he would teach at Lake Forest University , in Illinois , eventually coming to the University of Michigan . He was the secretary of

4947-450: The UK and over 2 million people singing regularly in a choir. Over 30 percent of the groups listed described themselves a community choirs, half of the choirs listed sing contemporary music although singing classical music is still popular. Most choirs are self funding. It is thought that the increase in popularity of singing together in groups has been fed to some extent in the UK by TV progammes such as Gareth Malone 's 'The Choir'. In 2017,

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5044-495: The back and the women in front; some conductors prefer to place the basses behind the sopranos, arguing that the outer voices need to tune to each other. More experienced choirs may sing with the voices all mixed. Sometimes singers of the same voice are grouped in pairs or threes. Proponents of this method argue that it makes it easier for each individual singer to hear and tune to the other parts, but it requires more independence from each singer. Opponents argue that this method loses

5141-413: The building's front—in honor of railroad magnate John S. Newberry, whose widow Helen Newberry contributed $ 18,000 toward the building's construction. The university leased Newberry Hall in 1921 for classroom space, housed its collection of ancient artifacts there from 1928, and finally purchased the building in 1937. In 1953, the museum was named in honor of Kelsey. Newberry Hall was designated as

5238-435: The choir is singing a piece for choir and orchestra. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions , and promoting their ensemble in the media. Historically, the sung repertoire divides into sacred or religious music and secular music . While much religious music has been written with concert performance in mind, its origin lies in its role within

5335-533: The collection is also home to some rare objects important to the study of archaeology, excavation records, and an archive of 25,000 archaeological and fine arts photographs." Among the museum's most significant holdings are: The collection also includes a colorfully-painted ancient Egyptian mummy ; amulets ; a variety of glass vessels , ancient Greek pottery ; and ancient Roman sculpture . The Kelsey Museum has conducted fieldwork for nearly 100 years. Its past excavations and other fieldwork have taken place at

5432-417: The conductor or choirmaster/mistress are to unify performers , set the tempo , execute clear preparations and beats ( meter ), and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. In most choirs, the same individual acts as musical director (responsible for deciding the repertoire and engaging soloists and accompanists), chorus master/mistress (or répétiteur) (responsible for training and rehearsing

5529-549: The context of liturgy . Most Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, some American Protestant groups, and traditional Jewish synagogues do not accompany their songs with musical instruments. In churches of the Western Rite the accompanying instrument is usually the organ, although in colonial America , the Moravian Church used groups of strings and winds. Many churches which use a contemporary worship format use

5626-657: The emerging German tradition exist (the cantatas of Dietrich Buxtehude being a prime example), though the Lutheran church cantata did not assume its more codified, recognizable form until the early 18th century. Georg Philipp Telemann (based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his Harmonische Gottesdienst ) and Christoph Graupner (based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) are perhaps

5723-452: The ensemble's interpretation of the music. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores , to which they may make certain adjustments (e.g., regarding tempo, repetitions of sections, assignment of vocal solos and so on), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as orchestras if

5820-636: The entire process, assisting with financial issues and navigating in Europe when the World War I had just ended. This first expedition would start by ship from the East Coast to Glasgow, making its way to London , then Paris and eventually towards Constantinople , Near East, and Asia Minor . The entire expedition was expected to take two years, one for exploration and the other for writing and research which would be done between London and Paris since at

5917-406: The following archaeological sites : The Kelsey Museum is currently sponsoring the following fieldwork: The indie rock band The Kelseys, formed in 2016 by University of Michigan students, is named after the museum. Francis Kelsey Francis Willey Kelsey (May 23, 1858 – May 14, 1927) was an American classicist, professor, and archaeologist that would go on to lead the first expedition to

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6014-539: The glories of Renaissance polyphony were choral, sung by choirs of great skill and distinction all over Europe. Choral music from this period continues to be popular with many choirs throughout the world today. The madrigal , a partsong conceived for amateurs to sing in a chamber setting, originated at this period. Although madrigals were initially dramatic settings of unrequited-love poetry or mythological stories in Italy, they were imported into England and merged with

6111-576: The grandeur offered by instrumental accompaniment. Oratorios also continued to be written, clearly influenced by Handel's models. Berlioz's L'enfance du Christ and Mendelssohn's Elijah and St Paul are in the category. Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Brahms also wrote secular cantatas, the best known of which are Brahms's Schicksalslied and Nänie . A few composers developed a cappella music, especially Bruckner , whose masses and motets startlingly juxtapose Renaissance counterpoint with chromatic harmony. Mendelssohn and Brahms also wrote significant

6208-423: The institutions in which they operate: Some choirs are categorized by the type of music they perform, such as In the United States, middle schools and high schools often offer choir as a class or activity. Some choirs participate in competitions. One kind of choir popular in high schools is show choir . During middle school and high school students' voices are changing. Although girls experience voice change , it

6305-480: The language but the culture. The amount of detail he put into them was unprecedented and showed within the learning community since one of his textbooks, Caesar's Gallic War , went through twenty one different edition in his lifetime and can still be purchased today. A conflict at Lake Forest over the appropriate roles of research and teaching there would lead to the departure of Kelsey and other faculty members. Post Civil War United States, saw an increase in interest in

6402-623: The languages he was teaching but the culture and the context of the times, he even went as far as to set up a classical fellowship to study archaeology. Things soon began to change. When Tappan became president, in 1852, he no longer made classical language a requirement, made the idea of graduate education at U of M a reality, and created a Bachelor of Science . This eventually led to a drop of 40% of undergraduate students, but an increase in grad students studying classics in Kelsey's time. Overall, Kelsey did not mind. Between 1900 and 1901, Kelsey took

6499-496: The medical field at this time. Henry was discouraged by this, and instead of continuing to pursue a medical career, bought a farm near his parents’ home in Stony Point. He married Olive Cornelia Trowbridge in 1842, sister to antislavery writer and friend of Mark Twain , John Townsend Trowbridge. The Kelseys would stay at the farm in Stony Point until Francis was two years old and then moved to larger farm at Churchville. There

6596-403: The medical field. This goal would consume at least ten years of his life. To pay for his medical training, he worked as a school teacher, and travelled at night to teach singing lessons. He learned at age 28, when he had enough funds to join a doctor's office as a student, that his lack of knowledge of Greek and Latin would make his studies even longer. Greek and Latin were still very important in

6693-481: The more dancelike balletto , celebrating carefree songs of the seasons, or eating and drinking. To most English speakers, the word madrigal now refers to the latter, rather than to madrigals proper, which refers to a poetic form of lines consisting of seven and eleven syllables each. The interaction of sung voices in Renaissance polyphony influenced Western music for centuries. Composers are routinely trained in

6790-580: The most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight. Choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing (although the American Choral Directors Association discourages this usage in favor of "unaccompanied", since a cappella denotes singing "as in the chapel" and much unaccompanied music today is secular ). Accompanying instruments vary widely, from only one instrument (a piano or pipe organ) to

6887-454: The most recognizable (and often-performed) contribution to this repertoire: his obituary mentions five complete cycles of his cantatas , of which three, comprising some 200 works, are known today, in addition to motets . Bach himself rarely used the term cantata. Motet refers to his church music without orchestra accompaniment, but instruments playing colla parte with the voices. His works with accompaniment consists of his Passions , Masses ,

6984-531: The museum was originally built for the Students' Christian Association for religious services and other meetings and activities. It was designed by the Detroit architectural firm of Spier & Rohns . Construction began in 1888 and was completed in 1891. The building is described as a "massive, asymmetrical Richardsonian Romanesque building of rough-cut, randomly placed local fieldstone ." The building has

7081-418: The name of Caspar Rene Gregory, who, after he died in World War I, inspired him to organize an expedition for the retrieval of biblical documents. Standish considered himself too old, so he asked Kelsey to lead it. Kelsey agreed and fundraising started, being quite a lot easier than last time. For some reason investors found archaeology a bit more intriguing than organs. Backish would prove to be helpful through

7178-480: The new addition. In 2009, the William E. Upjohn Exhibit Wing was completed, adding more than 20,000 feet of study, storage, and display space in a climate-controlled facility; the new space allowed the museum, which previously had been displaying less than 1 percent of its collection, to dramatically expand the number of artifacts on public display. The wing was named after Mary Meader's grandfather William E. Upjohn ,

7275-671: The new third floor were added. The building was also made more handicapped accessible . The $ 1.3 million project was funded by a $ 250,000 gift from Eugene M. and Emily Grant of New York City , along with grants from the University of Michigan and the National Endowment for the Humanities , as well as funding from the Kelsey Museum Associates and other private contributions. In 2003, Edwin and Mary Meader of Kalamazoo, Michigan , longtime benefactors of

7372-648: The noted pharmacist. The building reopened to the public in November 2009. The Kelsey Museum's permanent exhibition on display in the William E. Upjohn Exhibit Wing features many artifacts and artworks from the ancient and medieval world in the Mediterranean and Near East. The collection includes ancient Egyptian , Near Eastern, Greek , Roman , Etruscan , Coptic , Persian , and Islamic archaeological artifacts. In addition to its more than 100,000 artifacts,

7469-697: The other choir in a musical dialogue. Consideration is also given to the spacing of the singers. Studies have found that not only the actual formation, but the amount of space (both laterally and circumambiently) affects the perception of sound by choristers and auditors. The origins of choral music are found in traditional music , as singing in big groups is extremely widely spread in traditional cultures (both singing in one part, or in unison , like in Ancient Greece, as well as singing in parts, or in harmony , like in contemporary European choral music). The oldest unambiguously choral repertory that survives

7566-475: The possibility of Hill Auditorium with him. Kelsey gave Kahn two options of where to construct the building, he eventually picked the location on North State street that thousands of students now walk past and perform in regularly. At first Kelsey was adamant about the auditorium stage being able to host performances as professional as operas but the regents, especially Clements , opposed this. In 1913 Hill Auditorium had its induction ceremony and shortly afterwards

7663-466: The professional and advanced amateur or semi-professional levels. The all-female and mixed children's choirs tend to be professionally less prevalent than the high voiced boys' choirs, the lower voiced men's choruses, or the full SATB choirs. This is due to some extent to lack of scholarships and other types of funding, and a lack of professional opportunities for women such as that of being lay clerks or musical directors. Choirs are also categorized by

7760-533: The same time, the Cecilian movement attempted a restoration of the pure Renaissance style in Catholic churches. In the United States, development of mixed choirs was pioneered by groups such as The St. Olaf Choir and Westminster Choir College . These groups were characterized by arrangements of hymns and other sacred works of christian nature which helped define the choral sound of the United States for most of

7857-493: The singers), and conductor (responsible for directing the performance). However, these roles may be divided, especially when the choir is combined with other forces, for example in opera . The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform and he or she may or may not use a baton ; using a baton gives the conductor's gestures greater visibility, but many choral conductors prefer conducting with their hands for greater expressiveness, particularly when working with

7954-704: The spatial separation of individual voice lines, an otherwise valuable feature for the audience, and that it eliminates sectional resonance, which lessens the effective volume of the chorus. For music with double (or multiple) choirs, usually the members of each choir are together, sometimes significantly separated, especially in performances of 16th-century music (such as works in the Venetian polychoral style ). Some composers actually specify that choirs should be separated, such as in Benjamin Britten 's War Requiem . Some composers use separated choirs to create "antiphonal" effects, in which one choir seems to "answer"

8051-506: The time, that is where the only copies of other ancient manuscripts were located. While originally Backish suggested that the main objective be for the retrieval of biblical texts, it was also brought up that documentation of the battlefields that Julius Caesar fought on should also be researched and heavily photographed. Overall the expedition was a huge success, Kelsey returned with Isabelle and Easton to Ann Arbor in 1921 to resume teaching and to even more renown than before. He would go on

8148-437: The university until he died in 1927. These artifacts included pottery , terracotta figurines, painted stucco , inscribed tombstones , daily life objects, glass , tombs , and papyri . In 1924, Kelsey secured funding for excavations at sites around the Mediterranean and began to ship a large number of artifacts back to Ann Arbor. In 1924, he sent nearly 45,000 objects from Karanis , illustrating "in detail how daily life

8245-635: The university, gave an $ 8 million gift to expand the museum by the addition of a new wing in the back of the museum. At the time, this was the largest gift in the history of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. The Meader gift, along with a $ 200,000 challenge grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, covered all of the project's $ 8.2 million cost. The Chicago -based architectural firm of Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge Inc. designed

8342-412: The various sections should be arranged on stage. It is the conductor's decision on where the different voice types are placed. In symphonic choirs it is common (though by no means universal) to order the choir behind the orchestra from highest to lowest voices from left to right, corresponding to the typical string layout. In a cappella or piano-accompanied situations it is not unusual for the men to be in

8439-472: The way it was taught at Leipzig. In 1885 he was back in Southern Europe visiting Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, discovering different ways to teach the classics. At Lake Forest Kelsey also started his textbook writing career. While there are a lot of textbooks already about Latin grammar and syntax, his books tried to give context to the actual things he was writing about so people would not just learn

8536-434: Was a major factor behind the construction of Hill Auditorium one of the concert halls designed by Albert Kahn and opened in 1913 that is still in use on the campus today. Plans for an auditorium for UMS has been in the words since 1890s but until the funds from the estate of alumnus Arthur Hill were disclosed, there was no guarantee it would ever happen. Kelsey sought out famous Detroit architect Albert Kahn and discussed

8633-542: Was a pioneer) extended this concept into concert-length works, usually based on Biblical or moral stories. A pinnacle of baroque choral music, (particularly oratorio), may be found in George Frideric Handel 's works, notably Messiah and Israel in Egypt . While the modern chorus of hundreds had to await the growth of Choral Societies and his centennial commemoration concert, we find Handel already using

8730-547: Was a school in town that Francis attended, but to go to secondary school he would have to travel to the Lockport Union School, about sixty miles away. He enrolled when he was 15 and sources think because the school was so far from home he was most likely a boarder. After attending Lockport, he went to the University of Rochester where he followed the Classical Course and won numerous awards including

8827-558: Was appointed instructor of classics at Lake Forest University in Lake Forest Illinois, a new college in the northern suburbs of Chicago that was meant to compete with Northwestern University in Evanston. Kelsey's time at Lake Forest allowed him to discover his desires for improvement within his craft of educating the classics and to develop his professionalism. Within his first couple of years he would write articles for

8924-476: Was at Lake Forest University he would visit Europe to learn more about archaeology. His first visits were to Italy specifically Pompeii but he would also visit some German Universities. He attended Leipzig University in 1884 to expand his knowledge on classical archaeology, but these studies never accumulated into a degree. At the time many American scholars were turning to Europe for higher education for themselves, though Kelsey soon became very disillusioned with

9021-525: Was editor of from 1904 to 1927, and this required that Kelsey fundraise including among well to do businessmen in Detroit. . To say that he was good at networking would be an understatement. Starting in 1919 Kelsey was talking to a successful Detroit manufacturer by the name of Standish Backish who showed interest in putting together an expedition to the Near East. Backish was talking to a professor, by

9118-533: Was elected president of the American Philological Association , a title he would hang onto until the end of 1907. Kelsey's time at U of M was not only marked by his academic career but also by being president of the University Musical Society (UMS). While no records show that Kelsey played any instruments, his daughters played the violin , a skill he said he enjoyed and made sure they practiced regularly. In his role as UMS president Kelsey

9215-738: Was lived in Egypt under Roman rule ." The same year, excavations at Seleucia-on-the-Tigris in Iraq yielded another 13,000 objects. In 1925, Kelsey commissioned the Italian artist Maria Barosso to paint a set of watercolor replicas of the murals of the Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii , which now are housed in a special room in the Upjohn Exhibit Wing. The building that now houses

9312-556: Was trying to pass legislation within congress about how artifacts from other countries should be handled by the United States. After a stalemate within congress, the AIA teamed up with the American Anthropological Association to eventually, and thankfully for Kelsey's sanity, pass a resolution in 1905, the same year he was named Vice President of the American Philological Association . By the end of 1906 he

9409-420: Was with the classics and he supported ideas that kept them as a top priority. His ideas did heavily align with the president of his alma mater, University of Rochester, and for his writings on the topic of higher education he received a PhD in philology. Eventually him and other professors would leave Lake Forest to other institutions that showed interest in creating a more comprehensive graduate education. He spent

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